128 resultados para Rubisco


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Rubisco 是催化光合暗反应第一步反应的酶,是唯一能将CO2 转变成碳水化合物的酶,由它固定和最后转化成的碳水化合物提供了植物、动物和微生物的食物和能量。但是,Rubisco 催化该反应的效率十分低,使之成为光合作用的限速步骤。由于Rubisco 的合成和催化过程十分复杂,人们很难通过直接改造Rubisco 提高植物固定CO2 的能力。而Rubisco 活化酶能活化Rubisco,使植物在生理CO2 浓度下具有最大的CO2 同化速率,因此研究活化酶有重要意义。水稻活化酶有2 个同工酶,大型同工酶比小型同工酶C 端多37 个氨基酸,其中包括两个Cys 残基。这两个Cys 残基的存在使活化酶大型同工酶对ADP 的存在更加敏感,其活性在硫氧还蛋白的介导下能被基质中氧化还原状态的变化所调节。由于活化酶大型同工酶对调节Rubisco 的活性具有的这种特殊作用,在本研究中,将活化酶大型同工酶rca基因用正义和反义引入水稻基因组,获得了过量表达活化酶大型同工酶基因和反义抑制活化酶基因表达的转基因植株,对其光合作用进行了生理和生化分析。 本研究的主要结果如下: Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶基因的克隆:从水稻镇恢249 中克隆了1525 bp 的活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列。经过测序,它与报道的粳稻品种活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列(rca)完全相同。 构建了4 个植物表达载体:3 个为过量表达rca的载体,分别是pCBUbirca,pCBSrca 和 pCBSUbirca ,其中rca分别在水稻中高效表达的玉米Ubiquitin 启动子、受光调控的Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子和由这两个启动子构成的双启动子控制下表达; 1 个在Ubiquitin 启动子控制的反义rca载体,即 pCBUbi-antirca。 获得了转化rca的水稻再生植株:用日本晴,台北309,武育梗7 号和籼稻品种培矮64S 水稻成熟种子诱导愈伤组织。用改良的农杆菌浸染法将rca基因转化这些愈伤组织,在潮霉素筛选压力下获得抗性愈伤组织,经过2 天的干燥处理后,转入到含山梨醇的高渗分化培养基上培养,能迅速获得大量的芽和转化体再生植株。 获得了转rca基因的水稻植株:抗性愈伤组织和再生水稻幼苗的叶片经GUS 染色呈蓝黑色。PCR 扩增转基因水稻基因组内的潮霉素基因和rca,大部分转基因水稻中含有841 bp 的潮霉素基因片段和1525 bp 长的rca cDNA 片段。251 粒T1 代转基因水稻种子中189粒呈现潮霉素抗性,抗性种子/非抗性种子的比率约为3:1,接近孟德尔分离规律。Southern杂交表明rca序列已整合到水稻基因组,一般含1-2个拷贝。Western 杂交显示Rubisco 活化酶含量在转pCBUbi -antirca 的水稻中和对照比,几乎看不出,被反义抑制;转pCBUbirca 的水稻与对照含量相差无几;转pCBSUbirca,pCBSrca 载体的水稻中活化酶的含量比对照有极显著的增加。 T1 代转rca水稻的光合作用发生显著变化:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻在饱和光强下的Rubisco 初始活性、羧化效率、光合速率都明显高于对照,但是表观量子效率、色素含量和Rubisco 总活性与对照相似。两者相比,前者比后者更高;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻饱和光强下的光合速率、表观量子效率、羧化效率、Rubisco 初始活性明显降低,色素含量和Rubisco 总活性基本不变;转pCBUbirca 的水稻中,光合作用的各项参数与对照基本相似。 T1 代转rca水稻的叶绿素荧光明显改变:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻ΦPSII 的值明显高于对照,而且前者qP 的值明显高于对照。两者相比,前者的ΦPSII 和qP 的值比后者高;转反义rca的水稻ΦPSII,F′v/F′m,qP 值和对照比都明显降低,但qN 的值升高;转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻中,叶绿素荧光的各项参数与对照基本相似。 转rca基因的水稻生长发育的变化:转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻整个生长发育过程与对照相似;转化pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 载体的水稻和对照比,植株高大,生长发育速度加快,抽穗、开花和结籽的时间提前。两者本身相比,前者比后者明显;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻生长发育延迟,植株矮小,种子败育。 由上可见,Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶rca基因在Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子、Ubiquitin 基因启动子和Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子共同控制下正义转入水稻的转基因植物光合作用的参数最好,光合效率提高,植物表型最好,生长发育加快,提前开花结籽。这一研究可能为获得高光合效率和高产量的水稻奠定了基础。

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An improved method of PCR in which the small segment of conchocelis is amplified directly without DNA extraction was used to amplify a RUBISCO intergenic spacer DNA fragment from nine species of red algal genus Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), including Porphyra yezoensis (Jiangsu, China), P. haitanensis (Fujian, China), P. oligospermatangia (Qingdao, China), P. katadai (Qingdao, China), P. tenera (Qingdao, China), P. suborboculata (Fujian, China), P. pseudolinearis (Kogendo, Korea), P. linearis (Devon, England), and P. fallax (Seattle, USA). Standard PCR and the method developed here were both conducted using primers specific for the RUBISCO spacer region, after which the two PCR products were sequenced. The sequencing data of the amplicons obtained using both methods were identical, suggesting that the improved PCR method was functional. These findings indicate that the method developed here may be useful for the rapid identification of species of Porphyra in a germplasm bank. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the RUBISCO spacer and partial rbcS sequence, and the results were in concordant with possible alternative phylogenies based on traditional morphological taxonomic characteristics, indicating that the RUBISCO spacer is a useful region for phylogenetic studies.

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虾青素因其具有极强的抗氧化性及优越的着色作用,被广泛应用于营养保健和水产养殖中,备受国内外研究者的关注。红球藻是目前虾青素的生物来源中较有优势的一条途径。 我们选取雨生红球藻作为研究材料,收集其生长过程中四个不同的阶段,分别为绿色游动细胞阶段,绿色不动细胞阶段,绿褐色不动细胞阶段(开始积累虾青素),以及红色不动孢子阶段。本研究中提取了核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)的粗提液,并测定了酶活。其编码基因rbcL的mRNA表达量也被测定。另外,光合速率与呼吸速率的比值(P/R)通过测定与计算得出,各个阶段藻细胞中虾青素的含量由分析得出。本研究还应用了叶绿素荧光测定方法,确定了光系统II潜在最大活性(Fv / Fm),光系统II实际活性(ΦPSII),电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭参数(NPQ)。 结果表明,绿色游动细胞的生长状态最佳,其P/R、Fv / Fm、ΦPSII均为最大,NPQ为最小。这说明在此状态的细胞中,光系统II的活性最强;但是其Rubisco活性与rbcL表达量均为最小。相比之下,在绿褐色不动细胞中,P/R和NPQ的值较低,Fv / Fm、ΦPSII和ETR值都最小,但Rubisco活性与rbcL表达量均为最高。 结合工业生产虾青素的方法,我们认为,Rubisco或许参与了虾青素的合成,而非Calvin循环为色素合成提供前体和能量。因此,在生产过程中适当加入碳源,比如CO2,可以有效增大虾青素的产量。

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Chungui Lu, Olga A. Koroleva, John F. Farrar, Joe Gallagher, Chris J. Pollock, and A. Deri Tomos (2002). Rubisco small subunit, chlorophyll a/b-binding protein and sucrose : fructan-6-fructosyl transferase gene expression and sugar status in single barley leaf cells in situ. Cell type specificity and induction by light. Plant Physiology, 130 (3) pp.1335-1348 Sponsorship: BBSRC RAE2008

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SET domain protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMT) are a structurally unique class of enzymes that catalyze the specific methylation of lysine residues in a number of different substrates. Especially histone-specific SET domain PKMTs have received widespread attention because of their roles in the regulation of epigenetic gene expression and the development of some cancers. Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase (RLSMT) is a chloroplast-localized SET domain PKMT responsible for the formation of trimethyl-lysine-14 in the large subunit of Rubisco, an essential photosynthetic enzyme. Here, we have used cryoelectron microscopy to produce an 11-A density map of the Rubisco-RLSMT complex. The atomic model of the complex, obtained by fitting crystal structures of Rubisco and RLSMT into the density map, shows that the extensive contact regions between the 2 proteins are mainly mediated by hydrophobic residues and leucine-rich repeats. It further provides insights into potential conformational changes that may occur during substrate binding and catalysis. This study presents the first structural analysis of a SET domain PKMT in complex with its intact polypeptide substrate.