Constructing Cultural Policies in Romania. A possible model for communicating the national value system

The premise of this paper is that a model for communicating the national value system must start from a strategy aimed at the identification, the cultivation and communication of values that give consistency to the value system. The analysis concentrates on the elements of such strategies and on the implications of applying a value communication program on the identity architecture of the community. The paper will also discuss the role of the national value system in the context of the emerging global culture, where the individual has the power to create his/her own hybrid cultural model.

Human capital in the knowledge-based society: comparative analysis: Romania-Portugal

The current economic crisis has rushed even more the economists’ concerns to identify new directions for the sustainable development of the society. In this context, the human capital is crystallised as the key variable of the creative economy and of the knowledge-based society. As such, we have directed the research underlying this paper to identifying the most eloquent indicators of human capital to meet the demands of the knowledge-based society and sustainable development as well as towards achieving a comprehensive analysis of the human capital in the EU countries, respectively of a comparative analysis: Romania - Portugal. To carry out this paper, the methodology used is based on the interdisciplinary triangulation involving approaches from the perspective of human resource management, economy and economic statistics. The research techniques used consist of the content analysis and investigation of secondary data of international organisations accredited in the field of this research, such as: the United Nation Development Programme - Human Development Reports, World Bank - World Development Reports, International Labour Organisation, Eurostat, European Commission’s Eurobarometer surveys and reports on human capital. The research results emphasise both similarities and differences between the two countries under the comparative analysis and the main directions in which one has to invest for the development of human capital.

Evaluating active labor markets in Romania

We evaluate the presence of effects from joining one of four active labour market programs in Romania in the late 1990s compared to the no-program state. Using rich follow-up survey data and propensity score matching, we find that three programs (training and retraining, self-employment assistance, and employment and relocation services) had success in improving participants' economic outcomes and were cost-beneficial from society's perspective. In contrast, public employment was found detrimental for the employment prospects of its participants.

What works best for getting the unemployed back to work: employment services or small-business assistance programs? evidence from Romania

Recent empirical evidence has found that employment services and small-business assistance programmes are often successful at getting the unemployed back to work. Â One important concern of policy makers is to decide which of these two programmes is more effective and for whom. Â Using unusually rich (for transition economies) survey data and matching methods, I evaluate the relative effectiveness of these two programmes in Romania. Â While I find that employment services (ES) are, on average, more successful than a small-business assistance programme (SBA), estimation of heterogeneity effects reveals that, compared to non-participation, ES are effective for workers with little access to informal search channels, and SBA works for less-qualified workers and those living in rural areas. Â When comparing ES to SBA, I find that ES tend to be more efficient than SBA for workers without a high-school degree, and that the opposite holds for the more educated workers.

Translating and analysing songs: three songs in the context of communist Romania

Songs were the means used by the Romanian Communist Party to ‘educate’ Romanians. Through them, Romanians were told what they had to appreciate, how grateful they were supposed to be to the regime, how great President Ceausescu was and how they had to work harder and harder so that they could be even better Communists. This paper comprises the translation of three songs composed, performed and broadcast in Communist Romania and their analysis from the point of view of communication. In translating the song, I have chosen to translate closest to the original possible meaning and meanwhile to respect to the best of my ability Low’s ‘pentathlon principle’: singability, rhyme, rhythm, naturalness and fidelity to the sense of the source text

Romania - yhden miehen tarina

Kaisamari Hintikka

The significant behavioral aspects of adopted children within successful adoption in Romania

The human behavior is giving the entire picture of a person. The behavior is based on a complex combination of personal innate factors, experience and education and the social network within which the individual is integrated. Each moment the complex individual factors face external and internal environmental aspects which in turn, generate proactive and retroactive reactions. The adoption process is an important and challenging social experiment, bringing to the adopted child a new affiliation, social network, experiences and educational standards. This comes in his/her life after the trauma of losing his biological affiliation and social and emotional support. Which are the significant characteristics of the adopted child's behavior? Which are the behavioral characteristics of the adoptive child that guarantee the success of the domestic adoptions in Romania? These are the questions we are going to answer here based on the research done within FISAN(6) project. The 32 children, 11-16 years old, adopted by Romanian families, during the early ages (0-4 years), were evaluated with complex evaluation tools for children and parents. The adoptive families participating in the research live in the Western counties of Romania.Successful adoption is defined as secure attachment of the adopted child. The conclusions emphasize the importance of: the pro-social behavior, the loving behavior showed to the parents, the assertive behavior, the differentiations between parents and people outside the family, and between the two parents, and the humor. These behaviors displayed by the adopted children are the ingredients of a successful integration within the adoptive family.

Dialectología y paremiología: refranes meteorológicos y variación diatópica en la Romania

A partir de los materiales de BADARE (Base de datos sobre refranes del calendario y meteorológicos en la Romania), esta contribución reivindica el enorme interés de estudiar la variación diatópica en dicho tipo de paremias, y abre una línea de investigación que podríamos denominar"dialectología paremiológica". A partir de la muestra que aquí ofrezco, se observa que tales paremias albergan componentes individuales de índole fonética, morfosintáctica y derivativa, léxica y semántica que responden a una adscripción dialecta l concreta; y, asimismo, que las propias paremias, como entidades globales, dan pie en algunos casos a identificar"tipos parémicos" o"paremiotipos" relacionables con determinadas zonas de uso: áreas parémicas dialectales que constituyen uno de los principales objetos de atención de la"geoparemiología romance"

Magmatic fluids in the Breccia-hosted epithermal Au-Ag deposit of Rosia Montana, Romania

The breccia-hosted epithermal Au-Ag deposit of Rosia Montana is located 7 kin northeast of Abrud, in the northern part of the South Apuseni Mountains, Romania. Estimated total reserves of 214.91 million metric toils (Mt) of ore at 1.46 g/t An and 6.9 g/t Ag (10.1 Moz of An and 47.6 Moz of Ag) make Rosia Montana one of the largest gold deposits in Europe. At this location, Miocene calc-alkaline magmatic and hydrothermal activity was associated with local extensional tectonics within a strike-slip regime related to the indentation of the Adriatic microplate into the European plate during the Carpathian orogenesis. The host rocks of the magmatic complex consist of pre-Mesozoic metamorphosed continental crust covered by Cretaceous turbiditic sediment (flysch). Magmatic activity at Rosia Montana and its surroundings occurred in several pulses and lasted about 7 m.y, Rosia Montana is a breccia-hosted epithermal system related to strong phreatomagmatic activity due to the shallow emplacement of the Montana dacite. The Montana dacite intruded Miocene volcaniclastic material (volcaniclastic breccias) and crops out at Cetate and Carnic Hills. Current mining is focused primarily on the Cetate open pit, which was mapped in detail, leading to the recognition of three distinct breccia bodies: the dacite breccia with a dominantly hydrothermal matrix, the gray polymict breccia with a greater proportion of sand-sized matrix support, and the black polymict breccia, which reached to the surface, contains carbonized tree trunks and has a dominantly barren elastic matrix. The hydrothermal alteration is pervasive. Adularia alteration with a phyllic overprint is ubiquitous; silicification and argillic alteration occur locally. Mineralization consists of quartz, adularia, carbonates (commonly Mn-rich), pyrite, Fe-poor sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, and native gold and occurs as disseminations, as well as in veins and filling vugs within the Montana dacite and the different breccias. The age of mineralization (12.85 +/- 0.07 Ma) was determined by Ar-40- Ar-39 dating on hydrothermal adularia crystals from vugs in the dacite breccia in the Cetate open pit. Microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from the Montana dacite revealed two fluid types that are absent from the hydrothermal breccia and must have been trapped at depth prior to dacite dome emplacement: brine inclusions (32-55 -wt % NaCl equiv, homogenizing at T-h > 460 degrees C) and intermediate density fluids (4.9-15.6 wt % NaCl equiv, T, between 345 degrees-430 degrees C). Secondary aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages in the phenocrysts have salinities of 0.2 to 2.2 wt percent NaCl equiv and T-h of 200 degrees to 280 degrees C. Fluid inclusion assemblages in hydrothermal quartz from breccias and veins have salinities of 0.2 to 3.4 wt percent NaCl equiv and T-h, from 200 degrees to 270 degrees C. The oxygen isotope composition of several zones of an ore-related epithermal quartz crystal indicate a very constant delta O-18 of 4.5 to 5.0 per mil for the mineralizing fluid, despite significant salinity and temperature variation over time. Following microthermometry, selected fluid inclusion assemblages were analyzed by laser ablation-inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICMS). Despite systematic differences in salinity between phenocryst-hosted fluids trapped at depth and fluids from quartz in the epithermal breccias, all fluids have overlapping major and trace cation ratios, including identical Na/K/Rb/Sr/Cs/Ba. Consistent with the constant near-magmatic oxygen isotope composition of the hydrothermal fluids, these data strongly indicate a common magmatic component of these chemically conservative solutes in all fluids. Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mn show variations in concentration relative to the relatively non-reactive alkalis, reflecting the precipitation of sulfide minerals together with An in the epithermal breccia, and possibly of Cu in an inferred subjacent porphyry environment. The magmatic-hydrothermal processes responsible for epithermal Au-Ag mineralization at Rosia Montana are, however, not directly related to the formation of the spatially associated porphyry Cu-Au deposit of Rosia Poieni, which occurred lout 3 m.y. later.

Morphing Romania and Moldova Province

"Morphing Romania and the Moldova Province" gives a short insight of cartograms. Digital cartograms provide potential to move away from classical visualization of geographical data and benefit of new understanding of our world. They introduce a human vision instead of a planimetric one. By applying the Gastner-Newman algorithm for generating density-equalising cartograms to Romania and its Moldova province we can discuss the making of cartograms in general.

Romania and Bulgaria - two new EU members

Euroopan Unionin itälaajentuminen toukokuun 1. päivä 2004 onmerkittävä käännekohta pan-eurooppalaisessa integraatioprosessissa. EU sai kymmenen uutta jäsenmaata, joista kahdeksan on niin kutsuttuja siirtymätalousmaita. Kaksi siirtymätalousmaata, Romania ja Bulgaria, eivät päässeet liittymään Euroopan Unioniin vielä 2004. Niiden tuli parantaa taloudellista kilpailukykyään ennenjäsenyyttä. Ne liittyivät unioniin tammikuun 1. päivä, 2007. Siten 'uusia jäsenmaita' on kaikkiaan kymmenen. Romania and Bulgaria ovat naapurimaita Mustanmeren länsirannalla. Vuonna 2005 Romanian väkiluku oli 21,6 miljoonaa ja Bulgaria 7,7 miljoonaa. Kummankin maan väliluku on ollut laskussa suunnitelmatalouden jälkeisellä kaudella. Ennen suunnitelmatalouden kautta Romania ja Bulgaria olivat maatalousyhteiskuntia, joiden elintaso oli vaatimaton. Keskusjohtoisen suunnitelmatalouden kaudella maat kokivat nopean teollistumisen ja kaupungistumisen.Molemmat yhteiskunnat muuttuivat dramaattisesti lyhyessä ajassa. Suunnitelmatalouden kaudella nopeasti syntynyt teollisuus Romaniassa ja Bulgariassa ei toiminut markkinoiden ehdoilla vaan valtion suunnitelmien mukaisesti. Kun markkinatalous 1990-luvun alussa nosti päätään, kävi ilmeiseksi, että monet teollisuuslaitokset näissä maissa eivät olleet elinkelpoisia globaalin kapitalismin olosuhteissa. Työttömyys alkoi kasvaa nopeasti molemmissa maissa. Kaupungistuminen otti takapakkia: ihmisiä muutti takaisin maatalouden piiriin selviytyäkseen hengissä. Tämä synnytti suuria muuttovirtoja. Taloudellisilla päätöksillä yritettiin helpottaa siirtymäkauden vaikutuksia mm. tukemalla teollisuutta ja viivyttämälläyksityistämistä. Tämä taloudellisen reformin viivytys johti siihen, että Romania ja Bulgaria eivät olleet mukana Euroopan Unionin historiallisessa itälaajenemisessa vuonna 2004. Raportissa tarkastellaan sitä hyvin selvää muutosta, joka näissä maissa on tapahtunut vuosituhannen vaihteessa. Molemmissa uusissa EU-maissa talouden kehitys on hyvin dynaamista ja se yhdistyy melko hyvin kehittyvään vakauteen. Kuitenkin inflaatioaste on selvästi korkeampi kuin läntisessä Euroopassa.Valtiontalous on alijäämäinen sekä Romaniassa että Bulgariassa, mutta vahva ulkomaisten investointien virta auttaa näiden alijääminen rahoittamisessa. Bulgaria and Romania ovat elintasoasteikon alapäässä EU-27 vertailussa. Näillä mailla ei ole varaa tiheään sosiaaliseen turvaverkkoon. Romaniasta ja Bulgariasta on tapahtunut melko mittavaa maastamuuttoa. Molemmissa maissa työttömyysaste on edelleen suhteellisen korkea. Suurista tuloeroista johtuen uusimmissaEU-jäsenmaissa on suuria sosiaalisia jännitteitä. Korruptio ja järjestäytynyt rikollisuus eivät ole kadonneet EU-jäsenyyden myötä. Nykyisissä olosuhteissa ei voida taata myöskään poliittista vakautta. Läheisessä Unkarissa, jossa elintaso on olennaisesti korkeampi kuin Romaniassa ja Bulgariassa, oppositio marssi kaduille vuonna 2006. Väkivaltaisia yhteenottoja syntyi paikallisten poliisivoimien jamielenosoittajien välille. Bulgarian nimellinen palkkataso on hämmästyttävän alhainen ja alle Romanian palkkatason. Bulgarian valuutta on merkittävästi aliarvostettu. Tämä tuo ylimääräistä kilpailukykyä Bulgarian työvoimavaltaisille tuotantoaloille ja lisäksi parantaa Bulgarian hintaetua turismin alalla. Bulgarian valtion budjetti on kuitenkin suhteellisesti alijäämäisempi kuin Romanian,jonka valuutta ei ole yhtä aliarvostettu. Voidaan olettaa, että Romania ja Bulgaria kilpailevat keskenään ulkomaisista investoinneista. Ulkomaisten investointien virta molempiin maihin on osoittanut melko nopeasti kasvavaa trendiä. Tämä positiivinen kehitys vahvistuu erittäin todennäköisesti edelleen EU-jäsenyyden vaikutuksesta.

Per Santa Llúcia, un pas de puça. Crecer y decrecer de los días, refranes del calendario, Romania continua

Hace años que me ocupo, con creciente interés, de los refranes del calendario en el ámbito de la Romania. Al cabo de un tiempo de ir advirtiendo afinidades entre paremias romances relativas al curso del año, me decidí a escribir un par de artículos (Gargallo, 1998a, 1998b) sobre las referidas al día de Santa Lucía (13 de diciembre), fecha vinculada secularmente al solsticio de invierno y a la recuperación de la luz solar. En ambos artículos contemplo esta jornada de Santa Lucía como el arranque de una serie de paremias o refranes que expresan por diversos medios el crecer de los días en jalones que recorren el mes de diciembre restante, a continuación el de enero, y pierden su rastro allá por febrero, no lejos de la igualación de días y noches, del equinoccio primaveral.