Flora Polínica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (São Paulo, Brasil): Família: 136-Solanaceae

Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de 12 gêneros e 41 espécies de Solanaceae ocorrentes na Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga: Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht., Athenaea picta (Mart.) Sendtn., Brunfelsia latifolia Benth., Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schlecht.) Benth., Capsicum flexuosum (L.) Sendtn., Capsicum villosum (L.) Sendtn., Cestrum amictum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum corymbosum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum lanceolatum (L.) Miers, Cestrum schlechtendalii (L.) G. Don, Cestrum sendtnerianum (L.) Mart. ex Sendtn., Cyphomandra diploconos Sendtn., Cyphomandra velutina Sendtn., Dyssochroma viridiflora (Sims) Ducke, Nicotiana langsdorffii (Weinm.) Roem. & Schult., Physalis peruviana L., Physalis viscosa L., Sessea brasiliensis Tol., Solandra grandiflora Sw, Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum atropurpureum Schrank., Solanum bullatum Vell., Solanum capsicoides Allion., Solanum cernuum Vell., Solanum concinnum Schott ex Sendtn., Solanum didynum Dun., Solanum diflorum Vell., Solanum excelsum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dun., Solanum hoehnei Morton, Solanum inaequale Vell., Solanum inodornum Vell., Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum mauritianum Scop., Solanum paniculatum L., Solanum rufescens Sendtn., Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult., Solanum vaillantii Dun., Solanum variabile Mart., Solanum viarum Dun. São apresentadas descrições para todas as espécies estudadas, ilustrações, observações e seis chaves polínicas.

Interindividual variations in fruit preferences of the yellow-shouldered bat Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a cafeteria experiment

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Regeneração natural do componente arbóreo após a mortalidade de um maciço de taquara em um fragmento de floresta ombrófila mista em Lages - SC

The present study aimed to analyze the floristic and structural descriptors of tree species natural regeneration in a forest sector with synchronized bamboo (Merostachys multiramea Hackel) die-off (CT) and an adjacent area with continuous canopy cover (ST) in an araucaria forest fragment in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina state. A total of 14, 5x5m, plots (six plots in CT sector and eight in ST sector) were allocated, where all tree species regenerative individual with circumference at breast height smaller than 15cm and height higher than 25cm was measured (diameter at soil level) and identified. The richest families were: Myrtaceae (nine), Solanaceae (six) and Aquifoliaceae (four). The Shannon Diversity Index in ST and CT sectors were respectively 2.73 and 2.31. The species with the highest importance values in CT sector were Solanum variabile, Piptocarpha angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella, Jacaranda puberula and Solanum pseudoquina. In ST sector, the species with highest importance values were Myrsine lorentziana, Casearia decandra, Cinnamodendron dinisii, Drimys brasiliensis and Ilex paraguariensis. The results showed that the synchronized bamboo die-off influenced the spatial variation in the floristic and structural descriptors of the tree species natural regeneration.

Collection of Pollen Grains by Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (Apidae: Centridini): Is C. tarsata an Oligolectic or Polylectic Species?

Lia Goncalves, Claudia Ines da Silva, and Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini (2012) Collection of pollen grains by Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (Apidae: Centridini): Is C. tarsata an oligolectic or polylectic species? Zoological Studies 51(2): 195-203. Among pollinator species, bees play a prominent role in maintaining biodiversity because they are responsible, on average, for 80% of angiosperm pollination in tropical regions. The species richness of the bee genus Centris is high in South America. In Brazil, these bees occur in many types of ecosystems. Centris tarsata is an endemic species occurring only in Brazil. No previous studies considered interactions between plants and this bee species in southern Brazil, where it is the most abundant trap-nesting bee. Accordingly, the goals of this study were to investigate plants used by this species for its larval food supply and determine if this bee is polylectic or oligolectic in this region. This work was conducted in the Parque Municipal das Araucarias, Guarapuava (PR), southern Brazil, from Mar. 2002 to Dec. 2003. Samples of pollen were collected from nests of these bees and from flowering plants in grassland and swamp areas where the nests were built. All of the samples were treated with acetolysis to obtain permanent slides. The family Solanaceae was visited most often (71%). Solanum americanum Mill. (28.6%) and Sol. variabile Mart. (42.4%) were the primary pollen sources for C. tarsata in the study area. We found that although C. tarsata visited 20 species of plants, it preferred Solanum species with poricidal anthers and pollen grains with high protein levels. This selective behavior by females of C. tarsata indicates that these bees are oligolectic in their larval provisioning in this region of southern Brazil. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.2/195.pdf

Estrutura de guildas de polinizacao de Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. e S. variabile Mart. (Solanaceae)

Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Solanum aculeatissimum and S. variabile (Solanaceae) were considered in this study with special reference to floral visitants and their behavior. The most frequent Solanum visitors are bees of the genus Centris, Epicharis, Bombus, Oxaea and Xylocopa that collect pollen from the anthers by means of body vibration. The behavior of those bees on the flowers and their flight distances makes them important pollinators mainly to Solanum aculeatissimum that bears cross-pollination. The guild of pollination of Solanum aculeatissimum and S. variable is composed by bees of the cited genus and by bees of the genus Thygather, Pseudaugochloropsis and Euglossa.

Estudo filogenético das espécies da seção Torva do gênero Solanum L. (Solanaceae) na região sul do Brasil

O gênero Solanum L. (Solanaceae) compreende mais de 1000 espécies, incluindo táxons de grande interesse econômico por seu valor alimentício e medicinal. Este gênero é dividido em três subgêneros: Bassovia, Solanum e Leptostemonum. O subgênero Leptostemonum é dividido em dez seções, e entre essas destaca-se a seção Torva que possui representantes no sul do Brasil, e cujas espécies têm amplo interesse por apresentarem substâncias ativas de grande utilidade farmacológica. Entretanto, dentro dessa seção existem problemas taxonômicos, inclusive com a presença de indivíduos de morfologia intermediária, que dificultam sua classificação e, conseqüentemente, o seu melhor aproveitamento. Nesse trabalho, foram realizados dois estudos de caráter filogenético a fim de conhecer as relações de parentesco entre as espécies de Solanum seção Torva, presentes no sul do Brasil, e destas com espécies de outras seções do subgênero Leptostemonum. Em ambos os estudos foram utilizados quatro marcadores (genomas nuclear e plastidial): a região ITS (espaçadores internos transcritos do DNA nuclear ribossomal) incluindo ITS1, ITS2 e o gene 5,8S; o íntron trnL e os espaçadores intergênicos trnL-trnF e trnS-trnG do DNA plastidial. O marcador ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) foi utilizado para verificar a variabilidade genética entre as espécies de Solanum seção Torva e testar o grau de polimorfismo de quatro “primers” dentro dessa seção. As análises realizadas evidenciaram uma origem monofilética para a seção Torva. Além disso, foi verificada uma relação de parentesco mais acentuado dessa seção com S. melongena, S. jamaicense e S. sisymbriifolium. Dentro da seção Torva foram observados agrupamentos que relacionam a espécie de morfologia intermediária a seus possíveis progenitores S. paniculatum e S. guaraniticum. Os quatro agrupamentos mais freqüentes observados dentro da seção foram: a aproximação de S. guaraniticum, S. bonariense e S. paniculatum X S. guaraniticum; o relacionamento entre S. adspersum e S. tabacifolium; a interação entre S. paniculatum e a espécie de morfologia intermediária; e a aproximação entre S. paniculatum e S. variabile. Este trabalho contribuiu para o conhecimento evolutivo das espécies dessa complexa seção que vem levantando interesse de inúmeros pesquisadores.

Product stability and sequestration mechanisms in Solanum tuberosum engineered to biosynthesize high value ketocarotenoids

To produce commercially valuable ketocarotenoids in Solanum tuberosum, the 4, 4′ β-oxygenase (crtW) and 3, 3′ β-hydroxylase (crtZ) genes from Brevundimonas spp. have been expressed in the plant host under constitutive transcriptional control. The CRTW and CRTZ enzymes are capable of modifying endogenous plant carotenoids to form a range of hydroxylated and ketolated derivatives. The host (cv. Désirée) produced significant levels of nonendogenous carotenoid products in all tissues, but at the apparent expense of the economically critical metabolite, starch. Carotenoid levels increased in both wild-type and transgenic tubers following cold storage; however, stability during heat processing varied between compounds. Subcellular fractionation of leaf tissues revealed the presence of ketocarotenoids in thylakoid membranes, but not predominantly in the photosynthetic complexes. A dramatic increase in the carotenoid content of plastoglobuli was determined. These findings were corroborated by microscopic analysis of chloroplasts. In tuber tissues, esterified carotenoids, representing 13% of the total pigment found in wild-type extracts, were sequestered in plastoglobuli. In the transgenic tubers, this proportion increased to 45%, with esterified nonendogenous carotenoids in place of endogenous compounds. Conversely, nonesterified carotenoids in both wild-type and transgenic tuber tissues were associated with amyloplast membranes and starch granules.

A digital imaging technique to quantify the incidence of internal browning in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers

Internal browning disorders, including brown fleck (BF), in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers greatly reduce tuber quality, but the causes are not well understood. This is due, in part, to the highly variable data provided by visual value-based rating systems. A digital imaging technique was developed to quantify accurately the incidence of internal browning in potato tubers. Images of tuber sections were scanned using a flatbed scanner and digitally enhanced to highlight tuber BF lesions, and the area of affected tissue calculated using pixel quantification software. Digital imaging allowed for the determination of previously unused indices of the incidence and severity of internal browning in potato tubers. Statistical analysis of the comparison between digitally derived and visual-rating BF data from a glasshouse experiment showed that digital data greatly improved the delineation of treatment effects. The F-test probability was further improved through square root or logarithmic data transformations of the digital data, but not of the visual-rating data. Data from a field experiment showed that the area of tuber affected by BF and the number of small BF lesions increased with time and with increase in tuber size. The results from this study indicate that digital imaging of internal browning disorders of potato tubers holds much promise in determining their causes that heretofore have proved elusive.

Glycoalkaloid Content and Starch Structure in Solanum Species and Interspecific Somatic Potato Hybrids

When genome sections of wild Solanum species are bred into the cultivated potato (S. tuberosum L.) to obtain improved potato cultivars, the new cultivars must be evaluated for their beneficial and undesirable traits. Glycoalkaloids present in Solanum species are known for their toxic as well as for beneficial effects on mammals. On the other hand, glycoalkaloids in potato leaves provide natural protection against pests. Due to breeding, glycoalkaloid profile of the plant is affected. In addition, the starch properties in potato tubers can be affected as a result of breeding, because the crystalline properties are determined by the botanical source of the starch. Starch content and composition affect the texture of cooked and processed potatoes. In order to determine glycoalkaloid contents in Solanum species, simultaneous separation of glycoalkaloids and aglycones using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Clean-up of foliage samples was improved using a silica-based strong cation exchanger instead of octadecyl phases in solid-phase extraction. Glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine were detected in potato tubers of cvs. Satu and Sini. The total glycoalkaloid concentration of non-peeled and immature tubers was at an acceptable level (under 20 mg/100 g of FW) in the cv. Satu, whereas concentration in cv. Sini was 23 mg/100 g FW. Solanum species (S. tuberosum, S. brevidens, S. acaule, and S. commersonii) and interspecific somatic hybrids (brd + tbr, acl + tbr, cmm + tbr) were analyzed for their glycoalkaloid contents using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The concentrations in the tubers of the brd + tbr and acl + tbr hybrids remained under 20 mg/100 g FW. Glycoalkaloid concentration in the foliage of the Solanum species was between 110 mg and 890 mg/100 g FW. However, the concentration in the foliage of S. acaule was as low as 26 mg/100 g FW. The total concentrations of brd + tbr, acl + tbr, and cmm + tbr hybrid foliages were 88 mg, 180 mg, and 685 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Glycoalkaloids of both parental plants as well as new combinations of aglycones and saccharides were detected in somatic hybrids. The hybrids contained mainly spirosolanes, and glycoalkaloid structures having no 5,6-double bond in the aglycone. Based on these results, the glycoalkaloid profiles of the hybrids may represent a safer and more beneficial spectrum of glycoalkaloids than that found in currently cultivated varieties. Starch nanostructure of three different cultivars (Satu, Saturna, and Lady Rosetta), a wild species S. acaule, and interspecific somatic hybrids were examined by wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS). For the first time, the measurements were conducted on fresh potato tuber samples. Crystallinity of starch, average crystallite size, and lamellar distance were determined from the X-ray patterns. No differences in the starch nanostructure between the three different cultivars were detected. However, tuber immaturity was detected by X-ray scattering methods when large numbers of immature and mature samples were measured and the results were compared. The present study shows that no significant changes occurred in the nanostructures of starches resulting from hybridizations of potato cultivars.

Features of a unique intronless cluster of class I small heat shock protein genes in tandem with box C/D snoRNA genes on chromosome 6 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Physical clustering of genes has been shown in plants; however, little is known about gene clusters that have different functions, particularly those expressed in the tomato fruit. A class I 17.6 small heat shock protein (Sl17.6 shsp) gene was cloned and used as a probe to screen a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genomic library. An 8.3-kb genomic fragment was isolated and its DNA sequence determined. Analysis of the genomic fragment identified intronless open reading frames of three class I shsp genes (Sl17.6, Sl20.0, and Sl20.1), the Sl17.6 gene flanked by Sl20.1 and Sl20.0, with complete 5' and 3' UTRs. Upstream of the Sl20.0 shsp, and within the shsp gene cluster, resides a box C/D snoRNA cluster made of SlsnoR12.1 and SlU24a. Characteristic C and D, and C' and D', boxes are conserved in SlsnoR12.1 and SlU24a while the upstream flanking region of SlsnoR12.1 carries TATA box 1, homol-E and homol-D box-like cis sequences, TM6 promoter, and an uncharacterized tomato EST. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that this particular arrangement of shsps is conserved in tomato genome but is distinct from other species. The intronless genomic sequence is decorated with cis elements previously shown to be responsive to cues from plant hormones, dehydration, cold, heat, and MYC/MYB and WRKY71 transcription factors. Chromosomal mapping localized the tomato genomic sequence on the short arm of chromosome 6 in the introgression line (IL) 6-3. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene cluster members revealed differential expression during ripening of tomato fruit, and relatively different abundances in other plant parts.

Distribución y variabilidad de Ralstonia solanacearum e.f. Smith agente causal de marchitez bacteriana en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L), en tres departamentos del norte de Nicaragua (Esteli, Matagalpa y Jinotega)

La marchitez bacteriana de la papa causada por Ralstonia solanacearum (E. F. Smith) es una de las principales limitantes en la producción de es te cultivo. R.olanacearum es una especie altamente variable, el estudio de su diversidad poblacional es un importante factor a considerar para su control. Con el objetivo de conocer la distribución y la variabilidad, se realizó un estudio durante el período comprendido de Septiembre de 2006 a Enero de 2007, en diferentes localidades distribuidas en tres departamentos de Nicaragua (Estelí, Matagalpa y Jinotega ), donde se recolectaron 18 muestras de tejidos vegetales (tubérculos y tallos) de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y suelo, las que fueron analizadas en laboratorio de Microbiología de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), para el aislamiento, identificación y multiplicación de la bacteria. Se realizaron siembras en plato petri que contenían medio de cultivo medio agar sacarosa-peptona. Posterior a su aislamiento se realizó purificación en un medio específico (tetrazolium). Las cepas bacterianas se identificaron mediante la determinación de características culturales, morfológicas, fisiológicas y bioquímicas. En el primer caso, se observaron características de borde, elevación, consistencia y color de las cepas individuales cultivadas en el medio agar sacarosa- peptona. Las características morfológicas se comprobaron a través observación en el microscopio óptico. La confirmación de las características fisiológicas y bioquímicas, se realizó a través de pruebas de KOH al 3%, oxidasa, catalasa y revelación de flagelos. Las colonias bacterianas identificadas como Ralstonia solanacearun, se les realizó la prueba de carbohidratos para la caracterización de biovares, basada en la utilización de azúcares y oxidación de alcoholes (Hayward, 1991). Las pruebas de hipersensibilidad se realizaron en plantas de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacumL.). Estas fueron inoculadas mediante la infiltración de la suspensión bacteriana de 24 hrs de crecimiento. Como resultado de la prueba, se identificaron dieciséis aislamientos pertenecientes al biovar 3 y dos aislamientos pertenecientes al biovar 1. Siendo el biovar 3 el más prevaleciente en los sitios de muestro. La raza fue identificada en base a sintomatología presentada, resultando ser la raza 1.

Comportamiento in vitro de tres variedades de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en tres variantes del medio básico de Murashige y Skoog (1962) y tres subcultivos

Actualmente el cultivo de tejidos vegetales como una de las técnicas más modernas en la agricultura, permite obtener elevados volúmenes de material vegetal de buena calidad para la siembra en numerosos cultivos, impactando directamente en el incremento de la calidad y rendimiento de las cosechas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de las variedades de papa Desirée, DT0-28 y Baraka en tres medios de cultivo: Ml (Sales MS + 0.5 mg/l * AIA + 0.2 mg/l Kinetina + 0.2 mg/1 Tiamina-HCL); M2 (Sales MS + 0.2 mg/l Tiamina-HCL) y M3 (Sales MS + 0.25 mg/l **GA3 + 0.2 mg/l Tiamina-HCL) y tres subcultivos continuos. Se evaluaron las variables Altura de plántula, Longitud de entrenudos y Número de hojas. Las tres variedades manifestaron una dinámica de crecimiento muy variada en los medios de cultivo y en los subcultivos, Desirée registró disminución del número de hojas en la medida que incrementaron los subcultivos. Igual tendencia mostró DT0-28. Por el contrario Baraka superó ligeramente el número de hojas en el subcultivo dos al obtenido en el subcultivo uno, alcanzando los valores más altos en el subcultivo tres. Desirée y Baraka presentaron un comportamiento aceptable en el medio dos y DT0-28 en el medio tres. *AlA = Acido lndolAcético **G3 = Acido Giberélico