32 resultados para Ruddy turnstone


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As aves migratórias podem reconhecer humanos e animais domésticos como possíveis predadores, alterando seus padrões de abundância e comportamento de formação de bandos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a abundância de aves migratórias neárticas, a freqüência de bandos e o número médio de aves por bando em áreas com alta e baixa concentração humana em uma região costeira de praia arenosa no sudeste do Brasil. As aves, pessoas e cães foram contados mensalmente entre novembro de 2006 a abril de 2007. Foram registradas seis espécies de aves (Arenaria interpres, Calidris alba, Calidris canutus, Calidris pusilla, Charadrius semipalmatus, Pluvialis dominica) nas duas áreas, no entanto somente C. canutus foi registrado exclusivamente na área com baixa concentração humana. Houve diferença significativa no número médio de pessoas e cães entre as áreas, mas não no número médio de aves. Não houve correlação entre o número de humanos e aves, e entre cães e aves. Adicionalmente, não houve diferença significativa na freqüência de bandos e número de indivíduos por bando entre as áreas. Os resultados deste estudo destacaram a sensibilidade de C. canutus na área com alta concentração humana e a necessidade de futuras investigações que determinem os limites máximos de concentração de pessoas e cães domésticos que as aves migratórias neárticas podem tolerar para a tomada de ações de proteção em áreas costeiras com ocupação humana.

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Heterogeneity in the transmission rates of pathogens across hosts or environments may produce disease hotspots, which are defined as specific sites, times or species associations in which the infection rate is consistently elevated. Hotspots for avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds are largely unstudied and poorly understood. A striking feature is the existence of a unique but consistent AIV hotspot in shorebirds (Charadriiformes) associated with a single species at a specific location and time (ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres at Delaware Bay, USA, in May). This unique case, though a valuable reference, limits our capacity to explore and understand the general properties of AIV hotspots in shorebirds. Unfortunately, relatively few shorebirds have been sampled outside Delaware Bay and they belong to only a few shorebird families; there also has been a lack of consistent oropharyngeal sampling as a complement to cloacal sampling. In this study we looked for AIV hotspots associated with other shorebird species and/or with some of the larger congregation sites of shorebirds in the old world. We assembled and analysed a regionally extensive dataset of AIV prevalence from 69 shorebird species sampled in 25 countries across Africa and Western Eurasia. Despite this diverse and extensive coverage we did not detect any new shorebird AIV hotspots. Neither large shorebird congregation sites nor the ruddy turnstone were consistently associated with AIV hotspots. We did, however, find a low but widespread circulation of AIV in shorebirds that contrast with the absence of AIV previously reported in shorebirds in Europe. A very high AIV antibody prevalence coupled to a low infection rate was found in both first-year and adult birds of two migratory sandpiper species, suggesting the potential existence of an AIV hotspot along their migratory flyway that is yet to be discovered.

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Habitat use by wintering Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) in Lijiang Lashihai Lake of southwest China was studied from 1 November 1999 to 29 April 2000. We divided habitats into five types-deep water, shallow water, mudflat, grassland and farmland. Shallow water and grassland, with rich food and easily accessible water, were preferred by wintering Ruddy Shelducks, Farmland was preferred in mid-winter but avoided in early winter and late winter. Even in mid-winter, the feeding Ruddy Shelduck on farmland were not equally distributed in fields and preferred wet fields (just irrigated) and avoided dry fields. In dry fields, the distances to water sources had great impact on the feeding distribution. Mudflats were only selected in later winter, coinciding with the growth of water-weeds. Deep-water areas were always avoided. Prohibition of human disturbance and retaining shallow water areas and grassland are important measures to mitigate conflict between Ruddy Sheldruck and local people.

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The effect of distance between members of pairs of the Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) during vigilance behavior was studied during winter at Lijiang Lashihai Lake Reserve, southwest China. The distance between the paired birds while feeding was grouped into three categories: <1 m, 1-3 to and >3 m. Nearly 90% of the distances recorded between paired males and females were within three meters. The degree of vigilance increased with distance apart for females, but not for males. The scanning rate of males was significantly, higher than that of females at <1 m and at 1-3 m respectively, but no significant difference occurred when the distance between them was >3 m. These results are discussed in relation to mate competition and wintering strategy; it is suggested that staving close together is the optimal strategy for members of Ruddy Shelduck pairs.

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BAL

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Purpose To determine i) the architectural adaptations of the biceps femoris long head (BFlf) following concentric or eccentric strength training interventions; ii) the time course of adaptation during training and detraining. Methods Participants in this randomized controlled trial (control [n=28], concentric training group [n=14], eccentric training group [n=14], males) completed a 4-week control period, followed by 6 weeks of either concentric- or eccentric-only knee flexor training on an isokinetic dynamometer and finished with 28 days of detraining. Architectural characteristics of BFlf were assessed at rest and during graded isometric contractions utilizing two-dimensional ultrasonography at 28 days pre-baseline, baseline, days 14, 21 and 42 of the intervention and then again following 28 days of detraining. Results BFlf fascicle length was significantly longer in the eccentric training group (p<0.05, d range: 2.65 to 2.98) and shorter in the concentric training group (p<0.05, d range: -1.62 to -0.96) after 42 days of training compared to baseline at all isometric contraction intensities. Following the 28-day detraining period, BFlf fascicle length was significantly reduced in the eccentric training group at all contraction intensities compared to the end of the intervention (p<0.05, d range: -1.73 to -1.55). There was no significant change in fascicle length of the concentric training group following the detraining period. Conclusions These results provide evidence that short term resistance training can lead to architectural alterations in the BFlf. In addition, the eccentric training-induced lengthening of BFlf fascicle length was reversed and returned to baseline values following 28 days of detraining. The contraction mode specific adaptations in this study may have implications for injury prevention and rehabilitation.

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El presente trabajo se realizó en base a los registros productivos y reproductivos del hato Holstein. Friesian Canadiense existente en el distrito tres de la Empresa Genética "Roberto Alvarado" (Chiltepe); ubicada en el Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua, a una latitud 12º 14' y una longitud de 86º 25' y a una elevación promedio de 49 msnm, con una temperatura promedio anual de 28.43°C, humedad relativa promedio anual 68.38% y una precipitación promedio anual de 87.72 mm. distribuida en dos épocas: Época lluviosa (Mayo - Octubre ) y época seca (Noviembre - Abril). A partir de la información proporcionada se evaluó el efecto de distintos factores ambientales : número de partos (NUMPA), época de parto (EPOCA) y año de parto (AP); sobre las variables productivas y reproductivas: producción de leche total (PLT), duración de la lactancia (DL), producción de leche diaria (PLD), intervalo entre partos (IEP) y producción de leche por día de intervalo entre partos (PLDIEP), las cuales resultaron todas altamente significativas (P < 0.01), considerando para la variable PLT el efecto de la covariable DL con Numpa. También se caracterizó el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo del hato, basado en el cálculo de los promedios de mínimos cuadrados de las características productivas y reproductivas en los diferentes niveles de cada uno de los factores estudiados, resultando promedios generales de: PLT 3,207.53 ± 54.37 Kg., DL 321.98 ± 3.89 días, PLD 10.67 ± 0.17 Kg., IEP 468;63 ± 4.29 días y PLDIEP 7.51 ± 0.14 Kg. Además se estimaron las correlaciones lineales fenotípicas entre las variables y los factores NUMPA y EPAR , resultando entre ellos los valores más altos para: EPAR -NUMPA (r= + 0.96), DL - IEP (r= + 0.80), PLD - PLDIEP (r= + 0.80), PLT - PLDIEP (r= + 0.76) y valores absolutos para r más bajos entre NUMPA - PLDIEP (r= + 0.18), NUMPA - PLT (r= -0.19), NUMPA - PLD (r= + 0.23) y EPAR - PLT (r= - 0.21).

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El estudio se realizó en parcelas experimentales establecidas en el centro experimental “Jardín Botánico”, UNICAFE y en el centro experimental “Campos Azules”, INTA, ubicado en Masatepe, Masaya en el periodo comprendido de Febrero 2006 a Enero 2007. El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto de las interacciones de cuatro combinaciones de árboles de sombra ( Simarouba glauca, Tabebuia rosea, Inga laurina y Samanea saman) y pleno sol, con cuatro niveles de insumo (convencional intensivo, convencional extensivo, orgánico intensivo y orgánico extensivo), sobre el comportamiento de las principales plagas y enfermedades y su influencia sobre el rendimiento del cultivo del café. En total se evaluaron 14 tratamientos, en cada parcela se evaluaron 15 plantas distribuidas en 3 sitios de 5 plantas cada uno. Los muestreos se realizaron mensualmente y las variables evaluadas fueron incidencia de mancha de hierro, roya, antracnosis (hoja y bandola), incidencia deminador, broca, chasparria y rendimiento. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la enfermedad que tuvo mayor incidencia fue mancha de hierro que alcanzó incidencia entre 8.9% y 11.8% en los meses de Agosto y Octubre en los tratamientos convencional intensivo y convencional extensivo a pleno sol; los tratamientos menos afectados por la enfermedad fueron orgánico intensivo con sombra de I. laurina más S. glauca y con sombra de T. rosea y S. glauca. Otra enfermedad importante fue antracnosis y los tratamientos que presentaron mayor incidencia fueron los mismos más afectados por mancha de hierro, los tratamientos de menor incidencia fueron orgánico extensivo e intensivo con con sombra de I. laurina y S. saman. La roya se presentó en época seca y aproximadamente 50 días después de la época lluviosa, los tratamientos menos afectados fueron convencional intensivo y extensivo a pleno sol. La chasparria presentó su mayor incidencia en los meses de Septiembre y Octubre y los tratamientos que presentaron menor incidencia fueron orgánico intensivo con sombra de I. laurina más S. glauca y con sombra de T. rosea más S. glauca. El minador (Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville) se presentó en la época seca y la broca (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) en época de lluvias, para ambos no se encontró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. El rendimiento no mostró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos ni entre réplicas.

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El estudio de caracterización socioeconómica y ambiental se realizó en las comunidades de Bartola, Bijagua y Juana en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Biológica Indio Maíz, en El Castillo, Rio San Juan. La realización de este trabajo es producto de poner en práctica la metodología del diagnóstico rural participativo bajo el enfoque de análisis de sistemas de producción. En las entrevistas que se realizaron la especie de río que más presencia tiene para la población es la machaca, en Bartola y Juana en los reptiles tiene mayor presencia el caimán y la tortuga negrita en Bijagua, en los mamíferos según pobladores de Bartola existe más presencia de Jaguar, en Juana la Guardatinaja y en Bijagua el Cusuco, el reporte de avistamiento de aves en las tres comunidades predomina la Lapa Verde. La tipología de productores según el ingreso total del hogar permitió identificar que en la comunidad de Bartola el caso 1 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de banano, yuca, quequisque, cacao, ganado y recibe ingresos extra-agrícolas por la venta de mano de obra en Costa Rica, el caso 2 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de yuca, arroz y tiene ganado, el caso 3 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de: granos básicos, tubérculos, ganado bovino, musáceas y cacao; el caso 4 es pequeño productor de granos básicos. Se identificó que los 4 casos están en un nivel de infra-subsistencia o extrema pobreza. En la comunida d de Bijagua el caso 5 es una pequeña productora agropecuaria de cacao, yuca, maíz, banano, ganado bovino y obtiene ingresos extra-agrícolas por la venta de mano de obra en Costa Rica, el caso 6 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de: maíz, frijol, yuca, ganado menor, ganado mayor e ingresos extra agrícolas, el caso 7 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de granos básicos, cacao, raicilla y ganado mayor con fines de doble propósito. Se identificó que los tres estudios de casos están en un nivel de infra - subsistencia o extrema pobreza. En la comunidad Juana el caso 8 es un gran productor agropecuario de granos básicos, cacao, musáceas, tubérculos , aves de corral, ganado menor, ganado mayor, el caso 9 es un pequeño productor agrícola de quequisque, raicilla y maíz, el caso 10 es un gran productor agropecuario de plátano, maíz, cacao, bovinos, ovinos y hace uso de ingreso extra-agrícola, el caso 11 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de yuca, posee ganado bovino y hace uso de ingresos extra agrícolas como trabajador de un medio de transporte y el caso 12 es un pequeño productor agropecuario de cacao, ganado bovino y obtiene ingresos extra agrícolas. En esta comunidad se identificó que el caso 8 y 10 se encuentran en un nivel de reproducción ampliada, fuera del límite de la pobreza o en un nivel de capitalización con mayor capacidad de inversión en las unidades de producción, mientras que el caso 9, 11 y 12 se identificaron en un nivel de infra-subsistencia o extrema pobreza

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Objective: To develop sedation, pain, and agitation quality measures using process control methodology and evaluate their properties in clinical practice. Design: A Sedation Quality Assessment Tool was developed and validated to capture data for 12-hour periods of nursing care. Domains included pain/discomfort and sedation-agitation behaviors; sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular blocking drug administration; ventilation status; and conditions potentially justifying deep sedation. Predefined sedation-related adverse events were recorded daily. Using an iterative process, algorithms were developed to describe the proportion of care periods with poor limb relaxation, poor ventilator synchronization, unnecessary deep sedation, agitation, and an overall optimum sedation metric. Proportion charts described processes over time (2 monthly intervals) for each ICU. The numbers of patients treated between sedation-related adverse events were described with G charts. Automated algorithms generated charts for 12 months of sequential data. Mean values for each process were calculated, and variation within and between ICUs explored qualitatively. Setting: Eight Scottish ICUs over a 12-month period. Patients: Mechanically ventilated patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The Sedation Quality Assessment Tool agitation-sedation domains correlated with the Richmond Sedation Agitation Scale score (Spearman [rho] = 0.75) and were reliable in clinician-clinician (weighted kappa; [kappa] = 0.66) and clinician-researcher ([kappa] = 0.82) comparisons. The limb movement domain had fair correlation with Behavioral Pain Scale ([rho] = 0.24) and was reliable in clinician-clinician ([kappa] = 0.58) and clinician-researcher ([kappa] = 0.45) comparisons. Ventilator synchronization correlated with Behavioral Pain Scale ([rho] = 0.54), and reliability in clinician-clinician ([kappa] = 0.29) and clinician-researcher ([kappa] = 0.42) comparisons was fair-moderate. Eight hundred twenty-five patients were enrolled (range, 59-235 across ICUs), providing 12,385 care periods for evaluation (range 655-3,481 across ICUs). The mean proportion of care periods with each quality metric varied between ICUs: excessive sedation 12-38%; agitation 4-17%; poor relaxation 13-21%; poor ventilator synchronization 8-17%; and overall optimum sedation 45-70%. Mean adverse event intervals ranged from 1.5 to 10.3 patients treated. The quality measures appeared relatively stable during the observation period. Conclusions: Process control methodology can be used to simultaneously monitor multiple aspects of pain-sedation-agitation management within ICUs. Variation within and between ICUs could be used as triggers to explore practice variation, improve quality, and monitor this over time