Product-related environmental regulation and voluntary environmental actions : impacts of RoHS and REACH in Malaysia

Voluntary environmental actions, such as the adoption of ISO 14001, are gaining increasing attention in developing countries. This study examines the mechanism of ISO 14001 diffusion in a developing economy on the basis of a unique corporate survey of manufacturing sectors in Malaysia. Product-related environmental regulations, such as REACH, are contributing to this diffusion indirectly by promoting quality control standards such as ISO 9001. The importance of foreign direct investment and global value chains for ISO 14001 diffusion is also confirmed.

Effects of RoHs and REACH regulations on firm-level production and export, and the role of global value chains : the cases of Malaysia and Vietnam

This paper uses firm-level data to examine the impact of foreign chemical safety regulations such as RoHS and REACH on the production costs and export performance of firms in Malaysia and Vietnam. This paper also investigates the role of global value chains in enhancing the likelihood that a firm complies with RoHS and REACH. We find that in addition to the initial setup costs for compliance, EU RoHS (REACH) implementation imposes on firms additional variable production costs by requiring additional labor and capital expenditures of around 57% (73%) of variable costs. We also find that compliance with RoHS and REACH significantly increases the probability of export and that compliance with EU RoHS and REACH helps firms enter a greater variety of countries. Furthermore, firms participating in global value chains have higher compliance with RoHS and REACH regulations, regardless of whether the firm is directly exporting, when the firm operates in upstream or downstream industries of the countries' supply chain.

Simulation analysis of the EU ELV/RoHS directives based on an applied general equilibrium model with Melitz-type trade specification

This paper explores the potential usefulness of an AGE model with the Melitz-type trade specification to assess economic effects of technical regulations, taking the case of the EU ELV/RoHS directives as an example. Simulation experiments reveal that: (1) raising the fixed exporting cost to make sales in the EU market brings results that exports of the targeted commodities (motor vehicles and parts for ELV and electronic equipment for RoHS) to the EU from outside regions/countries expand while the domestic trade in the EU shrinks when the importer's preference for variety (PfV) is not strong; (2) if the PfV is not strong, policy changes that may bring reduction in the number of firms enable survived producers with high productivity to expand production to be large-scale mass producers fully enjoying the fruit of economies of scale; and (3) When the strength of the importer's PfV is changed from zero to unity, there is the value that totally changes simulation results and their interpretations.

The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan : an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.

Perfil CIO Colombiano

La identificación del perfil del Chief Information Officer (CIO) en el entorno empresarial nacional responde a la necesidad de comparar o constatar el rol aplicado en Colombia en relación a la expectativa de la academia y la pertinencia que lleva en un entorno empresarial global. La migración del concepto de CIO y sus definiciones es resultado de la implementación local de prácticas, teorías y estrategias de alto impacto en mercados internacionales. En el presente documento, se profundiza en las competencias estratégicas y roles prácticos que abarca el perfil del CIO como es visto desde aportes académicos y casuísticos en fuentes internacionales líderes en la construcción de conocimiento.

Genomic analysis for managing small and endangered populations: a case study in Tyrol Grey cattle

Analysis of genomic data is increasingly becoming part of the livestock industry. Therefore, the routine collection of genomic information would be an invaluable resource for effective management of breeding programs in small, endangered populations. The objective of the paper was to demonstrate how genomic data could be used to analyse (1) linkage disequlibrium (LD), LD decay and the effective population size (NeLD); (2) Inbreeding level and effective population size (NeROH) based on runs of homozygosity (ROH); (3) Prediction of genomic breeding values (GEBV) using small within-breed and genomic information from other breeds. The Tyrol Grey population was used as an example, with the goal to highlight the potential of genomic analyses for small breeds. In addition to our own results we discuss additional use of genomics to assess relatedness, admixture proportions, and inheritance of harmful variants. The example data set consisted of 218 Tyrol Grey bull genotypes, which were all available AI bulls in the population. After standard quality control restrictions 34,581 SNPs remained for the analysis. A separate quality control was applied to determine ROH levels based on Illumina GenCall and Illumina GenTrain scores, resulting into 211 bulls and 33,604 SNPs. LD was computed as the squared correlation coefficient between SNPs within a 10 mega base pair (Mb) region. ROHs were derived based on regions covering at least 4, 8, and 16 Mb, suggesting that animals had common ancestors approximately 12, 6, and 3 generations ago, respectively. The corresponding mean inbreeding coefficients (F ROH) were 4.0% for 4 Mb, 2.9% for 8 Mb and 1.6% for 16 Mb runs. With an average generation interval of 5.66 years, estimated NeROH was 125 (NeROH>16 Mb), 186 (NeROH>8 Mb) and 370 (NeROH>4 Mb) indicating strict avoidance of close inbreeding in the population. The LD was used as an alternative method to infer the population history and the Ne. The results show a continuous decrease in NeLD, to 780, 120, and 80 for 100, 10, and 5 generations ago, respectively. Genomic selection was developed for and is working well in large breeds. The same methodology was applied in Tyrol Grey cattle, using different reference populations. Contrary to the expectations, the accuracy of GEBVs with very small within breed reference populations were very high, between 0.13-0.91 and 0.12-0.63, when estimated breeding values and deregressed breeding values were used as pseudo-phenotypes, respectively. Subsequent analyses confirmed the high accuracies being a consequence of low reliabilities of pseudo-phenotypes in the validation set, thus being heavily influenced by parent averages. Multi-breed and across breed reference sets gave inconsistent and lower accuracies. Genomic information may have a crucial role in management of small breeds, even if its primary usage differs from that of large breeds. It allows to assess relatedness between individuals, trends in inbreeding and to take decisions accordingly. These decisions would be based on the real genome architecture, rather than conventional pedigree information, which can be missing or incomplete. We strongly suggest the routine genotyping of all individuals that belong to a small breed in order to facilitate the effective management of endangered livestock populations.

I rifiuti da apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (RAEE) - Aspetti tecnico-gestionali e ambientali

I RAEE (Rifiuti da Apparecchiature Elettriche ed Elettroniche) costituiscono un problema prioritario a livello europeo per quanto riguarda la loro raccolta, stoccaggio, trattamento, recupero e smaltimento, essenzialmente per i seguenti tre motivi: Il primo riguarda le sostanze pericolose contenute nei RAEE. Tali sostanze, nel caso non siano trattate in modo opportuno, possono provocare danni alla salute dell’uomo e all’ambiente. Il secondo è relativo alla vertiginosa crescita relativa al volume di RAEE prodotti annualmente. La crescita è dovuta alla continua e inesorabile commercializzazione di prodotti elettronici nuovi (è sufficiente pensare alle televisioni, ai cellulari, ai computer, …) e con caratteristiche performanti sempre migliori oltre all’accorciamento del ciclo di vita di queste apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (che sempre più spesso vengono sostituiti non a causa del loro malfunzionamento, ma per il limitato livello di performance garantito). Il terzo (ed ultimo) motivo è legato all’ambito economico in quanto, un corretto trattamento dei RAEE, può portare al recupero di materie prime secondarie (alluminio, ferro, acciaio, plastiche, …) da utilizzare per la realizzazione di nuove apparecchiature. Queste materie prime secondarie possono anche essere vendute generando profitti considerevoli in ragione del valore di mercato di esse che risulta essere in costante crescita. Questo meccanismo ha portato a sviluppare un vasto quadro normativo che regolamenta tutto l’ambito dei RAEE dalla raccolta fino al recupero di materiali o al loro smaltimento in discarica. È importante inoltre sottolineare come lo smaltimento in discarica sia da considerarsi come una sorta di ‘ultima spiaggia’, in quanto è una pratica piuttosto inquinante. Per soddisfare le richieste della direttiva l’obiettivo dev’essere quello di commercializzare prodotti che garantiscano un minor impatto ambientale concentrandosi sul processo produttivo, sull’utilizzo di materiali ‘environmentally friendly’ e sulla gestione consona del fine vita. La Direttiva a livello europeo (emanata nel 2002) ha imposto ai Paesi la raccolta differenziata dei RAEE e ha definito anche un obiettivo di raccolta per tutti i suoi Stati Membri, ovvero 4 kg di RAEE raccolti annualmente da ogni abitante. Come riportato di seguito diversi paesi hanno raggiunto l’obiettivo sopra menzionato (l’Italia vi è riuscita nel 2010), ma esistono anche casi di paesi che devono necessariamente migliorare il proprio sistema di raccolta e gestione dei RAEE. Più precisamente in Italia la gestione dei RAEE è regolamentata dal Decreto Legislativo 151/2005 discusso approfonditamente in seguito ed entrato in funzione a partire dal 1° Gennaio 2008. Il sistema italiano è basato sulla ‘multi consortilità’, ovvero esistono diversi Sistemi Collettivi che sono responsabili della gestione dei RAEE per conto dei produttori che aderiscono ad essi. Un altro punto chiave è la responsabilità dei produttori, che si devono impegnare a realizzare prodotti durevoli e che possano essere recuperati o riciclati facilmente. I produttori sono coordinati dal Centro di Coordinamento RAEE (CDC RAEE) che applica e fa rispettare le regole in modo da rendere uniforme la gestione dei RAEE su tutto il territorio italiano. Il documento che segue sarà strutturato in quattro parti. La prima parte è relativa all’inquadramento normativo della tematica dei RAEE sia a livello europeo (con l’analisi della direttiva ROHS 2 sulle sostanze pericolose contenute nei RAEE e la Direttiva RAEE), sia a livello italiano (con un’ampia discussione sul Decreto Legislativo 151/2005 e Accordi di Programma realizzati fra i soggetti coinvolti). La seconda parte tratta invece il sistema di gestione dei RAEE descrivendo tutte le fasi principali come la raccolta, il trasporto e raggruppamento, il trattamento preliminare, lo smontaggio, il riciclaggio e il recupero, il ricondizionamento, il reimpiego e la riparazione. La terza definisce una panoramica delle principali metodologie di smaltimento dei 5 raggruppamenti di RAEE (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5). La quarta ed ultima parte riporta i risultati a livello italiano, europeo ed extra-europeo nella raccolta dei RAEE, avvalendosi dei report annuali redatti dai principali sistemi di gestione dei vari paesi considerati.

Validation of water vapour profiles (version 13) retrieved by the IMK / IAA scientific retrieval processor based on full resolution spectra measured by MIPAS on board Envisat

Vertical profiles of stratospheric water vapour measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) with the full resolution mode between September 2002 and March 2004 and retrieved with the IMK/IAA scientific retrieval processor were compared to a number of independent measurements in order to estimate the bias and to validate the existing precision estimates of the MIPAS data. The estimated precision for MIPAS is 5 to 10% in the stratosphere, depending on altitude, latitude, and season. The independent instruments were: the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II), the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM III) instrument, the Middle Atmospheric Water Vapour Radiometer (MIAWARA), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, balloon-borne version (MIPAS-B), the Airborne Microwave Stratospheric Observing System (AMSOS), the Fluorescent Stratospheric Hygrometer for Balloon (FLASH-B), the NOAA frostpoint hygrometer, and the Fast In Situ Hygrometer (FISH). For the in-situ measurements and the ground based, air- and balloon borne remote sensing instruments, the measurements are restricted to central and northern Europe. The comparisons to satellite-borne instruments are predominantly at mid- to high latitudes on both hemispheres. In the stratosphere there is no clear indication of a bias in MIPAS data, because the independent measurements in some cases are drier and in some cases are moister than the MIPAS measurements. Compared to the infrared measurements of MIPAS, measurements in the ultraviolet and visible have a tendency to be high, whereas microwave measurements have a tendency to be low. The results of χ2-based precision validation are somewhat controversial among the comparison estimates. However, for comparison instruments whose error budget also includes errors due to uncertainties in spectrally interfering species and where good coincidences were found, the χ2 values found are in the expected range or even below. This suggests that there is no evidence of systematically underestimated MIPAS random errors.

Marker-Based Embodied Interaction for Handheld Augmented Reality Games

This article deals with embodied user interfaces for handheld augmented reality games, which consist of both physical and virtual components. We have developed a number of spatial interaction techniques that optically capture the device's movement and orientation relative to a visual marker. Such physical interactions in 3-D space enable manipulative control of mobile games. In addition to acting as a physical controller that recognizes multiple game-dependent gestures, the mobile device augments the camera view with graphical overlays. We describe three game prototypes that use ubiquitous product packaging and other passive media as backgrounds for handheld augmentation. The prototypes can be realized on widely available off-the-shelf hardware and require only minimal setup and infrastructure support.

The effect of EU environmental regulation on international trade : restriction of hazardous substance as a trade barrier

In 2003 the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) was established in the EU, which limited the trade of machinery, electrical and electronic equipment that have at least one of the substances considered hazardous under RoHS directive. Since countries trading with the EU must comply with this new regulation, it is expected a decrease in value of imports to the EU. In this paper, it is followed the procedures used in Heckman (1979), as well as the extended procedure suggested by Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) to ascertain the effects on the persistence of trade and values of trade.

Role of laboratories for adapting product-related environmental regulations (PRERs)

This paper examines how a country which has been successful in creating agglomeration of a manufacturing industry has faced various types of product-related environmental regulations. Then the paper shows how the government and testing laboratory have taken measures to adapt to PRERs overseas in response to the needs by firms affected by regulations. In reaction to the introductions of PRERs overseas, Malaysia also has introduced equivalent policies domestically, proving that PRERs have spread to Malaysia.

Role of laboratories for adapting product-related environmental regulations (PRERs)

This paper examines how a country which has been successful in creating agglomeration of a manufacturing industry has faced various types of product-related environmental regulations. Then the paper shows how the government and testing laboratory have taken measures to adapt to PRERs overseas in response to the needs by firms affected by regulations. In reaction to the introductions of PRERs overseas, Malaysia also has introduced equivalent policies domestically, proving that PRERs have spread to Malaysia.

Role of laboratories for adapting product-related environmental regulations (PRERs)

This paper examines how a country which has been successful in creating agglomeration of a manufacturing industry has faced various types of product-related environmental regulations. Then the paper shows how the government and testing laboratory have taken measures to adapt to PRERs overseas in response to the needs by firms affected by regulations. In reaction to the introductions of PRERs overseas, Malaysia also has introduced equivalent policies domestically, proving that PRERs have spread to Malaysia.

Role of laboratories for adapting product-related environmental regulations (PRERs)

This paper examines how a country which has been successful in creating agglomeration of a manufacturing industry has faced various types of product-related environmental regulations. Then the paper shows how the government and testing laboratory have taken measures to adapt to PRERs overseas in response to the needs by firms affected by regulations. In reaction to the introductions of PRERs overseas, Malaysia also has introduced equivalent policies domestically, proving that PRERs have spread to Malaysia.

Role of laboratories for adapting product-related environmental regulations (PRERs)

This paper examines how a country which has been successful in creating agglomeration of a manufacturing industry has faced various types of product-related environmental regulations. Then the paper shows how the government and testing laboratory have taken measures to adapt to PRERs overseas in response to the needs by firms affected by regulations. In reaction to the introductions of PRERs overseas, Malaysia also has introduced equivalent policies domestically, proving that PRERs have spread to Malaysia.