Glycopeptidliganden von Zelladhäsionsrezeptoren mit sulfatierter Arabino-Lewis a-Struktur

Selektine sind eine Gruppe von Transmembranglycoproteinen, welche als Adhäsionsmoleküle innerhalb des vaskulären Systems Zelladhäsionsprozesse zwischen Leukozyten und Endothelzellen vermitteln. Das Sialyl-Lewisa Epitop und verwandte Kohlenhydratstrukturen wurden als Liganden der E- und P-Selektine identifiziert. Durch die chemische Synthese verwandter Strukturen verspricht man sich, die im Laufe inflammatorischer Prozesse exprimierten Rezeptoren gezielt blockieren zu können und dadurch pathologische Abläufe wie hämatogene Metastasierungen oder Abstoßungsreaktionen zu bekämpfen. Einige Bereiche der Aminosäuresequenz des E-Selektin-Ligand-1 (ESL-1) treten hochkonservativ auch in anderen Selektinliganden wie MG160 oder PSGL-1 auf und wurden deshalb für die N-Glycosylierung mit einem sulfatierten Oligosaccharid ausgewählt (11). -Val665-Glu-Cys-Arg-Asp-Ile-Val-Gly-Asn(Sulfo-Lea)-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Glu-Ser-Glu-Asp-Ile682- 11 Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine Strategie ausgearbeitet, das sulfatierte Trisaccharid 60 im Multigrammaßstab zu synthetisieren. Der endogene Ligand 2 wurde an drei Positionen modifiziert: Austausch der α-L-Fucose gegen die biologisch stabilere α-D-Arabinose, Einführung einer Sulfatgruppe anstelle der N-Acetylneuraminsäure sowie Übergang von O- zu N-glykosidischer Verknüpfung. Die hochregioselektive Einführung der Sulfatgruppe gelingt in sehr guten Ausbeuten durch Vorkomplexierung mit Dibutylzinnoxid und anschließende Umsetzung mit Schwefeltrioxid/Trimethylamin. Durch die Verwendung des anomeren Azids als permanente Schutzgruppe kann das Trisaccharid nach schonender Reduktion zum Amin an ein Asparaginsäurederivat angekuppelt und in einer linearen Synthese nach Fmoc-Strategie als N-Glycosylaminosäure in die Synthese eingebracht werden. Das in der Arbeitsgruppe Kunz entwickelte PTMSEL-Ankersystem 20a erlaubt sowohl die problemlose Synthese als auch die Abspaltung vom polymeren Träger unter sehr milden Bedingungen. Nach dem Entfernen der Benzylester und -ether durch Pd(0) – katalysierte Hydrierung können sulfatierte Glycopeptidsequenzen des Typs 11 über NMR-Spektroskopie (korrelierte Spektren) und Massenspektroskopie (ESI, MALDI) identifiziert werden.

Synthesen von C-glycosylierten Aminosäuren und Peptiden unter Einsatz speziell konstruierter Mikroreaktoren

Die chemische Synthese definierter Glycopeptidstrukturen bildet die Basis einiger vielversprechender Ansätze zur Therapie verschiedener Krankheiten. Die Entwicklung hochaffiner Selektininhibitoren könnte der Behandlung chronischer Entzündungen und zur Unterdrückung der Metastasierung von Tumoren dienen. Vollsynthetische Vakzine auf Basis glycosylierter MUC1-Partialstrukturen sollen das Immunsystem zur Bekämpfung von krankem Gewebe anregen und so perspektivisch eine Impfung gegen Krebs ermöglichen. Da die natürlich vorkommenden O-Glycoside in vivo eine begrenzte Stabilität besitzen, wurde eine Methode entwickelt, welche die modulare Herstellung von stabilen rnC-Glycosylaminosäuren als Mimetika der natürlichen Serin-, Threonin- und Tyrosin-Glycoside ermöglicht. Dazu wurden passend geschützte Kohlenhydrat-Lactone synthetisiert, die in einer mikrowellengestützten Petasis-Olefinierung unter Durchflussbedingungen in die entsprechenden exo-Glycale überführt wurden. Die Reaktionszeit konnte durch diese spezielle Reaktionsführung auf weniger als drei Minuten verringert werden, während konventionell mehrere Stunden benötigt werden. Die C-glycosidische Verknüpfung mit den entsprechenden Aminosäurebausteinen gelang durch eine Hydroborierungs-Suzuki-Kupplungs-Kaskade. Nach umfangreicher Optimierung der Reaktionsparameter ließ sich neben mehreren Monosacchariden auch ein exo-Glycal der Lactose erfolgreich in der Kupplung einsetzen. Nach verschiedenen Schutzgruppenmanipulationen wurden einige der synthetisierten Bausteine zur Synthese C-glycosylierter Partialstrukturen des Mucins MUC1 an der festen Phase herangezogen. In ELISA-Experimenten wurden die C-Glycosylpeptide von an Brustkrebsgewebe bindenden Antikörpern erkannt, die durch Vakzinierung mit ähnlichen Strukturen erhalten worden waren. Zur Synthese zweier Bausteine potenzieller Selektin-Inhibitoren wurde ein Mimetikum des in natürlichen Liganden vorkommenden Tetrasaccharides Sialyl-Lewisx synthetisiert. Bei diesem wurde die terminale Sialinsäure durch (S)-Cyclohexylmilchsäure ersetzt. Die bei der gewählten Syntheseroute notwendige regioselektive Öffnung eines Benzylidenacetals wurde in einem Mikroreaktor durchgeführt, wodurch eine einfache Reaktionsoptimierung mit geringen Substanzmengen möglich war. Die Reaktionszeit liegt mit unter 4 Minuten deutlich unter den üblichen Werten von einer bis mehreren Stunden. In einer Block-Glycosylierung konnte das Pseudotetrasaccharid sowohl an einen C-Lactosyl-Tyrosin-, als auch an einen C-Lactosyl-Serin-Akzeptor angefügt und somit die Synthese der Zielverbindungen abgeschlossen werden. Diese Bausteine können in Zukunft als Bestandteile synthetischer Glycopeptide zum Einsatz kommen, welche Mimetika der natürlichen Selektin-Liganden darstellen sollen.rn

Interactions between Siglec-7/9 receptors and ligands influence NK cell-dependent tumor immunosurveillance.

Alteration of the surface glycosylation pattern on malignant cells potentially affects tumor immunity by directly influencing interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins) on the surface of immunomodulatory cells. The sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins Siglec-7 and -9 are MHC class I-independent inhibitory receptors on human NK cells that recognize sialic acid-containing carbohydrates. Here, we found that the presence of Siglec-9 defined a subset of cytotoxic NK cells with a mature phenotype and enhanced chemotactic potential. Interestingly, this Siglec-9+ NK cell population was reduced in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. Broad analysis of primary tumor samples revealed that ligands of Siglec-7 and -9 were expressed on human cancer cells of different histological types. Expression of Siglec-7 and -9 ligands was associated with susceptibility of NK cell-sensitive tumor cells and, unexpectedly, of presumably NK cell-resistant tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Together, these observations have direct implications for NK cell-based therapies and highlight the requirement to consider both MHC class I haplotype and tumor-specific glycosylation.

Probing the receptor interactions ofan H5 avian influenza virus using a baculovirus expression system and functionalised poly(acrylic acid) ligands

Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding to terminal sialic acid (Neu5Ac) on glycoproteins or glycolipids. Both the linkage of Neu5Ac and the identity of other carbohydrates within the oligosaccharide are thought to play roles in restricting the host range of the virus. In this study, the receptor specificity of an H5 avian influenza virus haemagglutinin protein that has recently infected man (influenza strain A/Vietnam/1194/04) has been probed using carbohydrate functionalised poly(acrylic acid) polymers. A baculovirus expression system that allows facile and safe analysis of the Neu5Ac binding specificity of mutants of H5 HA engineered at sites that are predicted to effect a switch in host range has also been developed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Probing the receptor interactions of an H5 avian influenza virus using a baculovirus expression system and functionalised poly(acrylic acid) ligands

Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding to terminal sialic acid (Neu5Ac) on glycoproteins or glycolipids. Both the linkage of Neu5Ac and the identity of other carbohydrates within the oligosaccharide are thought to play roles in restricting the host range of the virus. In this study, the receptor specificity of an H5 avian influenza virus haemagglutinin protein that has recently infected man (influenza strain A/Vietnam/1194/04) has been probed using carbohydrate functionalised poly(acrylic acid) polymers. A baculovirus expression system that allows facile and safe analysis of the Neu5Ac binding specificity of mutants of H5 HA engineered at sites that are predicted to effect a switch in host range has also been developed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Advanced QSAR Studies on PPAR delta Ligands Related to Metabolic Diseases

PPAR delta is a nuclear receptor that, when activated, regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids and is related to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. To understand the main interactions between ligands and PPAR delta, we have constructed 2D and 3D QSAR models and compared them with HOMO, LUMO and electrostatic potential maps of the compounds studied, as well as docking results. All QSAR models showed good statistical parameters and prediction outcomes. The QSAR models were used to predict the biological activity of an external test set, and the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, we employed all maps to evaluate the possible interactions between the ligands and PPAR delta. These predictive QSAR models, along with the HOMO, LUMO and MEP maps, can provide insights into the structural and chemical properties that are needed in the design of new PPAR delta ligands that have improved biological activity and can be employed to treat metabolic diseases.

Interactions between Siglec-7/9 receptors and ligands influence NK cell-dependent tumor immunosurveillance

Abstract Alteration of the surface glycosylation pattern on malignant cells potentially affects tumor immunity by directly influencing interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins) on the surface of immunomodulatory cells. The sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins Siglec-7 and -9 are MHC class I-independent inhibitory receptors on human NK cells that recognize sialic acid-containing carbohydrates. Here, we found that the presence of Siglec-9 defined a subset of cytotoxic NK cells with a mature phenotype and enhanced chemotactic potential. Interestingly, this Siglec-9+ NK cell population was reduced in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. Broad analysis of primary tumor samples revealed that ligands of Siglec-7 and -9 were expressed on human cancer cells of different histological types. Expression of Siglec-7 and -9 ligands was associated with susceptibility of NK cell-sensitive tumor cells and, unexpectedly, of presumably NK cell-resistant tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Together, these observations have direct implications for NK cell-based therapies and highlight the requirement to consider both MHC class I haplotype and tumor-specific glycosylation.

Polyvalent binding to carbohydrates immobilized on an insoluble resin

Numerous studies have established that polyvalency is a critical feature of cell surface carbohydrate recognition. Nevertheless, carbohydrate–protein interactions are typically evaluated by using assays that focus on the behavior of monovalent carbohydrate ligands in solution. It has generally been assumed that the relative affinities of monovalent carbohydrate ligands in solution correlate with their polyvalent avidities. In this paper we show that carbohydrate ligands synthesized directly on TentaGel beads interact with carbohydrate-binding proteins in a polyvalent manner. The carbohydrate-derivatized beads can, therefore, be used as model systems for cell surfaces to evaluate polyvalent carbohydrate–protein interactions. By using a combinatorial approach to synthesize solid-phase libraries of polyvalent carbohydrates, one can rapidly address key issues in the area of cell surface carbohydrate recognition. For example, studies reported herein demonstrate that there is an unanticipated degree of specificity in recognition processes involving polyvalent carbohydrates. However, the correlation between polyvalent avidities and solution affinities is poor. Apparently, the presentation of carbohydrates on the polymer surface has a profound influence on the interaction of the ligand with the protein receptor. These findings have implications for how carbohydrates function as recognition signals in nature, as well as for how polyvalent carbohydrate–protein interactions should be studied.

Tuning the valence of the cerium center in (Na)phthalocyaninato and porphyrinato cerium double-deckers by changing the nature of the tetrapyrrole ligands

A series of 7 cerium double-decker complexes with various tetrapyrrole ligands including porphyrinates, phthalocyaninates, and 2,3-naphthalocyaninates have been prepared by previously described methodologies and characterized with elemental analysis and a range of spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of two heteroleptic \[(na)phthalocyaninato](porphyrinato) complexes have also been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis which exhibit a slightly distorted square antiprismatic geometry with two domed ligands. Having a range of tetrapyrrole ligands with very different electronic properties, these compounds have been systematically investigated for the effects of ligands on the valence of the cerium center. On the basis of the spectroscopic (UV−vis, near-IR, IR, and Raman), electrochemical, and structural data of these compounds and compared with those of the other rare earth(III) counterparts reported earlier, it has been found that the cerium center adopts an intermediate valence in these complexes. It assumes a virtually trivalent state in cerium bis(tetra-tert-butylnaphthalocyaninate) as a result of the two electron rich naphthalocyaninato ligands, which facilitate the delocalization of electron from the ligands to the metal center. For the rest of the cerium double-deckers, the cerium center is predominantly tetravalent. The valences (3.59−3.68) have been quantified according to their LIII-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) profiles.

Novel ruthenium bipyridyl dyes with s-donor ligands and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Two series of novel ruthenium bipyridyl dyes incorporating sulfur-donor bidentate ligands with general formula \[Ru(R-bpy)2C2N2S2] and \[Ru(R-bpy)2(S2COEt)]\[NO3] (where R =H, CO2Et, CO2H; C2N2S2 = cyanodithioimidocarbonate and S2COEt = ethyl xanthogenate) have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically, electrochemically and computationally. The acid derivatives in both series (C2N2S2 3 and S2COEt 6) were used as a photosensitizer in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and the incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), overall efficiency (_) and kinetics of the dye/TiO2 system were investigated. It was found that 6 gave a higher efficiency cell than 3 despite the latter dye’s more favorable electronic properties, such as greater absorption range, higher molar extinction coefficient and large degree of delocalization of the HOMO. The transient absorption spectroscopy studies revealed that the recombination kinetics of 3 were unexpectedly fast, which was attributed to the terminal CN on the ligand binding to the TiO2, as evidenced by an absorption study of R =H and CO2Et dyes sensitized on TiO2, and hence leading to a lower efficiency DSSC.

meso-Porphyrinylphosphine Oxides: Mono- and Bidentate Ligands for Supramolecular Chemistry and the Crystal Structures of Monomeric [10,20-Diphenylporphyrinatonickel(II)-5,15-diyl]-bis-[P(O)Ph2] and Polymeric Self-Coordinated ([10,20-Diphenylporphyrinatozinc(II)-5,15-diyl]-bis-[P(O)Ph2])

A series of porphyrins substituted in one or two meso-positions by diphenylphosphine oxide groups has been prepared by the palladium catalysed reaction of diphenylphosphine or its oxide with the corresponding bromoporphyrins. Compounds {MDPP-[P(O)Ph2]n} (M = H2, Ni, Zn; H2DPP = 5,15-diphenylporphyrin; n = 1, 2) were isolated in yields of 60-95%. The reaction is believed to proceed via the conventional oxidative addition, phosphination and reductive elimination steps, as the stoichiometric reaction of η1-palladio(II) porphyrin [PdBr(H2DPP)(dppe)] (H2DPP = 5,15-diphenylporphyrin; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) with diphenylphosphine oxide also results in the desired mono-porphyrinylphosphine oxide [H2DPP-P(O)Ph2]. Attempts to isolate the tertiary phosphines failed due to their extreme air-sensitivity. Variable temperature 1H NMR studies of [H2DPP-P(O)Ph2] revealed an intrinsic lack of symmetry, while fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the phosphine oxide group does not behave as a "heavy atom" quencher. The electron withdrawing effect of the phosphine oxide group was confirmed by voltammetry. The ligands were characterised by multinuclear NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Single crystal X-ray crystallography showed that the bis(phosphine oxide) nickel(II) complex {[NiDPP-[P(O)Ph2]2} is monomeric in the solid state, with a ruffled porphyrin core and the two P=O fragments on the same side of the average plane of the molecule. On the other hand, the corresponding zinc(II) complex formed infinite chains through coordination of one Ph2PO substituent to the neighbouring zinc porphyrin through an almost linear P=O---Zn unit, leaving the other Ph2PO group facing into a parallel channel filled with disordered water molecules. These new phosphine oxides are attractive ligands for supramolecular porphyrin chemistry.