Effect of type of cuttings and indolbutyric acid on the rooting of rose (Rosa sp. 'Red success') leafy cuttings during two seasons

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of type of cuttings (apical, intermediate and basal) and different concentrations of IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) on rooting of Red success rose (Rosa sp.) leafy cuttings, during two season of cuttings collection (summer and winter). The investigation was carried out in the farm Irmaos Van Schaik in Holambra-SP, Brazil, from February to April and August to October/1993. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement. It consisted of 12 treatments (3 types of cuttings combined with IBA powder in 4 different concentrations - 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm) with 3 replicates during 2 seasons. The investigation permitted the following conclusions: the apical and intermediate cuttings showed better results in general when compared to the basal ones in both seasons; the average rooting at the transplanting time were 76%, 70% and 47% (summer) and 80%, 69% and 33% (winter) for apical, intermediate and basal cuttings, respectively; the utilization of IBA did not stimulate rooting. The average rooting for the control cuttings reached 85% (summer) and 78% (winter), regardless the type of cuttings.

Effects of rooting media, indolbutyric acid and fertilization on the rooting of rose (Rosa sp. 'Dalas') leafy cuttings

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of rooting media (vermiculite, carbonized rice bark, fenolic spume and sand), presence of IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and presence of fertilization during the rooting of rose (Rosa sp.) leafy cuttings, Dalas cultivar. This investigation was carried out in Jaboticabal (Sao Paulo State - Brazil) during the period of March to April 1997. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement. It consisted of 16 treatments (the 4 rooting media combined with IBA concentrated solutions - 0 and 1.000 ppm and fertilizer - 0 and commercial product with macro and micronutrients, applied weekly) with 3 replicates. The evaluations were 30 days after cuttings showed that the best rooting percentage occurs in sand (98%), followed by vermiculite (90%) and fenolic spume (87%) and cuttings treated with IBA (95%), while the fertilization showed no promoting effects. The number of cuttings roots wasn't affected with rooting media or DBA treatment, while the fertilization showed effective.

Morphologic characterization and evaluation of the productivity of nine rootstocks of rose bush (rosa spp.)

In Brazil, garden and cut rose bushes are propagated through cuttings or grafting. The rootstocks used in most of the traditional areas of cultivation are not identified, being known just by the vulgar name. There is not any information in the literature on the morphologic characteristics, nor about the productivity of different cultivars on the rootstocks available in Brazil. The objective of this work was to characterize and determine productivity of nine rootstocks (Rosa multiflora 'Paulista'; R. multiflora 'Japones'; R. multiflora 'Iowa'; R. multiflora 'Kopmans'; R. indica 'Mayor'; R. indica x multiflora; R. sp. 'Natual Brier'; R. manetti and R. canina 'Inermis') grafted with 'Versilia' and 'Tineke' scions. Morphologic studies were undertaken to characterize branches of adult plants to determine shape and dimensions of the leaf; number of prickles/15 cm of stem; vigor of the stems; incidence of Diplocarpon rosae (blackspot) and coloration of the leaf. The productivity (number of commercial flowers/plant/month) was evaluated for 6 months (October, 2000 to March, 2001), in the city of Andradas, Minas Gerais State, located at 1251 meters above sea level. Since there was significant difference in just two months for both rootstocks, 'Tineke' and 'Versilia', no rootstocks could be considered inadequate. Nonetheless, in general, the rootstocks that showed a better performance with 'Tineke' were, R. multiflora 'Kopmans' and R. manetti and with 'Versilia', R. multiflora 'Kopmans' and Rosa sp. 'Natual Brier'.

Current status of the whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus as an invasive pest in the CapeVerte Islands

In the last three decades, the spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) has become an important international pest. The movement of plants and parts of plants (such as fruits) in international trade and tourism, and by natural dispersal, has favoured its introduction to new areas. In common with others whiteflies of economic importance, the immature and adult stages cause direct feeding damage by piercing and sucking of sap from foliage, and indirect damage following the accumulation all over host plants of honeydew and waxy flocculent material produced by the insects. Spiralling whitefly is a pest of tropical and subtropical crops, and highly polyphagous. Up to the 1970s, it had been recorded on 44 genera of plants, belonging to 26 botanical families (Mound & Halsey, 1978). This situation changed with the dispersal of the pest to new areas. Nowadays, the spiralling whitefly is one of the major pest of vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops around the globe (Lambkin, 1999). Important host crops include: banana (Musa sapientum), Citrus spp., coconut (Cocos nocifera), eggplant (Solanum melanogena), guava (Psidium guajava), Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), papya (Carica papaya), Rosa sp. and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (Saminathan & Jayaraj, 2001). Spiralling whitefly has its origin in the tropical Americas, including Brazil. Although the pest has been recorded only once in Brasil, in the 1920s in the state of Bahia (Bondar, 1923), it now has official quarantine status because of its economic importance. In the Cape Verte Islands, on the West African coast, the pest was initially introduced in the first half of 2000; it has since become established, reaching urban, natural and agricultural areas of the islands that constitute the archipelago. Since then, the pest has been causing damage to many native plants, ornamentals and cultivated food crops (Anon., 2001; Monteiro, 2004). The present study was done in order to produce an inventory of the most common host plants of spiralling whitefly in this new habitat.

Etiologia do oídio do eucalipto

Compararam-se isolados de Oidium sp. obtidos de mudas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) com isolados de Erysiphe cichoracearum, originário de dália, e Sphaerotheca pannosa de roseira (Rosa sp.), por meio de características morfológicas. Com base nas características morfológicas (fase anamórfica) do tubo germinativo, do micélio, do apressório, de conidióforos e conídios e na presença de corpos de fibrosina, concluiu-se que o isolado de Oidium, obtido de eucalipto é similar ao de roseira, descrito como S. pannosa. Inoculações dos isolados do fungo originários de todos os hospedeiros estudados, indicaram que S. pannosa, obtido de roseira, e E. cichoracearum, de dália (Dahlia sp.), foram patogênicos a mudas de Eucalyptus pellita, uma das espécies mais suscetíveis a esta doença, em condições de casa de vegetação.

Caracterização isoenzimática de espécies de Oidium

Isolados de Oidium oriundos de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla) roseira (Rosa sp), dália (Dhalia sp.), feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) e urucunzeiro (Bixa orellana) foram comparados mediante écnicas de extração e eletroforese de isoenzimas, em gel de amido. Dentre 19 enzimas testadas, fosfatase ácida, enzima málica, alfa-esterase, 6-fosfoglucanato desidrogenase, fosfoglucose isomerase, hexoquinase e malato desidrogenase ofereceram atividade e resolução satisfatórias. Os isolados do patógeno oriundos de eucalipto e de roseira apresentaram um mesmo padrão de bandas com coeficiente de similaridade igual a 100%. Os demais isolados diferiram entre si e exibiram coeficiente de similaridade inferior a 43%. Os isolados obtidos de eucalipto e de roseira, além de morfologicamente similares, apresentaram um mesmo padrão isoenzimático sendo, portanto, anamorfos de Sphaerotheca pannosa.

Influência do 1-MCP na conservação pós-colheita de rosas cv. Vega

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Exportação de nutrientes e qualidade de cultivares de rosas em campo e em ambiente protegido

Foram avaliadas a exportação de nutrientes por cultivares de rosas e as características que refletem qualidade em campo e ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por 15 e 12 cvs. em ambiente protegido e em campo, respectivamente, com três repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por duas plantas, sendo coletada uma haste por planta. Foram determinados o diâmetro da haste e do botão floral, comprimento da haste, fitomassa seca e acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes pelas hastes colhidas. Plantas que apresentaram hastes com maior comprimento e diâmetro apresentaram também maiores quantidades de nutrientes extraídos. Os nutrientes extraídos em maiores quantidades foram o N e o K. Com base na quantidade de nutrientes extraídos é possível que se faça o agrupamento de cvs. para estabelecer uma recomendação de fertilizantes para as cvs. com exigência nutricional semelhante.

Manutenção da qualidade de rosas cortadas cv. Vega em soluções conservantes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade de rosas de corte tratadas com produtos naturais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use of Natural Products for Post-Harvest Preservation of 'Vega' Cut Roses

Use of natural products as floral preservatives has helped to reduce the indiscriminate use of chemical products in flower preservation. In this study, we tested the ability of certain natural products to maintain the quality and to increase the commercial durability of 'Vega' cut roses. We employed a randomized factorial design with six post-harvest treatments and four evaluation dates. The following treatments were tested: 1) distilled water; 2) methyl jasmonate (350 mu M) applied in a four-hour pulse; 3) methyl jasmonate (500 mu M) spraying; 4) mint oil (100 ppm); 5) ginger oil (100 ppm); and 6) propolis (0.05%) as a maintenance solution. Flowers were kept at 20+/-2 degrees C and 67+/-3% RH. Physiological and qualitative evaluations were conducted. Natural products had a beneficial effect on the shelf life of the flowers. However, for all evaluated parameters, the methyl jasmonate spray was the most efficient treatment to maintain floral quality, resulting in less fresh-mass loss and a lower flower respiratory rate. Methyl jasmonate spray also improved the maintenance of coloration, relative water content and concentration of reducing sugars, thus extending the shelf life of roses.

Resistance of rose rootstocks to Meloidogyne hapla nematode

Roses are widely used in landscaping. One of the most important fitossanitary problems of this ornamental plant in gardens is the fitonematodes, especially Meloidogyne hapla, which is the most important one in colder climate regions. This work had the objective of study the resistance of nine rose rootstocks (Rosa multiflora 'Paulista', R. multiflora 'Japanese', R. multiflora 'Iowa', R. multiflora 'Kopman's', R. indica × multiflora, R. indica 'Mayor', R. sp. 'Natual Brier', R. manetti and R. canina 'Inermis') to Meloidogyne hapla nematode. Ten replications of each rootstock were used. The roots, collected in a commercial area of cut roses, visually had galls there were isolated and identified. The inoculum of M. hapla was previously produced in rose and tomatoes seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The plants were harvested ninety days after inoculation. The roots were washed and the number of eggs and juveniles recuperated in the root system of each plant was estimated by the Final Population (FP), and the Reproductive Factor (RF) was calculated. The rootstocks with RF<1 values were considered resistant, and the ones with RF>1, susceptible. Rosa manetti and Rosa sp. 'Natual Brier' rootstocks showed the lowest values for RF, indicating that, although they are susceptible, they provide the lowest nematode reproduction. Based on the RF values, it was concluded that all the rose rootstocks evaluated were susceptible to M. hapla nematode.

Early Oligocene continental climate ofthe Paleogene Basin in Hungary and Slovenia

This paper concentrates on the Early Oligocene palaeoclimate of the southern part of Eastern and Central Europe and gives a detailed climatological analysis, combined with leaf-morphological studies and modelling of the palaeoatmospheric CO2 level using stomatal and d13 C data. Climate data are calculated using the Coexistence Approach for Kiscellian floras of the Palaeogene Basin (Hungary and Slovenia) and coeval assemblages from Central and Southeastern Europe. Potential microclimatic or habitat variations are considered using morphometric analysis of fossil leaves from Hungarian, Slovenian and Italian floras. Reconstruction of CO2 is performed by applying a recently introduced mechanistic model. Results of climate analysis indicate distinct latitudinal and longitudinal climate patterns for various variables which agree well with reconstructed palaeogeography and vegetation. Calculated climate variables in general suggest a warm and frost-free climate with low seasonal variation of temperature. A difference in temperature parameters is recorded between localities from Central and Southeastern Europe, manifested mainly in the mean temperature of the coldest month. Results of morphometric analysis suggest microclimatic or habitat difference among studied floras. Extending the scarce information available on atmospheric CO2 levels during the Oligocene, we provide data for a well-defined time-interval. Reconstructed atmospheric CO2 levels agree well with threshold values for Antarctic ice sheet growth suggested by recent modelling studies. The successful application of the mechanistic model for the reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 levels raises new possibitities for future climate inference from macro-flora studies.