Performance and ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids fed ground, pelleted or extruded total ration

The aim of the present study was to determine feed intake and average weight gain and to evaluate the ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids slaughtered at 30, 45 and 60 days of age, according to a completely randomized design. Thirty-six non-castrated male Saanen kids were fed ground total ration, pelleted total ration, or extruded total ration. Feed intake and refusals were controlled daily and the animals were weighed at birth and then once a week. Newborn kids received a milk replacer and were weaned at 45 days. Immediately after slaughter, the animals were eviscerated, the entire digestive apparatus was removed from the carcass. The reticulo-rumen was separated, emptied, washed and weighed. Samples were collected from the dorsal sac, pillar area and ventral sac of the rumen, fixed for about 24h in Bouin's solution, dehydrated, embedded in Histosec and cut into 5 mu m sections. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and post-weaning and weight gain were higher (P < 0.05) in animals that received the pelleted total ration. The weight of the reticulo-rumen accompanied body development and was heavier in these animals. Histologically, after weaning ruminal papillae were more developed in animals that received pelleted total ration. Length of papillae increased with increase of age. The ratio of papillary height to papillary width increased with age in the ventral sac and until weaning (P > 0.05). We conclude that the pelleting process of the total ration favored increased intake, with a 46.7% increase in weight gain and increase in rumen weight and papillae length, suggesting that best results are obtained with this processing. In general, no difference was observed between the results obtained with extruded and ground total ration, although animals fed extruded total ration showed an increase in rumen weight and papillae width. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Efeito das frequências de alimentação sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e saúde ruminal de bovinos nelore confinados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Performance and ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids fed ground, pelleted or extruded total ration

The aim of the present study was to determine feed intake and average weight gain and to evaluate the ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids slaughtered at 30, 45 and 60 days of age, according to a completely randomized design. Thirty-six non-castrated male Saanen kids were fed ground total ration, pelleted total ration, or extruded total ration. Feed intake and refusals were controlled daily and the animals were weighed at birth and then once a week. Newborn kids received a milk replacer and were weaned at 45 days. Immediately after slaughter, the animals were eviscerated, the entire digestive apparatus was removed from the carcass. The reticulo-rumen was separated, emptied, washed and weighed. Samples were collected from the dorsal sac, pillar area and ventral sac of the rumen, fixed for about 24h in Bouin's solution, dehydrated, embedded in Histosec and cut into 5 mu m sections. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and post-weaning and weight gain were higher (P < 0.05) in animals that received the pelleted total ration. The weight of the reticulo-rumen accompanied body development and was heavier in these animals. Histologically, after weaning ruminal papillae were more developed in animals that received pelleted total ration. Length of papillae increased with increase of age. The ratio of papillary height to papillary width increased with age in the ventral sac and until weaning (P > 0.05). We conclude that the pelleting process of the total ration favored increased intake, with a 46.7% increase in weight gain and increase in rumen weight and papillae length, suggesting that best results are obtained with this processing. In general, no difference was observed between the results obtained with extruded and ground total ration, although animals fed extruded total ration showed an increase in rumen weight and papillae width. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Whole grain diet for Feedlot Lambs

For a lamb feedlot system became competitive it is essential that an equilibrate nutrition and functional feeding management happens naturally. Therefore, this experiment has the objective to evaluate the efficiency of whole corn grain diet on lambs performance and carcass quality parameters and ruminal papillae development. During the experiment twenty Dorper/Santa Inescrossbred lambs were used, divided randomly in two treatments: control diet and whole grain diet. The experimental design was completely randomized design and data analysis done by SISVAR using the Tukey test at 5% of probability. No statistical differences were observed on the characteristics evaluated for performance and carcass as well as the length and width of ruminal papillae. The composition of the diet together with the weight gain potential of the lambs can explain the good average daily weight gain of 0.284 kg. The initial body condition average was 2.1 (thin) and improved at the end of the trial period achieving3.15 (normal). Carcass yield reached 46.24%, the results is between the range ideal for specialty meat breeds ranging from 40 to 50%. The carcass conformation, fat cover conformation and the thickness of subcutaneous fat found can be classified as medians. Also there was no difference in the characteristics of ruminal papillae. Thus, it is concluded that the use of whole grain diet did not influence the characteristics evaluated; and the choice of diet should be made with regard to profitability, simplicity of use and availability of forage in feedlot. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Protocolos experimentais de confinamento para bovinos Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo glicerina bruta

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of different types of solid feeds on health status and performance of Swiss veal calves. I. Basic feeding with milk by-products

The objective of this study was to identify a suitable alternative to the current practice of complementing the feeding of milk by-products with straw. The influence of 5 different types of solid feeds on health and performance of Swiss veal calves was investigated in 2 production cycles of 200 veal calves each with a mean initial age of 40 days (d). The calves were housed in groups of 40 in stalls with outside pen. Liquid feeding consisted of a milk by-product combined with an additional skim milk powder ad libitum. Groups were assigned to 1 of the 5 following experimental solid feeds provided ad libitum: mix (composition: soy flakes, corn, barley, wheat, oat, barley middling, plant oil, molasses), whole plant corn pellets, corn silage, hay, and wheat straw as control. Daily dry matter intake per calf averaged 2.25 kg of the liquid food, 0.16 kg of straw, 0.33 kg of mix, 0.47 kg of corn silage, 0.38 kg of corn pellets, and 0.39 kg of hay. No significant differences (P > 0.05) among groups were found in calf losses that amounted to 4.8 % (68 % because of gastrointestinal disorders). Four percent of the calves were slaughtered prematurely. Daily doses of antibiotics were higher in the mix (36.9 d, P < 0.01) and in the corn silage groups (35 d, P < 0.01) compared to control. Compared to the 4 other groups, calves of the straw group showed the highest prevalence of abnormal ruminal content (73 %, P < 0.05), of abnormal ruminal papillae (42 %, P < 0.05), of abomasal fundic lesions (13.5 %, P < 0.1), and the lowest number of chewing movements per bolus (45, P < 0.05). The hemoglobin concentration averaged 85 g/l at the beginning and 99 g/l at the end of the fattening period with no significant differences among groups (P > 0.1). The duration of the fattening period averaged 114 d, slaughter age 157 d, and carcass weight 122 kg. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was highest in the control group straw (1.35 kg), and lowest in the hay group (1.22 kg, P < 0.01). The number of carcasses classified as C, H, and T (very high to medium quality) was lower in the hay group compared to straw (P < 0.01). No significant differences between groups were found in meat color (P > 0.1): 73 % of the carcasses were assessed as pale (267/364), 18 % as pink (66/364), and 9 % (31/364) as red. The results reveal that whole-plant corn pellets are most consistent with an optimal result combining the calves' health and fattening performance. Therefore, it can be recommended as an additional solid feed for veal calves under Swiss conditions.

Ruminal protein degradability of a range of tropical pastures

The rumen degradability parameters of the diet selected by two to four oesophageal-fistulated Brahman steers grazing a range of tropical pastures were determined by incubation of extrusa in nylon bags suspended in the rumen of rumen-fistulated (RF) Brahman steers. The effective protein degradability (Edg) was determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) less acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) in the incubated extrusa. Six to eight RF steers also grazed each of the pastures along with the oesophageal-fistulated steers, to allow determination of key rumen parameters and rumen particulate matter fractional outflow rates (FOR). The seven pastures studied included: native tropical grass (C4) pasture (major species Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii), studied in the early wet (NPEW), the wet/dry transition (NPT) and the dry (NPD) seasons; introduced tropical grass (C4) pasture (Bothriochloa insculpta), studied in the mid wet season (BB); the introduced tropical legumes (C3), Lablab purpureus (LL) and Clitoria ternatea (BP); and the temperate grass (C3) pasture, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, RG). Using the measured particle FOR values in calculations, the Edg estimates were very high for both C4 and C3 species: 0.82–0.91 and 0.95–0.98 g/g crude protein (CP), respectively. Substitution of an assumed FOR (kp = 0.02/h) for the measured values for each pasture type did not markedly affect estimates of Edg. However, C4 tropical grasses had much lower effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) fractions (23–66 g/kg DM) than the C3 pasture species RG and LL (356 and 243 g/kg DM, respectively). This was associated with a lower potential degradability and degradation rate of organic matter (OM) in sacco, lower in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and CP concentrations in the extrusa, and lower ammonia-N and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid for the tropical grasses. As tropical grass pastures senesced, there was a decline in Edg, the ERDP and rumen undegradable protein (UDP) fractions, the potential degradability and degradation rate of OM and the IVOMD. These results provide useful data for estimating protein supply to cattle grazing tropical pastures.

In vitro detection and primary cultivation of bacteria producing materials inhibitory to ruminal methanogens.

A novel method for screening bacterial isolates for their potential to inhibit the growth of ruminal methanogenic Archaea was developed using a modification of the soft agar overlay technique, formally used for the isolation of lytic bacteriophages. This method may be used in the specific, hydrogen-rich conditions required for the growth of ruminal methanogenic Archaea.

Morphological diversity of ruminal bacteriophages from sheep and cattle

Large numbers of bacteriophages (2 x 10(7) to 1 x 10(8)/ml) were present in ruminal fluid from sheep and cattle. Twenty-six distinct types were identified and placed in three morphological groups; several phages possessed unusual structural features. The large numbers and diversity of phages observed indicates a possible role in bacterial lysis and hence in the population dynamics of the ruminal bacteria.

Transferencia de liquido ruminal o transfaunacion en terneros de 2 a 4 meses con trastornos de poco desarrollo corporal en la Finca Las Mercedes de la UNA

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de Evaluar la transferencia de líquido ruminal o transfaunación en terneros de 2 a 4 meses con trastornos de poco desarrollo corporal como alternativa terapéutica para mejorar el estado físico y reducir problemas de salud en la Finca las Mercedes de la UNA. Se seleccionaron 20 terneros al azar con edades de 2 a 4 meses y se dividieron en dos grupos 10 terneros por grupo, homogéneos en edades y condición corporal, donde el tratamiento I aplicación del liquido ruminal en dosis de 1 litro por animal y el tratamiento II control sin tratamiento. El estudio se realizó en seis meses iniciando el 20 de Diciembre del 2006 hasta el 20 de Junio del 2007. Obteniéndose los siguientes resultados, los animales que se les aplicó líquido ruminal tuvieron una ganancia de peso de 80 Kg y una ganancia media diaria de 444g, mientras que los no tratados tuvieron una ganancia de peso de 58Kg y una ganancia media diaria de 322g. Al realizar el análisis estadístico se encontró diferencia significativa para p<0.05 entre tratamiento ganancia de peso y ganancia media diaria siendo el mejor el tratamiento I. Los animales que se les aplicó la transfaunación alcanzaron mejor condición corporal que los no tratados. Los animales que se les suministraron líquido ruminal se enfermaron 3 animales representando el 30%, mientras que los que no se trataron enfermaron 9 animales representando el 90%.

Transferencia de liquido ruminal o transfaunacion en ovino de 2 a 4 meses con trastornos de poco desarrollo corporal en la Finca Santa Rosa de la UNA

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la transferencia de líquido ruminal o transfaunación en ovino de 2 a 4 meses con trastornos de poco desarrollo corporal como alternativa terapéutica para mejorar el estado físico y reducir problemas de salud en la Finca Santa Rosa de la UNA. Se tomaron 10 ovinos con edades de 2 a 4 meses y se dividieron en dos grupos 5 ovinos, homogéneos en edades y condición corporal, seleccionados al azar donde el tratamiento 1 aplicación del líquido ruminal en dosis de 50ml por animal y el tratamiento 11 control sin tratamiento. Los animales que se trataron con líquido ruminal tuvieron una ganancia de peso de 7Kg y una ganancia media diaria de 47.2g, mientras que los no tratado tuvieron una ganancia de peso de 4.9 Kg y una ganancia media diaria de 32.6g. Al realizar el análisis estadístico se encontró diferencia significativa para p<0.05 entre tratamiento ganancia de peso y ganancia media diaria siendo el mejor el tratamiento l. Los animales tratados con la transfaunación alcanzaron mejor condición corporal que los que no tratados y se enfermó 1 animal, representando el 20%, mientras que los que no tratados se enfermaron 5 animales con diferentes trastornos representando el 100%.

Determinación de la tasa de degradación ruminal del follaje de Marango (Moringa oleifera) usando la técnica in sacco en vacas reyna, Finca Santa Rosa, Managua, Nicaragua

Se realizó un estudio con los objetivos de determinar la tasa de degradación ruminal y calcular ecuaciones de predicción para las fracciones de materia seca, materia orgánica y proteína bruta del follaje de Moringa oleifera. El ensayo se realizó durante el período de septiembre 2009 - diciembre 2010, en la finca Santa Rosa, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua. Se utilizaron dos vacas Reyna, secas y fistuladas en el rumen, los tratamientos fueron 9 tiempos de incubación: 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas con 4 repeticiones por tratamiento y vaca. Las variables evaluadas fueron: degradación de la materia seca (DMS), materia orgánica (DMO) y proteína bruta (DPB). El diseño que se utilizó fue completamente al azar con arreglo unifactorial donde se consideró el tiempo de incubación como efecto fijo. La degradabilidad de los nutrientes se estimó mediante el modelo de Orskov y McDonald (1979); para conocer el efecto del tiempo sobre la tasa de degradabilidad se realizó análisis de varianza y la prueba honesta de Tukey para conocer las diferencias entre los tiempos de incubación. En los resultados se observó diferencias altamente significativas (P< 0.01) para todas las variables del estudio. La DMS tuvo un rango de 37.43 % a las 48 horas hasta un máximo de 64.85 % a las 120 horas, para la DMO a medida que transcurría el tiempo alcanzó un máximo de 86.7 % a las 120 horas y para la DPB incrementó de 28.18 % a las 24 horas hasta 79.92 % a las 120 horas. Se concluye que la degradabilidad del follaje de Marango lo convierte en un material interesante para la alimentación bovina en sistemas tropicales y que las ecuaciones para predicción de tasas de degradación de las fracciones Materia Seca, Materia Orgánica y Proteína Bruta se ajustan a los procesos fisiológicos de las vacas en estudio.

Degradación ruminal de la materia seca y materia orgánica del follaje de marango (Moringa oleífera) a diferentes edades de corte en vacas reyna, finca Santa Rosa, Managua, Nicaragua 2012

Se realizó un estudio en la Finca Santa Rosa Propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria Ubicada en Managua-Nicaragua, con una temperatura promedio de 26.9 ºC y una precipitación anual de 1119.8 mm INETER (2012), el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la tasa de degradación in situ de la Materia seca (DMS) y Degradación de la Materia orgánica (DMO) del follaje de Marango (Moringa oleifera) a diferentes edades de corte. Los tiempos de incubación evaluados fueron 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120h utilizándose un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial donde el factor A fueron las edades de corte y el factor B los tiempos de incubación. Los parámetros de degradación fueron evaluados por regresión no lineal. La degradabilidad del follaje de Marango se estimó mediante el modelo de Ørskov y McDonald (1979); para conocer el efecto de la edad sobre la tasa de degradabilidad, se realizó análisis de varianza y la prueba honesta de Tukey para conocer las diferencias entre los tiempos de incubación. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un efecto significativo (P<0.001) de la edad sobre la degradación in situ de la materia seca del follaje de Marango con un máximo de degradación potencial de 92.09%, 83.99, 95.05% a los 45,60 y 75 días de edad y 120 h de incubación. En cuanto a la degradación de la materia orgánica se encontró diferencia altamente significativa de la edad sobre la degradación in situ (P<0.001) con un máximo de degradación potencial de 74.59%, 65.10%, 66.24% a los 45,60 y 75 días de corte respectivamente a 120 horas de incubación