A Modeling Approach to Quantify the Effects of Stomatal Behavior and Mesophyll Conductance on Leaf Water Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as a determinant of yield under stress and a component of crop drought resistance. Stomatal behavior regulates both transpiration rate and net assimilation and has been suggested to be crucial for improving crop WUE. In this work, a dynamic model was used to examine the impact of dynamic properties of stomata on WUE. The model includes sub-models of stomatal conductance dynamics, solute accumulation in the mesophyll, mesophyll water content, and water flow to the mesophyll. Using the instantaneous value of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were simulated using a biochemical model and Penman-Monteith equation, respectively. The model was parameterized for a cucumber leaf and model outputs were evaluated using climatic data. Our simulations revealed that WUE was higher on a cloudy than a sunny day. Fast stomatal reaction to light decreased WUE during the period of increasing light (e.g., in the morning) by up to 10.2% and increased WUE during the period of decreasing light (afternoon) by up to 6.25%. Sensitivity of daily WUE to stomatal parameters and mesophyll conductance to CO2 was tested for sunny and cloudy days. Increasing mesophyll conductance to CO2 was more likely to increase WUE for all climatic conditions (up to 5.5% on the sunny day) than modifications of stomatal reaction speed to light and maximum stomatal conductance.

Leaf area development of ABA-deficient and wild-type peas at two levels of nitrogen supply

The ABA-deficient wilty pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its wild-type (WT) were grown at two levels of nitrogen supply (0.5 and 5.0 mM) for 5-6 weeks from sowing, to determine whether leaf ABA status altered the leaf growth response to N deprivation. Plants were grown at high relative humidity to prevent wilting of the wilty peas. Irrespective of N supply, expanding wilty leaflets had ca 50% less ABA than WT leaflets but similar ethylene evolution rates. Fully expanded wilty leaflets had lower relative water contents (RWC) and were 10-60% smaller in area (according to the node of measurement) than WT leaflets. However, there were no genotypic differences in plant relative leaf expansion rate (RLER). Growth of both genotypes at 0.5 mM N increased the RWC of fully expanded leaflets, but did not alter ethylene evolution or ABA concentration of expanding leaflets. Plants grown at 0.5 mM N showed a 20-30% reduction in RLER, which was similar in magnitude in both wilty and WT peas. Thus, leaf ABA status did not alter the leaf growth response to N deprivation.

Relationships of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, air Temperature and Humidity with Tomato Leaf Diffusive Conductance and Temperature

The objective was to study the leaf temperature (LT) and leaf diffusive vapor conductance (gs) responses to temperature, humidity and incident flux density of photosynthetically active photons (PPFD) of tomato plants grown without water restriction in a plastic greenhouse in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The plants were grown in substrate and irrigated daily. The gs was measured using a steady-state null-balance porometer on the abaxial face of the leaves during the daytime. Both leaf surfaces were measured in one day. The PPFD and LT were measured using the porometer. Leaf temperature was determined using an infrared thermometer, and air temperature and humidity were measured using a thermohygrograph. The leaves on the upper layer of the plants had higher gs than the lower layer. The relationship between the gs and PPFD was different for the two layers in the plants. A consistent relationship between the gs and atmospheric water demand was observed only in the lower layer. The LT tended to be lower than the air temperature. The mean value for the gs was 2.88 times higher on the abaxial than adaxial leaf surface.

Relationships of photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature and humidity with tomato leaf diffusive conductance and temperature

The objective was to study the leaf temperature (LT) and leaf diffusive vapor conductance (gs) responses to temperature, humidity and incident flux density of photosynthetically active photons (PPFD) of tomato plants grown without water restriction in a plastic greenhouse in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The plants were grown in substrate and irrigated daily. The gs was measured using a steady-state null-balance porometer on the abaxial face of the leaves during the daytime. Both leaf surfaces were measured in one day. The PPFD and LT were measured using the porometer. Leaf temperature was determined using an infrared thermometer, and air temperature and humidity were measured using a thermohygrograph. The leaves on the upper layer of the plants had higher gs than the lower layer. The relationship between the gs and PPFD was different for the two layers in the plants. A consistent relationship between the gs and atmospheric water demand was observed only in the lower layer. The LT tended to be lower than the air temperature. The mean value for the gs was 2.88 times higher on the abaxial than adaxial leaf surface.

Respuestas anatómico fisiológicas frente a estrés hídrico en plantaciones de especies de crecimiento rápido para la producción de biomasa

El objetivo general de la presente Tesis es identificar algunas de las características anatómico-fisiológicas que confieren la capacidad de alcanzar una mejor productividad bajo clima mediterráneo a plantas de diversos genotipos de los géneros Populus y Eucalyptus, caracterizados por su carácter pionero, elevado crecimiento y vulnerabilidad a la cavitación. En los dos primeros capítulos se hace un seguimiento de la conductancia estomática a una selección de clones de eucalipto cultivados en invernadero, sometidos a diferentes dotaciones hídricas. Se realizaron además mediciones periódicas del pH de la savia del tallo y de la pérdida de conductividad hidráulica para investigar su implicación en la regulación química e hidraúlica del cierre estomático. Las variaciones en el pH de la savia obtenidas parecen responder a cambios en el déficit de presión de vapor de agua atmosférico y no a diferencias en la disponibilidad de agua en el suelo. La conductancia estomática presentó una correlación positiva significativa con el pH de la savia, pero no con la conductividad hidráulica. La variabilidad de la conductividad hidráulica máxima se discute a la luz de recientes investigaciones sobre los materiales constituyentes de las membranas de las punteaduras. Los clones que mostraron mayores conductancias hidráulicas y estomáticas presentaron valores más altos de producción y supervivencia, poniendo de manifiesto la utilidad del estudio de estas variables. Por el contrario, los valores más bajos de conductancia estomática e hidraúlica se encontraron en clones que han resultado un fracaso en plantaciones comerciales, en particular, fue destacable el mal resultado de un clon procedente de autocruzamiento respecto de otros híbridos. En el tercer capítulo de la tesis se estudian características anatómicas y funcionales del xilema relacionadas con la eficiencia en el transporte de agua a las hojas, y que pueden afectar directa o indirectamente a la transpiración y al crecimiento. Los estudios anatómicos fueron realizados sobre brotes anuales de chopo en una plantación situada en Granada, en condiciones de riego limitante. La combinación de rasgos anatómicos más favorable de cara a la producción de biomasa fue una densidad alta de vasos de diámetro intermedio. Los clones más productivos figuraron entre los más resistentes a la cavitación. Para estudiar el crecimiento de masas arboladas se utilizan frecuentemente parámetros fisiológicos como el índice de area foliar (LAI). La estimación del LAI a partir de fotografías hemisféricas aplicada a tallares de chopo plantados a alta densidad y a turno corto para biomasa se lleva a cabo mediante una metodología reciente empleada y discutida en el cuarto capítulo de la Tesis. Los resultados muestran que las diferencias de producción existentes entre genotipos, localidades de medición con diferentes dosis de riego, y años, pueden predecirse a partir de la determinación del índice de área foliar tanto por métodos directos como indirectos de estimación. Tanto los estudios realizados en eucalipto como en chopo han mostrado que los genotipos con menores producciones de biomasa en campo alcanzaron los menores valores de conductancia estomática en las condiciones más favorables así como el menor número de vasos en el xilema. La estrecha relación entre crecimiento y LAI confirma una vez más la importancia del desarrollo de la copa para sostener un buen crecimiento. El mayor desarrollo de la copa y rendimiento en biomasa se midieron en uno de los clones con un número de vasos más elevado, y menor vulnerabilidad a la cavitación en condiciones de estrés. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las características anatómicas y funcionales del xilema como condicionantes del patrón de crecimiento de las plantas y el comportamiento de los estomas. ABSTRACT A number of anatomical xylem traits and physiological variables were analyzed in genotypes of both the Populus and Eucalyptus genera with the main aim of identifying traits in the genotypes which confer the ability to produce an acceptable biomass yield under Mediterranean climatic conditions. In the first two chapters of this PhD, the results of two experiments carried out on several clones of the species Eucalyptus globulus Labill. are presented. Chapters three and four include the results of another two trials on four poplar hybrid genotypes. One of the initial plant responses to water stress is stomatal closure, which can be triggered by hydraulic and/or chemical signals. The two first chapters of this PhD deal with trials in which stomatal conductance and percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity were monitored on a set of eucalyptus clones supplied by ENCE (former National Cellulose Company) and currently used in the company’s own commercial plantings. The experimental trials were carried out in greenhouses and the plants were submitted to two different watering regimes. The pH of the stem sap was periodically measured as the greenhouse temperature and humidity changed. The aim of these measurements was to investigate the role of both sap pH and percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity on stomatal regulation. The results obtained suggest that changes in sap pH are a response to vapor pressure deficit changes rather than to differences in soil water availability. We found significant correlation between stomatal conductance and sap pH, although no significant relationship was found between stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductivity. Variability in maximum hydraulic conductivity is discussed based on recent pit membrane constituent research. The study of hydraulic conductivity proved helpful in order to detect the clones with both higher growth and greater chance of survival, since clones displaying the lowest hydraulic conductivities were those that failed in commercial plantings. Anatomical xylem traits define the water transport efficiency to leaves and can therefore limit transpiration and growth. The third chapter of this PhD addresses anatomical xylem traits in poplar. One year old stem samples were taken from a water-stressed trial in Granada. The anatomical xylem study proved useful for detecting the lowest yielding genotypes. Clones with intermediate vessel size and high vessel densities were found to be those with the highest biomass yield. Differences in cavitation resistance depending on the clone tested and the water treatment applied were also found. The clones with the highest biomass yield were found to be among the most cavitation resistant clones in each watering regime. Xylem and physiological traits along with stomatal behavior are useful tools to determine plant growth. In order to study plantings or forests, it is more common to employ other physiological variables such as leaf area index (LAI). LAI estimation from hemispherical photographs applied to short rotation woody crops is a recently developed method that still requires fine tuning through further investigation. In the fourth chapter, data from LAI monitoring over two consecutive years were analyzed in two different locations where different irrigation treatments were applied. The results showed that differences in yield between genotypes, different irrigation regimes and years could be predicted by using the LAI estimates, either through direct or indirect estimation methods. Our studies of poplar and eucalyptus have shown that the field-grown genotypes with the lowest biomass yield displayed the lowest values of stomatal conductance under the most favorable environmental conditions and also had a low number of xylem conduits. The close relationship between LAI and growth highlights the importance of crown development in biomass growth. The highest LAI and biomass yield were recorded in one of the clones with higher vessel density and the lowest vulnerability to cavitation under stress conditions. These results underline the importance of research into anatomical and functional traits as factors influencing plant growth patterns and stomatal behavior.

Ecophysiology and biomechanics of Equisetum giganteum in South America

Equisetum giganteum L., a giant horsetail, is one of the largest living members of an ancient group of non-flowering plants with a history extending back 377 million years. Its hollow upright stems grow to over 5 m in height. Equisetum giganteum occupies a wide range of habitats in southern South America. Colonies of this horsetail occupy large areas of the Atacama river valleys, including those with sufficiently high groundwater salinity to significantly reduce floristic diversity. The purpose of this research was to study the ecophysiological and biomechanical properties that allow E. giganteum to successfully colonize a range of habitats, varying in salinity and exposure. Stem ecophysiological behavior was measured via steady state porometry (stomatal conductance), thermocouple psychrometry (water potential), chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion specific electrodes (xylem fluid solutes). Stem biomechanical properties were measured via a 3-point bending apparatus and cross sectional imaging. Equisetum giganteum stems exhibit mechanical characteristics of semi-self-supporting plants, requiring mutual support or support of other vegetation when they grow tall. The mean elastic moduli (4.3 Chile, 4.0 Argentina) of E. giganteum in South America is by far the largest measured in any living horsetail. Stomatal behavior of E. giganteum is consistent with that of typical C3 vascular plants, although absolute values of maximum late morning stomatal conductance are very low in comparison to typical plants from mesic habitats. The internode stomata exhibit strong light response. However, the environmental sensitivity of stomatal conductance appeared less in young developing stems, possibly due to higher cuticular conductance. Exclusion of sodium (Na) and preferential accumulation of potassium (K) at the root level appears to be the key mechanism of salinity tolerance in E. giganteum. Overall stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence were little affected by salinity, ranging from very low levels up to half strength seawater. This suggests a high degree of salinity stress tolerance. The capacity of E. giganteum to adapt to a wide variety of environments in southern South America has allowed it to thrive despite tremendous environmental changes during their long tenure on Earth.

Ecophysiology and Biomechanics of Equisetum Giganteum in South America

Equisetum giganteum L., a giant horsetail, is one of the largest living members of an ancient group of non-flowering plants with a history extending back 377 million years. Its hollow upright stems grow to over 5 m in height. Equisetum giganteum occupies a wide range of habitats in southern South America. Colonies of this horsetail occupy large areas of the Atacama river valleys, including those with sufficiently high groundwater salinity to significantly reduce floristic diversity. The purpose of this research was to study the ecophysiological and biomechanical properties that allow E. giganteum to successfully colonize a range of habitats, varying in salinity and exposure. Stem ecophysiological behavior was measured via steady state porometry (stomatal conductance), thermocouple psychrometry (water potential), chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion specific electrodes (xylem fluid solutes). Stem biomechanical properties were measured via a 3-point bending apparatus and cross sectional imaging. Equisetum giganteum stems exhibit mechanical characteristics of semi-self-supporting plants, requiring mutual support or support of other vegetation when they grow tall. The mean elastic moduli (4.3 Chile, 4.0 Argentina) of E. giganteum in South America is by far the largest measured in any living horsetail. Stomatal behavior of E. giganteum is consistent with that of typical C3 vascular plants, although absolute values of maximum late morning stomatal conductance are very low in comparison to typical plants from mesic habitats. The internode stomata exhibit strong light response. However, the environmental sensitivity of stomatal conductance appeared less in young developing stems, possibly due to higher cuticular conductance. Exclusion of sodium (Na) and preferential accumulation of potassium (K) at the root level appears to be the key mechanism of salinity tolerance in E. giganteum. Overall stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence were little affected by salinity, ranging from very low levels up to half strength seawater. This suggests a high degree of salinity stress tolerance. The capacity of E. giganteum to adapt to a wide variety of environments in southern South America has allowed it to thrive despite tremendous environmental changes during their long tenure on Earth.

Differential Behavior of Young Eucalyptus Clones in Response to Nitrogen Supply

Eucalyptus requires large amounts of nitrogen (N); however, it responds in diverse manners to the application of this nutrient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential performance in growth, mineral nutrition, and gas exchanges of N-fertilized Eucalyptus clones. The treatments consisted of two Eucalyptus clones (VM-01 and I-144) and six N application rates (0, 0.74, 2.93, 4.39, 5.85, and 8 mmol L-1 NH4NO3) arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. VM-01 had greater plant height and greater height/collar diameter ratio, as well as higher leaf concentrations of all macronutrients and of Cu, Fe, Mo, and Zn. In terms of total and root dry matter production, root/shoot ratio, and collar diameter, as well as stomatal conductance and transpiration, I-144 performed better. The performance of the clones was clearly differentiated, and the growth of I-144, despite lower leaf N concentration, was in general better than VM-01.

Stomatal analysis of citrus somatic hybrids obtained by protoplast fusion

The objective of this work was to evaluate leaf epidermis morphological characteristics of three citrus somatic hybrids, compared to their parents. Parental and somatic hybrid young leaves were collected and processed for scanning electron microscope observations. Citrus polyploid hybrids have fewer stomata per area and these are larger compared to their diploid parental parents. No differences in internal arrangement of the stomatal cells were detected between parental plants and somatic hybrids. Additional studies may determine if these differences will influence physiological behavior of the plants in the field.

Temporal dynamics of stomatal conductance of plants under water deficit: can homeostasis be improved by more complex dynamics?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Discovery Of A Rare Pterosaur Bone Bed In A Cretaceous Desert With Insights On Ontogeny And Behavior Of Flying Reptiles.

A pterosaur bone bed with at least 47 individuals (wing spans: 0.65-2.35 m) of a new species is reported from southern Brazil from an interdunal lake deposit of a Cretaceous desert, shedding new light on several biological aspects of those flying reptiles. The material represents a new pterosaur, Caiuajara dobruskii gen. et sp. nov., that is the southermost occurrence of the edentulous clade Tapejaridae (Tapejarinae, Pterodactyloidea) recovered so far. Caiuajara dobruskii differs from all other members of this clade in several cranial features, including the presence of a ventral sagittal bony expansion projected inside the nasoantorbital fenestra, which is formed by the premaxillae; and features of the lower jaw, like a marked rounded depression in the occlusal concavity of the dentary. Ontogenetic variation of Caiuajara dobruskii is mainly reflected in the size and inclination of the premaxillary crest, changing from small and inclined (∼ 115°) in juveniles to large and steep (∼ 90°) in adults. No particular ontogenetic features are observed in postcranial elements. The available information suggests that this species was gregarious, living in colonies, and most likely precocial, being able to fly at a very young age, which might have been a general trend for at least derived pterosaurs.

Bile And Liver Metallothionein Behavior In Copper-exposed Fish.

The present study analyzed metallothionein (MT) excretion from liver to bile in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to sub-lethal copper concentrations (2mgL(-1)) in a laboratory setting. MTs in liver and bile were quantified by spectrophotometry after thermal incubation and MT metal-binding profiles were characterized by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS). Results show that liver MT is present in approximately 250-fold higher concentrations than bile MT in non-exposed fish. Differences between the MT profiles from the control and exposed group were observed for both matrices, indicating differential metal-binding behavior when comparing liver and bile MT. This is novel data regarding intra-organ MT comparisons, since differences between organs are usually present only with regard to quantification, not metal-binding behavior. Bile MT showed statistically significant differences between the control and exposed group, while the same did not occur with liver MT. This indicates that MTs synthesized in the liver accumulate more slowly than MTs excreted from liver to bile, since the same fish presented significantly higher MT levels in liver when compared to bile. We postulate that bile, although excreted in the intestine and partially reabsorbed by the same returning to the liver, may also release MT-bound metals more rapidly and efficiently, which may indicate an efficient detoxification route. Thus, we propose that the analysis of bile MTs to observe recent metal exposure may be more adequate than the analysis of liver MTs, since organism responses to metals are more quickly observed in bile, although further studies are necessary.

[the Perception Of Behavior Related To Mindfulness And The Brazilian Version Of The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory].

Mindfulness is a practice and a form of consciousness which has been the basis for innovative interventions in care and health promotion. This study presents mindfulness, describes and discusses the process of cultural adaptation of The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) to Brazilian Portuguese. From the original version of this pioneering instrument for assessing mindfulness two translations and two back-translations were made. These were evaluated by a committee of 14 experts (Buddhists, linguists, health professionals), who helped to create two versions for the first pre-test, based on which suggestions were made by a sample of 41 people of the population through interviews. Considering the difficulties in understanding the concepts that are unfamiliar to the Brazilian culture, a new version was prepared with additional explanations, which underwent a further evaluation of the experts and a second pre-test with 72 people. This process aimed at addressing the limitations and challenges of evaluating mindfulness in a country of western culture through a self-report instrument based on Buddhist psychology. With appropriate levels of clarity and equivalence with the original instrument, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory adapted for Brazil is presented.

Beliefs Related To Adherence To Oral Antidiabetic Treatment According To The Theory Of Planned Behavior.

to identify salient behavioral, normative, control and self-efficacy beliefs related to the behavior of adherence to oral antidiabetic agents, using the Theory of Planned Behavior. cross-sectional, exploratory study with 17 diabetic patients in chronic use of oral antidiabetic medication and in outpatient follow-up. Individual interviews were recorded, transcribed and content-analyzed using pre-established categories. behavioral beliefs concerning advantages and disadvantages of adhering to medication emerged, such as the possibility of avoiding complications from diabetes, preventing or delaying the use of insulin, and a perception of side effects. The children of patients and physicians are seen as important social references who influence medication adherence. The factors that facilitate adherence include access to free-of-cost medication and taking medications associated with temporal markers. On the other hand, a complex therapeutic regimen was considered a factor that hinders adherence. Understanding how to use medication and forgetfulness impact the perception of patients regarding their ability to adhere to oral antidiabetic agents. medication adherence is a complex behavior permeated by behavioral, normative, control and self-efficacy beliefs that should be taken into account when assessing determinants of behavior.

Changes In Motor Behavior During Pregnancy In Rats: The Basis For A Possible Animal Model Of Restless Legs Syndrome.

Pregnant women have a 2-3 fold higher probability of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS - sleep-related movement disorders) than general population. This study aims to evaluate the behavior and locomotion of rats during pregnancy in order to verify if part of these animals exhibit some RLS-like features. We used 14 female 80-day-old Wistar rats that weighed between 200 and 250 g. The rats were distributed into control (CTRL) and pregnant (PN) groups. After a baseline evaluation of their behavior and locomotor activity in an open-field environment, the PN group was inducted into pregnancy, and their behavior and locomotor activity were evaluated on days 3, 10 and 19 of pregnancy and in the post-lactation period in parallel with the CTRL group. The serum iron and transferrin levels in the CTRL and PN groups were analyzed in blood collected after euthanasia by decapitation. There were no significant differences in the total ambulation, grooming events, fecal boli or urine pools between the CTRL and PN groups. However, the PN group exhibited fewer rearing events, increased grooming time and reduced immobilization time than the CTRL group (ANOVA, p<0.05). These results suggest that pregnant rats show behavioral and locomotor alterations similar to those observed in animal models of RLS, demonstrating to be a possible animal model of this sleep disorder.