New approaches to underground systems in Brazilian Smilax species (Smilacaceae)

MARTINS, A. R. (Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil), N. PUT, (Division of Biology and Education, University of Vechta, 49377 Vechta, Germany), A. N. SOARES, A.B BOMB, and B. APPEZZATO DA GLORIA (Biological Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura `Luiz de Queiroz`, University of Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 137: 220-235. 2010.-New approaches to underground systems in Brazilian Smilax species (Smilacaceae). Scientific studies show that the watery extract of the thickened underground stem and its adventitious roots of the genus Smilax can act as a therapeutic agent in immunoinflammatory disorders, such as rheumatic arthritis. Brazilians have used this genus of plants in folk medicine, however it is very hard to identify these species, since the morphology of the underground systems is very similar in this group. For better identification of those systems, we studied six species of Smilax L. (S. brasiliensis, S. campestris, S. cissoides, S. goyazana, S. oblongifolia and S. rufescens), collected in different regions of Brazil with different physiognomies and soil characteristics. The main purpose is to describe the morpho-anatomy of the underground systems and to analyze if their structure depends on environmental conditions. The underground stem (rhizophore) is of brown color and it is knotty, massive, slender (S. rufescens) or tuberous (S. brasiliensis, S. campestris, S. cissoides, S. goyazana and S. oblongifolia). The tuberization is a result of primary thickened meristem (PTM) activity. The color and thickness of the adventitious roots change during development because the epidermis and outer cortex are disposed of, so the inner cortex becomes the new covering tissue with lignified and dark color cells. There are differences in starch grain shapes in mature roots. The chemical attributes of the soil are very similar in all studied environments and, even when soil characteristics varied, all the species` underground system was distributed close to the soil surface (10 to 15 cm deep). The species exhibited clonal growth hence their underground system functions as storage structures and the axillary buds can sprout into new stems. Only Smilax rufescens, collected in sandy soil of Restinga, has vegetative dispersal due to the runners.

Apomixia facultativa em Smilax fluminensis Steud. (Smilacaceae), espécie dióica de fragmentos florestais, centro oeste do Brasil

Apomixia facultativa em Smilax fluminensis (Smilacaceae) foi estudada em duas populações naturais de Tangará da Serra, MT. A espécie apresenta inflorescências umbeliformes e flores inconspícuas. Foi avaliado o sistema reprodutivo de indivíduos femininos e masculinos de S. fluminensis em três episódios reprodutivos consecutivos, sendo a razão sexual entre esses indivíduos equilibrada. No sistema reprodutivo foi registrada a formação de frutos em todos os tratamentos: Polinização Cruzada (82,16%), Polinização Aberta (70,30%) e Apomixia (31,81%). A maioria dos frutos contados desenvolveu três sementes, e a formação de frutos com quatro sementes foi registrada em ambos os fragmentos florestais. Frutos com uma semente foi registrado em apenas um dos fragmentos, e no tratamento apomítico esse número foi cerca de duas vezes maior, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. As abelhas Halictus hesperus e Tetragona clavipes visitaram flores de ambos os sexos e foram consideradas polinizadoras pela sua frequência e comportamento. A apomixia facultativa de S. fluminensis é estratégia reprodutiva vantajosa, pois garante sua reprodução mesmo na ausência de polinizadores.

Morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Smilax polyantha Griseb. (Smilacaceae)

Smilax polyantha Griseb., conhecida como salsaparrilha, é uma espécie reconhecida como medicinal, encontrada em áreas de cerrado, especialmente na região Sudeste. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever a morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Smilax polyantha e verificar se os caracteres descritos na Farmacopéia Brasileira de fato permitem diferenciar esta das demais espécies denominadas salsaparrilha. Amostras dos órgãos vegetativos foram preparadas segundo técnicas usuais em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. A folha é hipoestomática e os estômatos são paracíticos. O mesofilo tende a dorsiventral, pois o parênquima adaxial é constituído por células com sinuosidades pronunciadas. O pecíolo é canaliculado, sulcado na porção abaxial, indicando torção foliar. O ramo caulinar foi estudado na porção aérea e subterrânea diferindo apenas pelo espessamento da parede das células do parênquima vascular. O rizóforo é revestido pelo córtex; entre o córtex e o cilindro vascular há o meristema de espessamento secundário; o cilindro vascular é constituído de feixes colaterais cercados por células parenquimáticas com espessamento parietal secundário. O sistema radicular adventício fibroso possui raízes brancas tenras, revestidas pela epiderme e raízes marrons rígidas revestidas pelo córtex interno esclerificado, já que a epiderme e córtex externo são eliminados ao longo do desenvolvimento. Visto que as espécies brasileiras de salsaparrilha indicadas como medicinais na Farmacopéia Brasileira são identificadas através do modo como as raízes são amarradas em feixes, do diâmetro da raiz e da sua coloração, as análises nas raízes de S. polyantha mostraram que esses parâmetros são insuficientes para diferenciar as espécies do gênero Smilax.

Uredinales sobre Blechnaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Schizaeaceae, Myrtaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Smilacaceae e Vitaceae da Reserva Florestal Armando de Salles Oliveira, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Smilax polyantha Griseb. (Smilacaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Germination and seedling morphology of four South American Smilax (Smilacaceae)

Species of Smilax,, also known as greenbrier, are widely distributed in Brazil and their commercial trades are carried out by the extractivism of native species. We the aim to provide information about the germination and development of seedlings in four Smilax species, different experiments were developed under controlled conditions. We evaluated two germination treatments: temperature (30 degrees C and 20-30 degrees C) and light (presence/absence), and for few cases the tetrazolium treatment was applied. A different treatment response was observed among the studied species. Light had a significant influence in S. brasiliensis, with the highest germination rates at 20-30 C in dark conditions. S. campestris showed significant differences among temperature treatments, but not to light; while S. cissoides showed high germination rates (66-78%), independently of treatment. However, S. polyantha had low germination rates (19-24%). After one year, the expanded leaves showed different characteristics among the studied species. Leaves of S. brasiliensis were ovate, coriaceous, three main veins and prickle-like structures only on the midrib on abaxial face. S. campestris leaves were oblong, coriaceous and prickle-like structures were located at the leaf midrib and margin. S. cissoides had ovate-elliptic, membranaceous leaves, with three main veins with prickle-like structures on the abaxial face. S. polyantha leaves showed ovate-elliptic. coriaceous leaves, with three main veins, translucent secondary veins and no prickle-like structures. A seedling identification key was elaborated based on morphological characteristics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (1): 495-504. Epub 2012 March 01.

Aerial organ anatomy of Smilax syphilitica (Smilacaceae)

Smilax L. in Brazil is represented by 32 taxa and it is a taxonomically difficult genus because the plants are dioecious and show wide phenotypic variation. The analysis and use of leaf anatomy characters is recognized as a frequently successful taxonomic method to distinguish between individual taxon, when floral material is absent or minute differences in flowers and foliage exist such as in Smilax. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomical features of the aerial organs in Smilax syphilitica collected from the Atlantic Rainforest, in Santa Teresa-ES and the Smilax aff syphilitica from the Amazon Rainforest, in Manaus, Brazil. For this, a total of three samples of Smilax were collected per site. Sample leaves and stems were fixed with FAA 50, embedded in historesin, sectioned on a rotary microtome, stained and mounted in synthetic resin. Additionally, histochemical tests were performed and cuticle ornamentation was analyzed with standard scanning electron microscopy. S. syphilitica and S. aff syphilitica differed in cuticle ornamentation, epidermal cell arrangement and wall thickness, stomata type and orientation, calcium oxalate crystal type, and position of stem thorns. Leaf blades of S. syphilitica from the Amazon Rainforest have a network of rounded ridges on both sides, while in S. aff syphilitica, these ridges are parallel and the spaces between them are filled with numerous membranous platelets. Viewed from the front, the epidermal cells of S. syphilitica have sinuous walls (even more pronounced in samples from the Amazon); while in S. aff syphilitica, these cells are also sinuous but elongated in the cross-section of the blade and arranged in parallel. Stomata of S. syphilitica are paracytic, whereas in S. aff syphilitica, are both paracytic and anisocytic, and their polar axes are directed towards the mid-vein. Calcium oxalate crystals in S. syphilitica are prisms, whereas in S. aff syphilitica, crystal sand. Thorns occur in nodes and internodes in S. syphilitica but only in internodes in S. aff syphilitica. These features have proven to be of diagnostic value and may support a separation into two species, but future studies are needed to confirm that S. aff syphilitica is indeed a new taxon. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60(3): 1137-1148. Epub 2012 September 01.

Aerial stem and leaf morphoanatomy of some species of Smilax

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The sarsaparilla market in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) and the challenges of cultivation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)