Rural technology adoption and its impacts: direct planting system in Sao Paulo

Este trabalho investiga a adoção do Sistema de Plantio Direto (SPD) no Brasil, uma tecnologia rural bastante promovida devido aos benefícios, tanto privados como sociais, que alegadamente traz. O trabalho baseia-se em evidências recentes sobre os determinantes da adoção desta tecnologia para investigar seus impactos utilizando-se de um grande painel de microdados de unidades de produção agrícola no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Nós exploramos variações em localizações geográficas e características de solos para construir instrumentos para a adoção e assim identificar os impactos dessa adoção na produção agrícola, nas alo- cações de terras e em outros indicadores da organização produtiva das fazendas. Embora as evidências de ganhos de produtividade permaneçam inconclusivas, nós encontramos impactos significativos da adoção de SPD na alocação de terras e nas decisões de produção.

Technology for rural transportation: "Simple Solutions"".

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Va.

Efeito das condições climáticas do semiárido sobre o comportamento fisiológico de caprinos mestiços f1 saanen x boer

This research aimed at evaluating the effect of the semiarid climatic conditions on the physiological behavior of F1 Saanen x Boer crossbred goats, created at an intensive system. The experiment was carried out in the Health and Rural Technology Center, in the Federal University of Campina Grande, in the town of Patos, Paraiba. Twenty-four animals were used, with ages varying between three and four months, being 12 females and 12 males, weaned and prevented against worms, receiving ad libitum water and controlled concentrate and roughage. The environmental variables were checked inside and outside the experiment place, as well as the physiological variables of all animals. Except for the humid bulb temperature, the variance analysis revealed shift effect (P<0.05) for all environmental variables. There was merely shift effect (P<0.05) for Cardiac Frequency and Rectal Temperature, and the averages of both, in the afternoon, overcame those observed in the morning. The obtained results based on the studied physiological and environmental variables conclude that crossbred goats, resulting of Boer (paternal) and Saanen (maternal), present a good resistance to heat, permitting their indication for the meat production in confinement on semiarid conditions.

Tecnología agropecuaria y agronegocios : La lógica subyacente del modelo tecnológico dominante

El artículo analiza las principales características del modelo tecnológico del agronegocio en la Argentina, discute sus principales problemas y propone una reflexión que enmarque la problemática en contextos económicos y políticos más amplios. Esta tecnología es descripta como technological fix y se presentan tres atributos principales: instantaneidad, transitoriedad y recurrencia. La supuesta eficiencia del modelo productivo ocurre a expensas de la dilapidación del capital natural y de los costos que internalizan otros actores sociales, ya sea vía acumulación por desposesión o a través de la socialización y del diferimiento temporal de sus externalidades negativas. Su fortaleza radica en que su poder trasciende largamente la esfera tecnológica. Poner en dudas al actual modelo implica no sólo cuestionar a su cabeza visible (i.e., el agronegocio), sino también objetar a las instituciones (científicas, educativas, legales y administrativas) y a las estructuras políticas que lo sostienen. Finalmente, el artículo discute algunas alternativas y propone desarrollar una agronomía política para Latinoamérica.

Tecnología agropecuaria y agronegocios : La lógica subyacente del modelo tecnológico dominante

El artículo analiza las principales características del modelo tecnológico del agronegocio en la Argentina, discute sus principales problemas y propone una reflexión que enmarque la problemática en contextos económicos y políticos más amplios. Esta tecnología es descripta como technological fix y se presentan tres atributos principales: instantaneidad, transitoriedad y recurrencia. La supuesta eficiencia del modelo productivo ocurre a expensas de la dilapidación del capital natural y de los costos que internalizan otros actores sociales, ya sea vía acumulación por desposesión o a través de la socialización y del diferimiento temporal de sus externalidades negativas. Su fortaleza radica en que su poder trasciende largamente la esfera tecnológica. Poner en dudas al actual modelo implica no sólo cuestionar a su cabeza visible (i.e., el agronegocio), sino también objetar a las instituciones (científicas, educativas, legales y administrativas) y a las estructuras políticas que lo sostienen. Finalmente, el artículo discute algunas alternativas y propone desarrollar una agronomía política para Latinoamérica.

Tecnología agropecuaria y agronegocios : La lógica subyacente del modelo tecnológico dominante

El artículo analiza las principales características del modelo tecnológico del agronegocio en la Argentina, discute sus principales problemas y propone una reflexión que enmarque la problemática en contextos económicos y políticos más amplios. Esta tecnología es descripta como technological fix y se presentan tres atributos principales: instantaneidad, transitoriedad y recurrencia. La supuesta eficiencia del modelo productivo ocurre a expensas de la dilapidación del capital natural y de los costos que internalizan otros actores sociales, ya sea vía acumulación por desposesión o a través de la socialización y del diferimiento temporal de sus externalidades negativas. Su fortaleza radica en que su poder trasciende largamente la esfera tecnológica. Poner en dudas al actual modelo implica no sólo cuestionar a su cabeza visible (i.e., el agronegocio), sino también objetar a las instituciones (científicas, educativas, legales y administrativas) y a las estructuras políticas que lo sostienen. Finalmente, el artículo discute algunas alternativas y propone desarrollar una agronomía política para Latinoamérica.

Tecnología agropecuaria y agronegocios : La lógica subyacente del modelo tecnológico dominante

El artículo analiza las principales características del modelo tecnológico del agronegocio en la Argentina, discute sus principales problemas y propone una reflexión que enmarque la problemática en contextos económicos y políticos más amplios. Esta tecnología es descripta como technological fix y se presentan tres atributos principales: instantaneidad, transitoriedad y recurrencia. La supuesta eficiencia del modelo productivo ocurre a expensas de la dilapidación del capital natural y de los costos que internalizan otros actores sociales, ya sea vía acumulación por desposesión o a través de la socialización y del diferimiento temporal de sus externalidades negativas. Su fortaleza radica en que su poder trasciende largamente la esfera tecnológica. Poner en dudas al actual modelo implica no sólo cuestionar a su cabeza visible (i.e., el agronegocio), sino también objetar a las instituciones (científicas, educativas, legales y administrativas) y a las estructuras políticas que lo sostienen. Finalmente, el artículo discute algunas alternativas y propone desarrollar una agronomía política para Latinoamérica.

Troubling Empowerment : A feminist critique of a rural women and communication technology project

Participatory research methodologies and interactive communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly seen as offering ways of enhancing women’s empowerment and rural community development. However, some researchers suggest the need for caution about such claims. This book details findings from an evaluation of a feminist action research project that explored the impacts of ICTs for rural women in Queensland, Australia, in terms of personal, business and community development. Using praxis and poststructuralist feminist theories and methodologies, this innovative study presents a rigorous analysis and critique of women's empowerment and participation. This study demonstrates the value of adopting a critical yet pragmatic approach that takes diversity and difference, power-knowledge relations, and the contradictory effects of participation into account. This is argued to enable the development of more effective strategies for women’s empowerment, participation and inclusion. This book should be of particular interest to researchers, postgraduate students, and others working in the fields of communication, gender, and rural development, and feminist evaluation and ethnography.

Cardiac ARIA Index: Measuring Accessibility to Cardiovascular Services in Rural and Remote Australia via Applied Geographic Spatial Technology

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to impose a heavy burden in terms of cost, disability and death in Australia. Evidence suggests that increasing remoteness, where cardiac services are scarce, is linked to an increased risk of dying from CVD. Fatal CVD events are reported to be between 20% and 50% higher in rural areas compared to major cities. The Cardiac ARIA project, with its extensive use of geographic Information Systems (GIS), ranks each of Australia’s 20,387 urban, rural and remote population centres by accessibility to essential services or resources for the management of a cardiac event. This unique, innovative and highly collaborative project delivers a powerful tool to highlight and combat the burden imposed by cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Australia. Cardiac ARIA is innovative. It is a model that could be applied internationally and to other acute and chronic conditions such as mental health, midwifery, cancer, respiratory, diabetes and burns services. Cardiac ARIA was designed to: 1. Determine by expert panel, what were the minimal services and resources required for the management of a cardiac event in any urban, rural or remote population locations in Australia using a single patient pathway to access care. 2. Derive a classification using GIS accessibility modelling for each of Australia’s 20,387 urban, rural and remote population locations. 3. Compare the Cardiac ARIA categories and population locations with census derived population characteristics. Key findings are as follows: • In the event of a cardiac emergency, the majority of Australians had very good access to cardiac services. Approximately 71% or 13.9 million people lived within one hour of a category one hospital. • 68% of older Australians lived within one hour of a category one hospital (Principal Referral Hospital with access to Cardiac Catheterisation). • Only 40% of indigenous people lived within one hour of the category one hospital. • 16% (74000) of indigenous people lived more than one hour from a hospital. • 3% (91,000) of people 65 years of age or older lived more than one hour from any hospital or clinic. • Approximately 96%, or 19 million, of people lived within one hour of the four key services to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. • 75% of indigenous people lived within one hour of the four cardiac rehabilitation services to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. Fourteen percent (64,000 persons) indigenous people had poor access to the four key services to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. • 12% (56,000) of indigenous people were more than one hour from a hospital and only had access one the four key services (usually a medical service) to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention.

CARDIAC-ARIA: Measuring the Accessibility to Cardiovascular Services in Rural and Remote Australia Via Applied Geographical Spatial Technology (GIS)

Background/aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to impose a heavy burden in terms of cost, disability and death in Australia. Recent evidence suggests that increasing remoteness, where cardiac services are scarce, is linked to an increased risk of dying from CVD. Fatal CVD events are reported to be between 20% and 50% higher in rural areas compared to major cities. Method: This project, with its extensive use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, will rank 11,338 rural and remote population centres to identify geographical ‘hotspots’ where there is likely to be a mismatch between the demand for and actual provision of cardiovascular services. It will, therefore, guide more equitable provision of services to rural and remote communities. Outcomes: The CARDIAC-ARIA project is designed to; map the type and location of cardiovascular services currently available in Australia, relative to the distribution of individuals who currently have symptomatic CVD; determine, by expert panel, what are the minimal requirements for comprehensive cardiovascular health support in metropolitan and rural communities and derive a rating classification based on the Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) for each of Australia's 11,338 rural and remote population centres. Conclusion: This unique, innovative and highly collaborative project has the potential to deliver a powerful tool to highlight and combat the burden imposed by cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Australia.

Feasibility of using technology to disseminate evidence to rural nurses and improve patient outcomes

Background: Rural African American women receive less frequent mammography screening and die of breast cancer at a higher rate than is seen in the general population. To overcome this disparity, it is necessary to assist rural providers in their efforts to influence women to obtain screening. Method: This study examined the feasibility of using distance education to disseminate knowledge about timely and appropriate mammography screening to rural nurses, using patient outcome data to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. Results: Overall, there was a decline in referrals and mammography screening, but the intervention group centers showed a smaller decline after the educational intervention than did the control group. Conclusion: The findings show the effect of dissemination of information and the feasibility of using patient outcome data for educational evaluation. Neighboring academic health centers and nursing schools should include in their mission the provision of educational programs for relatively isolated rural nurses.

Aquaculture research: technology transfer for rural development in Nigeria

Conventional aquaculture has been promoted in Nigeria for the past five decades with minimal impact on rural communities: from the findings of Maclearen (1949) where he popularized the use of culturable fish predators Lutjanus sp; Pomades sp; Tarpon adanticus; Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in earthen ponds near Onikan-Lagos, Nigeria; to the finding of Zwilling, 1963, who reported common carp, Cyprinus carpio propagation and culture in Panyan Fish Farm, near Jos; to the findings of FAO, 1965, when the potential culture of marine mullets culture in brackish water ponds in Buguma, Rivers State was presented. The work of other researchers Sivalingam, (1970; 1973), Ezenwa (1976), development officers and extension officers contributed to the development of aquaculture in few rural areas of the country and informed on public and private owned fish farm infrastructures. Despite a moderate long history of aquaculture research and development in Nigeria, an annual production level of 25,000 metric tons was recorded in 1999. This situation calls for a more sustainable approach for a stronger link between aquaculture research and technology transfer for the development of rural communities of Nigeria. This paper therefore examines some of the issues involved in the continuous flow of the new aquaculture technology in the improvement of fish protein output, standard of living of rural farmers and prevention of urban migration by the youth