Ssr-based Genetic Diversity And Structure Of Garlic Accessions From Brazil.

Garlic is a spice and a medicinal plant; hence, there is an increasing interest in 'developing' new varieties with different culinary properties or with high content of nutraceutical compounds. Phenotypic traits and dominant molecular markers are predominantly used to evaluate the genetic diversity of garlic clones. However, 24 SSR markers (codominant) specific for garlic are available in the literature, fostering germplasm researches. In this study, we genotyped 130 garlic accessions from Brazil and abroad using 17 polymorphic SSR markers to assess the genetic diversity and structure. This is the first attempt to evaluate a large set of accessions maintained by Brazilian institutions. A high level of redundancy was detected in the collection (50 % of the accessions represented eight haplotypes). However, non-redundant accessions presented high genetic diversity. We detected on average five alleles per locus, Shannon index of 1.2, HO of 0.5, and HE of 0.6. A core collection was set with 17 accessions, covering 100 % of the alleles with minimum redundancy. Overall FST and D values indicate a strong genetic structure within accessions. Two major groups identified by both model-based (Bayesian approach) and hierarchical clustering (UPGMA dendrogram) techniques were coherent with the classification of accessions according to maturity time (growth cycle): early-late and midseason accessions. Assessing genetic diversity and structure of garlic collections is the first step towards an efficient management and conservation of accessions in genebanks, as well as to advance future genetic studies and improvement of garlic worldwide.

Extension of the core map of common bean with EST-SSR, RGA, AFLP, and putative functional markers

Microsatellites and gene-derived markers are still underrepresented in the core molecular linkage map of common bean compared to other types of markers. In order to increase the density of the core map, a set of new markers were developed and mapped onto the RIL population derived from the `BAT93` x `Jalo EEP558` cross. The EST-SSR markers were first characterized using a set of 24 bean inbred lines. On average, the polymorphism information content was 0.40 and the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.7. In addition, AFLP and RGA markers based on the NBS-profiling method were developed and a subset of the mapped RGA was sequenced. With the integration of 282 new markers into the common bean core map, we were able to place markers with putative known function in some existing gaps including regions with QTL for resistance to anthracnose and rust. The distribution of the markers over 11 linkage groups is discussed and a newer version of the common bean core linkage map is proposed.

Genetic analysis of forest species Eugenia uniflora L. through of newly developed SSR markers

Nine microsatellite loci for genetic analysis of three populations of the tropical tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga or Brazilian cherry) from fragments of semideciduous forest were developed. We used the technique of building a (GA)(n) and (CA)(n) microsatellite-enriched library by capture with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. We assessed the polymorphism of seven microsatellites in 84 mature trees found in three areas (Ribeir (a) over tildeo Preto, Tambau and S (a) over tildeo Jose do Rio Pardo), highly impacted by the agricultural practices, in a large region among Pardo river and Mogi-Guacu river basins, in state of S (a) over tildeo Paulo, Brazil. All loci were polymorphic, and the number of alleles was high, ranging from 6 to 24, with a mean of 14.4. All stands showed the same high level of genetic diversity (mean H(E) = 0.83) and a low genetic differentiation (mean F(ST) = 0.031), indicating that genetic diversity was higher within rather than among populations. Seven of the nine loci were highly variable, and sufficiently informative for E. uniflora. It was concluded that these new SSR markers can be efficiently used for gene flow studies.

Genetic variability of Brazilian rice landraces determined by SSR markers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces collected in Brazilian small farms. Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers characterized 417 landraces collected in 1986, 1987 and 2003, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The number of landraces with long and thin grain type increased in the evaluated period, probably due to market demand. Based on the molecular data, the genetic variability increased during this period and, as per to the factorial correspondence analysis, most of the accessions were grouped according to the year of collection. The incorporation of modern rice cultivars in landrace cultivation areas and the selection carried out by small farmers are the most probable factors responsible for increasing landrace genetic variability, during the evaluated period. Genotype exchange between farmers, selection practice and local environmental adaptation are able to generate novel adapted allele combinations, which can be used by breeding programs, to reinitiate the process.

Genetic diversity in soybean germplasm identified by SSR and EST-SSR markers

The objectives of this work were to investigate the genetic variation in 79 soybean (Glycine max) accessions from different regions of the world, to cluster the accessions based on their similarity, and to test the correlation between the two types of markers used. Simple sequence repeat markers present in genomic (SSR) and in expressed regions (EST-SSR) were used. Thirty SSR primer-pairs were selected (20 genomic and 10 EST-SSR) based on their distribution on the 20 genetic linkage groups of soybean, on their trinucleotide repetition unit and on their polymorphism information content. All analyzed loci were polymorphic, and 259 alleles were found. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2-21, with an average of 8.63. The accessions exhibit a significant number of rare alleles, with genotypes 19, 35, 63 and 65 carrying the greater number of exclusive alleles. Accessions 75 and 79 were the most similar and accessions 31 and 35, and 40 and 78, were the most divergent ones. A low correlation between SSR and EST-SSR data was observed, thus genomic and expressed microsatellite markers are required for an appropriate analysis of genetic diversity in soybean. The genetic diversity observed was high and allowed the formation of five groups and several subgroups. A moderate relationship between genetic divergence and geographic origin of accessions was observed.

Genetic diversity of cultivated accessions and wild species of rubber tree using EST‑SSR markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of EST‑SSR markers in the assessment of the genetic diversity of rubber tree genotypes (Hevea brasiliensis) and to verify the transferability of these markers for wild species of Hevea. Forty‑five rubber tree accessions from the Instituto Agronômico (Campinas, SP, Brazil) and six wild species were used. Information provided by modified Roger's genetic distance were used to analyze EST‑SSR data. UPGMA clustering divided the samples into two major groups with high genetic differentiation, while the software Structure distributed the 51 clones into eight groups. A parallel could be established between both clustering analyses. The 30 polymorphic EST‑SSRs showed from two to ten alleles and were efficient in amplifying the six wild species. Functional EST‑SSR microsatellites are efficient in evaluating the genetic diversity among rubber tree clones and can be used to translate the genetic differences among cultivars and to fingerprint closely related materials. The accessions from the Instituto Agronômico show high genetic diversity. The EST‑SSR markers, developed from Hevea brasiliensis, show transferability and are able to amplify other species of Hevea.

Genetic diversity of sweet sorghum germplasm in Mexico using AFLP and SSR markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity and genetic relationships between lines and varieties of the sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) germplasm bank of the National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Mexico, using AFLP and SSR markers. The molecular markers revealed robust amplification profiles and were able to differentiate the 41 genotypes of sweet sorghum evaluated. Analysis of the frequency and distribution of polymorphic fragments allowed for the detection of unique (AFLP) and rare (SSR) alleles in several genotypes (RBSS‑8, RBSS‑9, RBSS‑25, RBSS‑32, and RBSS‑37), indicating that these markers may be associated with a feature that has not yet been determined or may be useful for the identification of these genotypes. The genetic relationships indicated the presence of at least two types of sweet sorghum: a group of modern genotypes used for sugar and biofuel production, and another group consisting of historic and modern genotypes used for the production of syrups. Sweet sorghum genotypes may be used to develop new varieties with higher sugar and juice contents.

Desenho e validação de iniciadores microssatélites SSR para mamoneira

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenhar, validar e otimizar pares de iniciadores microssatélites SSR para mamoneira. O desenho dos pares de iniciadores foi feito por meio do aplicativo Websat, a partir de sequências depositadas no GenBank do National Center for Biotechnology Information (GenBank/NCBI), e a sua qualidade foi aferida com uso do aplicativo web NetPrimer. Foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações de DNA, cloreto de magnésio, pares de iniciadores, dNTPs e temperatura de anelamento para otimização das condições de PCR. Um total de 30 pares de iniciadores SSR foi desenhado, sintetizado e otimizado. O gel de agarose foi utilizado para detecção dos produtos amplificados, e o gel desnaturante de poliacrilamida, na otimização das condições de PCR e na identificação de polimorfismo. Os pares de iniciadores apresentaram percentagem média de guanina/citosina (GC) igual a 47,29% e produtos amplificados com tamanhos entre 128 e 381 pb. Vinte e nove pares de iniciadores SSR (96,7%) foram validados, dos quais nove foram polimórficos (23,3%). As concentrações otimizadas para amplificação são: DNA, 25 ng; cloreto de magnésio, 1,2 mmol L-1; iniciadores Forward e Reverse, 0,4 mmol L-1; dNTPs, 0,1 mmol L-1; e temperatura de anelamento, 62 a 64ºC. As ferramentas de bioinformática Websat e Net Primer podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver iniciadores microssatélites de qualidade, para a mamoneira, a partir de sequências depositadas no GenBank/NCBI.

Optimal use of SSR markers for varietal identification of upland cotton

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for varietal identification of cotton and evaluation of the genetic distance among the varieties. Initially, 92 SSR markers were genotyped in 20 Brazilian cotton cultivars. Of this total, 38 loci were polymorphic, two of which were amplified by one primer pair; the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.2. The values of polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (DP) were, on average, 0.374 and 0.433, respectively. The mean genetic distance was 0.397 (minimum of 0.092 and maximum of 0.641). A panel of 96 varieties originating from different regions of the world was assessed by 21 polymorphic loci derived from 17 selected primer pairs. Among these varieties, the mean genetic distance was 0.387 (minimum of 0 and maximum of 0.786). The dendrograms generated by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) did not reflect the regions of Brazil (20 genotypes) or around the world (96 genotypes), where the varieties or lines were selected. Bootstrap resampling shows that genotype identification is viable with 19 loci. The polymorphic markers evaluated are useful to perform varietal identification in a large panel of cotton varieties and may be applied in studies of the species diversity.

Diferenciação genética entre procedências de açaizeiro por marcadores RAPD e SSR

Diferenciação genética refere-se à distribuição da variabilidade entre e dentro de populações, procedências ou outros tipos de agrupamentos. Seu conhecimento é importante para estabelecer estratégias de coleta, conservação e manejo de germoplasma de qualquer espécie. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a diferenciação genética entre procedências de açaizeiro que compõem a coleção da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, por meio de marcadores RAPD e SSR. Para tanto, foram utilizados DNAs de 107 acessos, representantes de 17 regiões geográficas diferentes e utilizados em PCR com 28 primers RAPD e sete primers SSR. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) com estrutura hierárquica desbalanceada. Altos níveis de diferenciação genética foram registrados entre procedências, com 0,301 para o marcador dominante e 0,242 para o co-dominante. Para os dois marcadores, a AMOVA apresentou grande variabilidade dentro das procedências (acima de 69%). O pequeno tamanho amostral das procedências do Maranhão pode ter contribuído para a diferenciação significativa entre procedências. Os dados obtidos por esses marcadores foram concordantes quanto à distribuição da variação genética entre e dentro de procedências dessa palmeira.

Diversidade genética de clones de bananeira 'Prata-Anã' (AAB) por meio de marcadores SSR

Diversidade genética de 20 clones de 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba', quatro clones de 'Prata-Rio', quatro clones de 'Prata-Catarina' e as cultivares Caipira, Thap Maeo, Tropical, Maçã e Prata-Anã Comum foi avaliada por meio de marcadores moleculares Simple Sequence Repeats. De um total de 19 pares de primers SSRs utilizados, 57,8% deles amplificaram bandas polimórficas e distintas, 26,3% não produziram produtos específicos e 15,7% apresentaram falhas na amplificação de alguns indivíduos. O dendrograma indicou a formação de dois grupos. O primeiro grupo com a cultivar triploide Caipira, genoma exclusivamente A; enquanto o segundo (formado por sete subgrupos) agrupou todas as cultivares resultantes da hibridação natural ou artificial entre Musa acuminata e M. balbisiana, o subgrupo II, Tropical (AAAB) e o subgrupo III, Maçã (AAB). Os subgrupos IV, V, VI e VII foram formados, respectivamente, por: 'Prata-Catarina' clones 1 e 2; 'Prata-Rio' clones 1 e 2; 'Prata-Catarina' clone 3; 'Prata-Gorutuba' clones 12 e 17, 'Prata-Catarina' clone 4, 'Prata-Rio' clone 4, 'Thap Maeo' e 'Prata-Anã'. O subgrupo VIII foi formado exclusivamente pelos clones de' Prata-Anã Gorutuba'. Os resultados indicam a eficiência dos marcadores microssatélites na discriminação e na caracterização dos clones da 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba' da cultivar Prata-Anã.

"Ici la Suisse-Do isch t Schwyz-Switzerland calling!" : la société suisse de radiodiffusion (SSR) au service du rayonnement culturel helvetique (1932-1949)

La dialectique entre radiodiffusion et histoire des relations culturelles internationales est un domaine largement inexploré. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le rôle de la Société suisse de radiodiffusion (SSR), société privée qui exerce jusqu'en 1983 le monopole sur l'ensemble des stations de radio suisses, dans l'intensification des relations culturelles internationales de la Confédération. Pour examiner cette dimension des activités de la SSR, je me suis prioritairement penchée sur l'étude de la radio internationale helvétique, dénommée alors « Service suisse d'ondes courtes » (SOC). A l'instar de plusieurs organismes similaires à l'étranger, le SOC remplit dès ses débuts une double mission : resserrer les liens avec la diaspora et faire rayonner le pays hors des frontières nationales. Cette recherche met sur le devant de la scène un acteur médiatique aujourd'hui totalement oublié, le Service suisse d'ondes courtes. Par rapport à l'historiographie des radios internationales, elle mêle approche institutionnelle et, dans la mesure des sources disponibles, l'analyse de la programmation. Elle complète aussi l'histoire de la diplomatie culturelle suisse en rappelant la place du service public audiovisuel parmi les institutions chargées de promouvoir le pays à l'étranger. Pour finir, cette étude constitue également un apport à l'histoire des organisations internationales liées à la radiodiffusion (UIR, UIT). L'analyse du volet international des activités de la SSR a permis de dépasser la seule notion de « puissance » qui a été jusqu'à ces dernières années au coeur des ouvrages dévolus aux radios internationales. L'objectif poursuivi par la SSR ne réside pas tellement dans la diplomatie d'influence (l'exercice d'un « soft power »), qui tend à imposer ses valeurs et un mode de vie, mais plutôt dans la volonté de faire comprendre et reconnaître la culture politique de la Suisse dans le but de renforcer et pérenniser la place de celle-ci dans le concert des nations. Dans cette perspective, la culture devient un moyen utilisé pour transmettre à l'étranger une représentation valorisante du pays, une image de marque (une forme de « Nation Branding » avant l'heure) également utile au secteur touristique et à l'industrie d'exportation. Le Service suisse d'ondes courtes fait ainsi avant tout des relations publiques, un avant-goût de ce que les Américains appelleront dans les années 1960 la « public diplomacy »

Caracterización de Germoplasma sobresaliente de papa solanum tuberosum L. en México mediante RAPD y SSR

1Tesis ( Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biotecnología ) U.A.N.L.