Spin states of C-60(3-) and C120On- (n=2, 3, 4) anions using electron spin transient nutation spectroscopy

Electron spin transient nutation (ESTN) experiments show that the spin multiplicity of the ground state of C-60(3-) in frozen solution is a doublet with S = 1/2. In purified samples, there is no evidence for excited states or other species with higher multiplicity. In the anions Of C120On- (n = 2, 3, 4), where the CW EPR experiments have shown that a mixture of species is present, ESTN experiments confirm that a doublet with S = 1/2 is associated with the 3- anion and triplets with S = 1 are associated with the 2- and 4- anions. A weak nutation peak attributable to m(s) = -1/2 1/2 transitions within a quartet state may arise from association of anions with spins of 1/2 and 1 in solute aggregates.

Probing Charge Transfer in Benzodifuran-C-60 Dumbbell-Type Electron Donor-Acceptor Conjugates: Ground- and Excited-State Assays

Rigid electron donor-acceptor conjugates (1-3) that combine -extended benzodifurans as electron donors and C-60 molecules as electron acceptors with different linkers have been synthesized and investigated with respect to intramolecular charge-transfer events. Electrochemistry, fluorescence, and transient absorption measurements revealed tunable and structure-dependent charge-transfer processes in the ground and excited states. Our experimental findings are underpinned by density-functional theory calculations.

Gestión y análisis de riesgos aplicados al proyecto : "Remodelización del vial existente que une el municipio de Cañaveruelas (Cuenca) con el embalse de Buendía, mediante una vía de doble sentido tipo C-60 que incluye un carril bici y otro peatonal. Ordenación terrritorial en las proximidades del embalse.

El objetivo de este PFG es aplicar las herramientas de planificación a un proyecto existente y hacer un estudio del análisis de riesgos. El PFC al que se va a aplicar la gestión de riesgos es: “ Remodelación del vial existente que une el municipio de Cañaveruelas (Cuenca) con el embalse de Buendía, mediante una vía de doble sentido tipo C-60 que incluye un carril bici y otro peatonal. Ordenación territorial en las proximidades al embalse”. Fue realizado por Laura Gallego Salagre y por mí, para la defensa del PFC de Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía en junio de 2013. - Descripción breve del proyecto al que se va a aplicar la herramienta de gestión. - Estudio de los métodos y de las herramientas de gestión de análisis de los riesgos - Diseño de una planificación adecuada y eficiente. - Identificación de los riesgos que puedan afectar al proyecto - Realizar un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de Riesgos - Planificar las respuestas a los Riesgos - Analizar las diferentes respuestas - Comparar la planificación determinista con la realizada tras el análisis de riesgos. Para hacer un estudio del análisis de riesgos, hay que empezar por una planificación detallada del proyecto e identificar los posibles riesgos que puedan aparecer. Después haremos una estimación de los recursos y los asignaremos a las diferentes actividades. Posteriormente se realizará una red de procedencias, se calculará el camino crítico y se establecerá un plan de hitos para realizar un análisis de riesgos mediante el método Monte Carlo, que nos indicará la incertidumbre de las actividades. Posteriormente identificaremos los posibles riesgos que puedan afectar a nuestra planificación, los analizaremos cualitativa y cuantitativamente y se evaluarán las acciones de mitigación de los riesgos. Por último, se creará el impacto de estos en las actividades y a partir de ellos, se harán los calendarios pre y post mitigados para su posterior análisis.

Structural and Electrical Investigation of C 60 –Graphene Vertical Heterostructures

Graphene, with its unique electronic and structural qualities, has become an important playground for studying adsorption and assembly of various materials including organic molecules. Moreover, organic/graphene vertical structures assembled by van der Waals interaction have potential for multifunctional device applications. Here, we investigate structural and electrical properties of vertical heterostructures composed of C60 thin film on graphene. The assembled film structure of C60 on graphene is investigated using transmission electron microscopy, which reveals a uniform morphology of C60 film on graphene with a grain size as large as 500 nm. The strong epitaxial relations between C60 crystal and graphene lattice directions are found, and van der Waals ab initio calculations support the observed phenomena. Moreover, using C60-graphene heterostructures, we fabricate vertical graphene transistors incorporating n-type organic semiconducting materials with an on/off ratio above 3 × 10(3). Our work demonstrates that graphene can serve as an excellent substrate for assembly of molecules, and attained organic/graphene heterostructures have great potential for electronics applications.

A phase I study of the oral platinum agent satraplatin in sequential combination with capecitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced solid malignancies.

Abstract Background. The broad spectrum of antitumor activity of both the oral platinum analogue satraplatin (S) and capecitabine (C), along with the advantage of their oral administration, prompted a clinical study aimed to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination. Patients and methods. Four dose levels of S (mg/m(2)/day) and C (mg/m(2)/day) were evaluated in adult patients with advanced solid tumors: 60/1650, 80/1650, 60/2000, 70/2000; a course consisted of 28 days with sequential administration of S (days 1-5) and C (days 8-21) followed by one week rest. Results. Thirty-seven patients were treated, 24 in the dose escalation and 13 in the expansion phase; at the MTD, defined at S 70/C 2000, two patients presented dose limiting toxicities: lack of recovery of neutropenia by day 42 and nausea with dose skip of C. Most frequent toxicities were nausea (57%), diarrhea (51%), neutropenia (46%), anorexia, fatigue, vomiting (38% each). Two partial responses were observed in platinum sensitive ovarian cancer and one in prostate cancer. Conclusion. At S 70/C 2000 the combination of sequential S and C is tolerated with manageable toxicities; its evaluation in platinum and fluorouracil sensitive tumor types is worthwhile because of the easier administration and lack of nephro- and neurotoxicity as compared to parent compounds.

HDL-C concentration is related to markers of absorption and of cholesterol synthesis: Study in subjects with low vs. high HDL-C

Background: The antiatherogenic functions of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) include its role in reverse cholesterol transport, but to what extent the concentration of HDL-C interferes with the whole-body cholesterol metabolism is unknown. Therefore, we measured markers of body cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol and lathosterol) and of intestinal cholesterol absorption (campesterol and beta-sitosterol) in healthy subjects that differ according to their plasma HDL-C concentrations. Methods: Healthy participants presented either low HDL-C (<40 mg/dl, n = 33,17 male and 16 female) or high HDL-C (>60 mg/dl, n = 33, 17 male and 16 female), BMI <30 kg/m(2), were paired according to age and gender, without secondary factors that might interfere with their plasma lipid concentrations. Plasma concentrations of non-cholesterol sterols were measured by the combined GC-MS analysis. Results: Plasma desmosterol did not differ between the two groups; however, as compared with the high HDL-C participants, the low HDL-C participants presented higher concentration of lathosterol and lower concentration of the intestinal cholesterol absorption markers campesterol and beta-sitosterol. Conclusion: Plasma concentrations of HDL, and not the activities of LCAT and CETP that regulate the reverse cholesterol transport system, correlate with plasma sterol markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption directly, and of cholesterol synthesis reciprocally. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Decomposition in soil and chemical characteristics of pollen

The input to soils made by pollen and its subsequent mineralization has rarely been investigated from a soil microbiological point of view even though the small but significant quantities of C and N in pollen may make an important contribution to nutrient cycling. The relative resistance to decomposition of pollen exines (outer layers) has led to much of the focus of pollen in soil being on its preservation for archaeological and palaeo-ecological purposes. We have examined aspects of the chemical composition and decomposition of pollen from birch (Betula alba) and maize (Zea mays) in soil. The relatively large N contents, small C-to-N ratios and large water-soluble contents of pollen from both species indicated that they would be readily mineralized in soil. When added to soil and incubated at 16 degrees C an amount of C equivalent to 22-26% of the added pollen C was lost as CO2 within 22 days, with the Z. mays pollen decomposing faster. For B. alba pollen, the water-soluble fraction decomposed faster than the whole pollen and the insoluble fraction decomposed more slowly over 22 days. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the decomposition rates of the different fractions from Z. mays pollen. Solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed no gross chemical differences between the pollen of these two species, with strong resonances in the alkyl- and methyl-C region (0-45 p.p.m.) indicative of aliphatic compounds, the O-alkyl-C (60-90 p.p.m.) and the acetal- and ketal-C region (90-110 p.p.m.) indicative of polysaccharides, and the carbonyl-C region indicative of peptides and carboxylic acids. In addition, both pollens gave a small but distinct resonance at 55 p.p.m. attributed to N-alkyl-C. The resonances attributed to polysaccharides were lost completely or substantially reduced after decomposition.

Decomposition in soil and chemical characteristics of pollen

The input to soils made by pollen and its subsequent mineralization has rarely been investigated from a soil microbiological point of view even though the small but significant quantities of C and N in pollen may make an important contribution to nutrient cycling. The relative resistance to decomposition of pollen exines (outer layers) has led to much of the focus of pollen in soil being on its preservation for archaeological and palaeo-ecological purposes. We have examined aspects of the chemical composition and decomposition of pollen from birch (Betula alba) and maize (Zea mays) in soil. The relatively large N contents, small C-to-N ratios and large water-soluble contents of pollen from both species indicated that they would be readily mineralized in soil. When added to soil and incubated at 16 degrees C an amount of C equivalent to 22-26% of the added pollen C was lost as CO2 within 22 days, with the Z. mays pollen decomposing faster. For B. alba pollen, the water-soluble fraction decomposed faster than the whole pollen and the insoluble fraction decomposed more slowly over 22 days. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the decomposition rates of the different fractions from Z. mays pollen. Solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed no gross chemical differences between the pollen of these two species, with strong resonances in the alkyl- and methyl-C region (0-45 p.p.m.) indicative of aliphatic compounds, the O-alkyl-C (60-90 p.p.m.) and the acetal- and ketal-C region (90-110 p.p.m.) indicative of polysaccharides, and the carbonyl-C region indicative of peptides and carboxylic acids. In addition, both pollens gave a small but distinct resonance at 55 p.p.m. attributed to N-alkyl-C. The resonances attributed to polysaccharides were lost completely or substantially reduced after decomposition.

Synthesis and Photodynamic Effect of New Highly Photostable Decacationically Armed [60]- and [70]Fullerene Decaiodide Monoadducts To Target Pathogenic Bacteria and Cancer Cells

Novel water-soluble decacationically armed C-60 and C-70 decaiodide monoadducts, C-60- and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], were synthesized, characterized, and applied as photosensitizers and potential nano-PDT agents against pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. A high number of cationic charges per fullerene cage and H-bonding moieties were designed for rapid binding to the anionic residues displayed on the outer parts of bacterial cell walls. In the presence of a high number of electron-donating iodide anions as parts of quaternary ammonium salts in the arm region, we found that C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] produced more HO center dot than C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], in addition to O-1(2). This finding offers an explanation of the preferential killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], respectively. The hypothesis is that O-1(2) can diffuse more easily into porous cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria to reach sensitive sites, while the less permeable Gram-negative bacterial cell wall needs the more reactive HO center dot to cause real damage.

Determinação de vitaminas antioxidantes em suplementos e avaliação da rotulagem nutricional

Introdução: Diante das mudanças nos hábitos de consumo alimentar da população brasileira, suplementos vitamínicos e alimentos enriquecidos são veículos comumente empregados para atender as necessidades de ingestão de micronutrientes. A diversidade de suplementos vitamínicos comercializados atualmente leva à necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos de fácil execução e alta produtividade. Informações confiáveis sobre os teores de vitaminas poderão ser obtidas somente com métodos analíticos validados. Objetivos: Validar metodologias analíticas e avaliar o teor de vitaminas antioxidantes em suplementos adquiridos no comércio do município de São Paulo - Brasil, o efeito do armazenamento nestes compostos e confrontar os valores analisados com os valores declarados na rotulagem. Métodos: As metodologias analíticas para determinação de vitaminas antioxidantes por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD) e de vitamina C por titulação potenciométrica foram validadas para as matrizes sólidas, oleosas e líquidas de suplementos vitamínicos. A estabilidade das vitaminas foi avaliada a cada 6 meses durante 12 meses de armazenamento e a avaliação da rotulagem foi realizada de acordo com as legislações vigentes no Brasil. Resultados: Para os métodos cromatográficos, os limites de detecção (LDs) e de quantificação (LQs) variaram entre 0,3 e 4,3 µg/mL, e entre 0,5 e 14,0 µg/mL respectivamente. As recuperações dos padrões adicionados nas matrizes variaram entre 92 por cento e 109 por cento e entre 86 por cento e 108 por cento no material de referência. A repetitividade foi calculada pelo desvio padrão relativo (RSD), apresentando valores entre 0,2 por cento e 9,6 por cento . Para a determinação de vitamina C pelo método potenciométrico, o LD e o LQ foram respectivamente 1 mg e 3 mg; a recuperação no material de referência foi de 99,8 por cento e a precisão variou entre 0,4 e 3,9 por cento . Das 57 amostras avaliadas, 59 por cento e 35 por cento apresentaram teores de vitaminas A e E respectivamente, abaixo dos valores declarados no rótulo; por outro lado, 20 por cento das amostras apresentaram teores de vitamina E acima dos valores declarados. Em relação aos teores de vitamina C, 60 por cento das amostras estavam de acordo com os valores declarados. O estudo da estabilidade demonstrou degradação significativa das vitaminas A, E e C em aproximadamente 90 por cento das amostras com 12 meses de armazenamento. Na avaliação da rotulagem dos suplementos vitamínicos, 47 das amostras apresentaram uma ou mais irregularidades. Conclusão: Os métodos propostos se mostraram adequados para análise de diferentes matrizes de suplementos vitamínicos. Os resultados das análises de vitaminas nestes produtos mostraram a necessidade urgente de monitoramento em conjunto com ações de fiscalização, pois verificou-se que a maioria das amostras não atenderam a legislação, principalmente quanto aos teores declarados na informação nutricional da rotulagem. A sobredosagem de vitaminas pode ser necessária para manter os teores declarados durante o armazenamento, porém, a quantidade adicional de vitamina a ser incluída no suplemento deve estar dentro de limites seguros e depende de cada amostra, pois além da matriz, diversos fatores relacionados aos compostos e à embalagem também podem influenciar na estabilidade das vitaminas.

Structure, stability, depolarized light scattering, and vibrational spectra of fullerenols from all-electron density-functional-theory calculations

We have investigated the stability, electronic properties, Rayleigh (elastic), and Raman (inelastic) depolarization ratios, infrared and Raman absorption vibrational spectra of fullerenols [C(60)(OH)(n)] with different degrees of hydroxylation by using all-electron density-functional-theory (DFT) methods. Stable arrangements of these molecules were found by means of full geometry optimizations using Becke's three-parameter exchange functional with the Lee, Yang, and Parr correlation functional. This DFT level has been combined with the 6-31G(d,p) Gaussian-type basis set, as a compromise between accuracy and capability to treat highly hydroxylated fullerenes, e.g., C(60)(OH)(36). Thus, the molecular properties of fullerenols were systematically analyzed for structures with n=1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 24, 32, and 36. From the electronic structure analysis of these molecules, we have evidenced an important effect related to the weak chemical reactivity of a possible C(60)(OH)(24) isomer. To investigate Raman scattering and the vibrational spectra of the different fullerenols, frequency calculations are carried out within the harmonic approximation. In this case a systematic study is only performed for n=1-4, 8, 10, 16, 18, and 24. Our results give good agreements with the expected changes in the spectral absorptions due to the hydroxylation of fullerenes.

Stress intensity factor threshold in dental porcelains

The stress intensity factor threshold (K(IO)) is related to the stress level at which cracks start to grow stably, causing the weakening of porcelain prostheses during their use. The values of K(IO) of seven dental porcelains (with and without reinforcing leucite crystal, KAlSi(2)O(6)) stored in air (22 degrees C, 60% relative humidity) and artificial saliva (37 degrees C) were determined by measuring the crack growth velocity of radial cracks generated at the corner of Vickers indentations. The results of K(IO) were correlated with the leucite content, fracture toughness (K(Ic)), and chemical composition of the porcelains. It was observed that K(IO) increased with the increase of leucite content (only for the leucite-based porcelains) and with the increase of K(Ic). The increase in Al(2)O(3) content or the decrease in the alkali oxide (K(2)O and Na(2)O) content of the material`s glassy matrix tended to increase the K(IO) values. Storage media (air and saliva) did not significantly affect the K(IO) of porcelains tested, indicating that the control parameter of K(IO) value was not the water content of the storage media.

As Lucernas Romanas da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): Contributo para o conhecimento de Olisipo

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arqueologia