GANANCIA GENÉTICA ESPERADA EN MELINA ( Gmelina arborea Roxb.) EN CÓRDOBA (COLOMBIA)1

RESUMEN El Departamento de Córdoba (Colombia) planea plantar 200000 ha para el 2025 yGmelina arborea es una de las opciones dada su alta producción de biomasa en turnos cortos. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar el potencial de mejoramiento genético basado en la selección fenotípica de árboles plus en Córdoba y Magdalena. La selección se basó en la evaluación y comparación de cada árbol candidato con sus cuatro mejores vecinos en un radio de 20m, con base en su DAP, altura comercial, volumen comercial y, calidad del fuste basada en la calificación de sus primeras cuatro trozas de 2,5 m de largo. Los árboles plus se clasificaron como A cuando superaron tanto en volumen como en calidad a todos sus vecinos y, como B cuando solamente superaron en volumen o en calidad a sus vecinos. La ganancia genética se estimó para cada caracter mediante el producto de su diferencial de selección por un valor de heredabilidad esperable para G. arborea según literatura, tanto si se clonan (H2), como si se toma su semilla para plantar (h2). Se construyó un índice de selección que integró el volumen (60%) con la calidad (40%). De 57 árboles seleccionados, 35 fueron clasificados como plus A, que si se clonaran se estima se obtendrían ganancias genéticas de 5, 15, 36 y 34%, para el diámetro, altura comercial, volumen comercial y calidad del fuste, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren un progreso genético importante con G. arborea en Córdoba, Colombia. Es necesario ampliar la base genética y comprobar estas estimaciones mediante ensayos genéticos.

Cardiovascular activity of the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb.

We investigated the vascular responses and the blood pressure reducing effects of different fractions obtained from the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. (F. Loranthaceae). By means of solvent-solvent extraction, L. ferrugineus methanol extract (LFME) was successively fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ability of these LFME fractions to relax vascular smooth muscle against phenylephrine (PE)- and KCl-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings was determined. In another set of experiments, LFME fractions were tested for blood pressure lowering activity in anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g, 14-18 weeks). The n-butanol fraction of LFME (NBF-LFME) produced a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PE- and KCl-induced aortic ring contractions compared to other fractions. Moreover, NBF-LFME had a significantly higher relaxant effect against PE- than against high K+-induced contractions. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, NBF-LFME significantly lowered blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner and with a relatively longer duration of action compared to the other fractions. HPLC, UV and IR spectra suggested the presence of terpenoid constituents in both LFME and NBF-LFME. Accordingly, we conclude that NBF-LFME is the most potent fraction producing a concentration-dependent relaxation in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and a dose-dependent blood pressure lowering activity in vivo. The cardiovascular effects of NBF-LFME are most likely attributable to its terpenoid content.

Luteinizing hormone reduction by the male potency herb, Butea superba Roxb.

To determine if Butea superba Roxb., a traditional Thai male potency herb, has androgenic activity in 60-day-old male Wistar rats, we measured its effects on the pituitary-testicular axis and sex organs. Intact and orchidectomized adult male rats were subdivided into five groups (10 rats/group): distilled water, Butea superba (BS)-10, BS-50, BS-250, and testosterone propionate (TP). They received 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg·kg body weight-1·day-1 BS in distilled water by gavage and 6 mg·kg body weight-1·day-1 TP sc, respectively, during the 30-day treatment period. Blood was collected every 15 days and luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were measured. Changes of weight and histological appearance of sex organs were determined at the end of the 30-day treatment and 15-day post-treatment periods. TP treatment reduced serum FSH and LH levels and significantly increased the weight of the seminal vesicles and epididymis, in accordance with histopathological changes, in both intact and orchidectomized rats. No changes in serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were observed in any of the intact rats treated with BS, but a significant increase in seminal vesicle weight was observed only in the BS-250 group. Although a significant reduction in serum LH was detected in the BS-50 and BS-250 groups of orchidectomized rats, no significant change in weight or histology of sex organs was observed. Thus, we conclude that B. superba needs endogenous testosterone to work synergistically to stimulate the accessory sex organ of intact animals and can potentially exhibit an LH reduction effect in orchidectomized animals.

Extraction optimization of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC

Orthogonal design was employed to study the effect of extraction time, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio on the production of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (PLG). Analysis of variance was performed on the data obtained. The most relevant variable was extraction time. A liquid-solid ratio of 30:1 (v/w), a temperature of 80 °C and an extraction time of 3 h were found to be optimal for PLG. The optimal extraction yield of 4.9% was obtained through additional verification test. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability of PLG were determined. PLG possess concentration-dependent antioxidant potency and IC50 of PLG was 4.67, 0.24 and 4.31 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferric ion chelating abilities as well as reducing power, respectively. The results suggest that G. bicolor polysaccharides could be potential source of natural antioxidant and be contributor to the health benefits of G. bicolor.

Kinetic Studies of Purified malate Dehydrogenase in Liver of Streptozotocindiabetic Rats and the Effect of Leaf Extract of Aegle Marmelose (L.) Correa ex Roxb

The functional basis of diabetes-mellitus to a certain extent, can be elucidated by studying diabetes-induced changes in metabolic enzymes. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), is an enzyme directly involved in glucose metabolism. The kinetic parameters of MDH and its purified cytosolic isozyme, S-MDH, have been studied in the liver of streptozotocin- diabetic rats; also the potential of the leaf extract of A. marmelose as an was investigated. The Km of the liver enzyme increased significantly, in both crude and purified preparations in the diabetic state when compared to Lhe respective controls. Insulin as well as leaf- •extract treatment of the diabetic rats brought about a reversal of K. values to near normal. Vmax of purified S-MDH was significantly higher in the diabetic state when compared to the control. Insulin and leaf extract treatment did not reverse this change. Since MDH is an important enzyme in glucose metabolism, the variation in its quantitative and qualitative nature may contribute to the pathological status of diabetes. The fact that leaf extract of A. marmelose was found to be as effective as insulin in restoration of blood glucose and body weight to normal levels, the use of A. marmelose as potential hypoglycemic agent is suggested.

Toxic phorbol esters from Chinese Tallow (Sapium sebiferum L.Roxb.)

Toxic phorbol esters from Chinese tallow stimulate protein kinase C. Toxicon25, 1129 – 1233, 1987. — Phorbol esters were isolated from the seeds of Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum L. Roxb.). These compounds were based on the tigliane nuclei, 4-deoxyphorbol, 12-deoxyphorbol and 4,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol. The pro-inflammatory activity (id50) of the pure compounds was between 0.042 and 2.6 nmoles per ear. Protein kinase C activation assays were carried out on samples of enzyme purified from mammalian brain and the activities (Ka) were in the range 76 – 176 nM. The 4,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxy analogue was inactive in both tests. Chinese tallow, which is used as a substitute for linseed oil, may represent an industrial toxic hazard in terms of both pro-inflammatory and tumour-promoting effects.

Gastroprotective and antisecretory effects of Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb)

Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb), an Egyptian medicinal species highly important for treating numerous diseases, was investigated against experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rodents. We evaluated the gastroprotective effect of four extracts (petroleum ether, diethyl ether, chloroform, and methanol) of A. excelsa bark by using the ethanol-induced gastric lesion model. The pretreatment of animals with methanolic, petroleum ether, and chloroformic extracts (100 mg/kg, oral (p.o.)) from A. excelsa significantly reduced gastric lesion induced by ulcerogenic agent (56, 47, and 70%, respectively) when compared with animals pretreated with vehicle. However, the diethyl ether pretreatment led to the least gastric lesion damage (83%), similar to the standard antiulcer drug, cimetidine, at the same dose (100 mg/kg, p.o.). The lower effective dose of diethyl ether extract, as well as cimetidine, given by intraduodenal route, significantly increased the pH values and reduced the acid output of gastric juice. Sterols, triterpenes, and quassinoids are present in the diethyl ether extract of A. excelsa stem bark, which presented the best gastroprotective action among the studied extracts. Our study confirmed the traditional indications of A. excelsa for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Escarificação ácida, temperatura e luz no processo germinativo de sementes de Senna alata (L.) Roxb

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tempo ótimo de escarificação das sementes de Senna alata em ácido sulfúrico e verificar o efeito da temperatura, em condição de luz e escuro, na germinação de sementes dessa espécie. As sementes foram imersas em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por períodos de 0, 15, 30 e 60 minutos, e o teste de germinação realizado em BOD a 25ºC, utilizando quatro repetições de 50 sementes em cada período de tempo, sendo o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos. No segundo experimento, para verificar o efeito da temperatura e da condição de luz mais adequada a germinação, utilizou-se temperaturas de 10 a 45ºC, com intervalos de 5ºC, em condição de luz fluorescente branca ou escuro contínuo (gerbox preto). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, disposto em esquema fatorial 8x2, com 4 repetições, de 50 sementes cada. em todos os testes as avaliações da porcentagem e índice de velocidade de germinação foram feitas diariamente, durante 10 dias, onde as sementes foram consideradas germinadas quando apresentaram 2 mm de raiz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A escarificação do tegumento com ácido sulfúrico durante 60 minutos, foi ideal para as sementes de Senna alata, por proporcionar maiores valores na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação. A germinação ocorre entre 15 e 40ºC, sendo consideradas fotoblásticas neutras entre 20 e 40ºC e fotoblásticas negativas preferenciais a 15ºC. O melhor desempenho germinativo foi obtido nas temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35ºC, onde ocorreram maior porcentagem e velocidade de germinação.

Valor nutritivo da leguminosa Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth como alternativa na suplementação alimentar de ruminantes na Amazônia Oriental

Este trabalho foi realizado na Unidade de Pesquisa Animal “Senador Álvaro Adolpho” na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém, Pará, para avaliar o efeito de quatro níveis de substituição (25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) da leguminosa Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth, no consumo voluntário e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). O experimento foi de 14 dias de adaptação e sete dias de período experimental, utilizando-se dezesseis ovinos da raça Santa Inês, de dez meses de idade e média de 28 (± 2,44) kg de peso vivo, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. A substituição do quicuio-da-amazônia pela puerária na dieta influenciou o consumo voluntário e a digestibilidade aparente de todos os nutrientes, sendo descrito por função quadrática. Constatou-se um aumento quadrático nos consumos aparentes da FDN e FDA, contudo, com aumento do nível de leguminosa na dieta, foram observadas diminuições significativas nos teor de FDN quando foi fornecido o nível de 75%. A utilização da leguminosa Pueraria phaseoloides, proporciona maior disponibilidade de matéria seca na forragem e elevação do valor nutritivo, principalmente, proteína na dieta, promovendo aumento da produtividade animal. Níveis de substituição de P. phaseoloides, em torno de 100%, possibilitam maior consumo da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, PB e EB, enquanto que, o nível de 75% permite maior consumo das frações fibrosas.

Ribes odoriferum C. Koch (Ribes orientale Led. nec Desf. und villosum C. Koch nec Roxb.)

anonym

Wallichia caryotoides Roxb.

anonym

Lupane triterpenes from the leaves of the tropical rain forest tree Hopea odorata Roxb. and their cytotoxic activities, supplementary information

Chromatographic fractionation of the cytotoxic n-hexane extract of Hopea odorata Roxb. leaves led to the isolation of eight lupane triterpenes, which constitutes the first report of lupane-type triterpenes from this plant source. Furthermore, 3,30-dioxolup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (6) was isolated for the first time from a natural source. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR analysis, and by comparison of their spectral data with literature values. Complete NMR assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR data were achieved for all compounds. Finally, the cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds against four human cell lines (PC3, MDA-MB-231, HT-29 and HCT116) was also reported.

Germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de Pueraria phaseoloides (ROXB.) Benth e de Urena lobata L.

Neste trabalho, analisaram-se os efeitos das temperaturas constantes (20; 25; 30; 35 e 40 °C) e alternadas (20-40; 25-40; 20-35 e 25-35 °C), da luz (0; 6; 12; 18 e 24 horas) e dos estresses osmótico (0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -0,9 a-1,2 MPa) e salino (0; 25; 75; 150 e 300 mM), e da profundidade de semeadura (0; 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10 cm) sobre a germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e emergência de plântulas de puerária e de malva. As sementes de puerária germinaram, satisfatoriamente, sob condições de temperaturas constantes e alternadas. Para a malva, a temperatura constante de 40 °C foi restritiva à germinação e, nas temperaturas alternadas, a germinação foi superior a 85%. Não houve efeito do tempo de duração da luz. As sementes de malva apresentaram maior germinação em condições de estresse osmótico e foram mais tolerantes à salinidade. As sementes de puerária tiveram maior capacidade para emergir a profundidades que variaram de 0 a 10 cm.

Radial variation of the wood anatomical structure of Gmelina arborea trees from different climatic and management conditions in Costa Rica

The evaluations of the effect of the climatic conditions and of the intensity of forest management in the trunk of the Gmelina arborea Linn. Roxb. trees are restricted to its physical-mechanical properties and use. The present work has as objective to study the radial variations of the wood anatomy of the gmelina trees sampled in plantations of 30 sites in Costa Rica, characterized by two climatic conditions (tropical dry and humid) and three intensities of forest management (intensive, moderate and without management). The results of the analyses demonstrated the existence of radial variation of the different anatomical parameters, except for the fiber lumen diameter and multiple vessels in the wood of the gmelina trees. For the wood anatomical elements, fibers (width, lumen diameter, and length), vessels (multiple vessels, diameter and frequency) and radial parenchyma (height) relationships were observed with the climate (tropical humid and dry). The radial variations of the wood anatomical elements were, also, influenced by the management regimes of the gmelina trees.