Seafloor interaction with steel catenary risers

This paper describes the key features of a seafloor-riser interaction model. The soil is represented in terms of non-linear load-deflection (P- y) relationships, which are also able to account for soil stiffness degradation due to cyclic loading. The analytical framework considers the riser-seafloor interaction problem in terms of a pipe resting on a bed of springs, and requires the iterative solution of a fourth-order ordinary differential equation. A series of simulations is used to illustrate the capabilities of the model. Thanks to the non-linear soil springs with stiffness degradation it is possible to simulate the trench formation process and estimate moments in a riser. Copyright © 2008 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

Projeto, construção e teste de equipamento para ensaios de fadiga de risers flexíveis

Apesar da vida em fadiga de risers flexíveis ser de grande importância na explotação “off-shore”, os dados disponíveis são bastante restritos. A interação entre as suas várias camadas, as inúmeras combinações realizadas entre elas para se obter diferentes características e os recentes avanços em termos de materiais, nos obrigam a estudá-los constantemente. Este trabalho tinha como objetivo principal a construção de um equipamento para possibilitar o estudo da vida em fadiga de risers, através de movimentos de tração combinada com flexão, referentes ao teste “a” da classe II da norma API 17B, bem como todos os outros testes da classe I da referida norma. Foram projetadas a estrutura e todos os demais componentes, que posteriormente foram redimensionados pelos resultados obtidos em simulações numéricas (elementos finitos). Posteriormente, de posse de todos os componentes, realizou-se a montagem do equipamento, seguida de um teste final, que foi acompanhado por uma análise extensométrica dos principais pontos da estrutura. A conclusão básica deste trabalho foi obtida através da comparação das análises por elementos finitos e extensométrica, onde foi constatado que o equipamento estava apto a entrar em operação para a realização de ensaios estáticos ou dinâmicos, observando-se apenas algumas restrições comentadas.

Magnetic non-destructive evaluation of ruptures of tensile armor in oil risers

Risers are flexible multilayered pipes formed by an inner flexible metal structure surrounded by polymer layers and spiral wound steel ligaments, also known as armor wires. Since these risers are used to link subsea pipelines to floating oil and gas production installations, and their failure could produce catastrophic consequences, some methods have been proposed to monitor the armor integrity. However, until now there is no practical method that allows the automatic non-destructive detection of individual armor wire rupture. In this work we show a method using magnetic Barkhausen noise that has shown high efficiency in the detection of armor wire rupture. The results are examined under the cyclic and static load conditions of the riser. This work also analyzes the theory behind the singular dependence of the magnetic Barkhausen noise on the applied tension in riser armor wires.

Hill Instability Analysis Of Tlp Tether Subjected To Combined Platform Surge And Heave Motions

This paper presents the Hill instability analysis of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) tether it, deep sea. The 2-D nonlinear beam model which is Undergoing Coupled axial and transverse vibrations, is applied. The governing equations are reduced to nonlinear Hill equation by use of the Galerkin's method and the modes superposition principle. The Hill instability charted Lip to large parameters is obtained. An important parameter M is defined and can he expressed as the functions of tether length, the platform surge and heave motion amplitudes. Some example studies are performed for various environmental conditions. The results demonstrate that the nonlinear coupling between the axial and transverse vibrations has a significant effect on the response of structure.. It needs to be considered for the accurate dynamic analysis of long TLP tether subjected to the combined platform surge and heave motions.

Nonlinear Dynamic Responses of the Tensioned Tether under Parametric Excitations

The nonlinear dynamic responses of the tensioned tether subjected to combined surge and heave motions of floating platform are investigated using 2-D nonlinear beam model. It is shown that if the transverse-axial coupling of nonlinear beam model and the combined surge-heave motions of platform are considered, the governing equation is not Mathieu equation any more, it becomes nonlinear Hill equation. The Hill stability chart is obtained by using the Hill's infinite determinant and harmonic balance method. A parameter M, which is the function of tether length, the surge and heave amplitude of platform, is defined. The Hill stability chart is obviously different from Mathieu stability chart which is the specific case as M=0. Some case studies are performed by employing linear and nonlinear beam model respectively. It can be found that the results differences between nonlinear and linear model are apparent.

Flow-induced vibrations of long circular cylinders modeled by coupled nonlinear oscillators

The dynamics of long slender cylinders undergoing vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is studied in this work. Long slender cylinders such as risers or tension legs are widely used in the field of ocean engineering. When the sea current flows past a cylinder, it will be excited due to vortex shedding. A three-dimensional time domain model is formulated to describe the response of the cylinder, in which the in-line (IL) and cross-flow (CF) deflections are coupled. The wake dynamics, including in-line and cross-flow vibrations, is represented using a pair of non-linear oscillators distributed along the cylinder. The wake oscillators are coupled to the dynamics of the long cylinder with the acceleration coupling term. A non-linear fluid force model is accounted for to reflect the relative motion of cylinder to current. The model is validated against the published data from a tank experiment with the free span riser. The comparisons show that some aspects due to VIV of long flexible cylinders can be reproduced by the proposed model, such as vibrating frequency, dominant mode number, occurrence and transition of the standing or traveling waves. In the case study, the simulations show that the IL curvature is not smaller than CF curvature, which indicates that both IL and CF vibrations are important for the structural fatigue damage.

MODELING EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL WAVES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Internal waves are an important factor in the design of drill operations and production in deep water, because the waves have very large amplitude and may induce large horizontal velocity. How the internal waves occur and propagate over benthal terrain is of great concern for ocean engineers. In the present paper, we have formulated a mathematical model of internal wave propagation in a two-layer deep water, which involves the effects of friction, dissipation and shoaling, and is capable of manifesting the variation of the amplitude and the velocity pattern. After calibration by field data measured at the Continental Slope in the Northern South China Sea, we have applied the model to the South China Sea, investigating the westward propagation of internal waves from the Luzon Strait, where internal waves originate due to the interaction of benthal ridge and tides. We find that the internal wave induced velocity profile is obviously characterized by the opposite flow below and above the pycnocline, which results in a strong shear, threatening safety of ocean structures, such as mooring system of oil platform, risers, etc. When internal waves propagate westwards, the amplitude attenuates due to the effects of friction and dissipation. The preliminary results show that the amplitude is likely to become half of its initial value at Luzon Strait when the internal waves propagate about 400 kilometers westwards.

Watershed monitoring and the TMDL modeling to assess bacterial loading in estuarine environments to improve management

Shellfish bed closures along the North Carolina coast have increased over the years seemingly concurrent with increases in population (Mallin 2000). More and faster flowing storm water has come to mean more bacteria, and fecal indicator bacterial (FIB) standards for shellfish harvesting are often exceeded when no source of contamination is readily apparent (Kator and Rhodes, 1994). Could management reduce bacterial loads if the source of the bacteria where known? Several potentially useful methods for differentiating human versus animal pollution sources have emerged including Ribotyping and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) (US EPA, 2005). Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) studies on bacterial sources have been conducted for streams in NC mountain and Piedmont areas (U.S. EPA, 1991 and 2005) and are likely to be mandated for coastal waters. TMDL analysis estimates allowable pollutant loads and allocates them to known sources so management actions may be taken to restore water to its intended uses (U.S. EPA, 1991 and 2005). This project sought first to quantify and compare fecal contamination levels for three different types of land use on the coast, and second, to apply MAR and ribotyping techniques and assess their effectiveness for indentifying bacterial sources. Third, results from these studies would be applied to one watershed to develop a case study coastal TMDL. All three watershed study areas are within Carteret County, North Carolina. Jumping Run Creek and Pettiford Creek are within the White Oak River Basin management unit whereas the South River falls within the Neuse River Basin. Jumping Run Creek watershed encompasses approximately 320 ha. Its watershed was a dense, coastal pocosin on sandy, relic dune ridges, but current land uses are primarily medium density residential. Pettiford Creek is in the Croatan National Forest, is 1133 ha. and is basically undeveloped. The third study area is on Open Grounds Farm in the South River watershed. Half of the 630 ha. watershed is under cultivation with most under active water control (flashboard risers). The remaining portion is forested silviculture.(PDF contains 4 pages)

Estudo do envelhecimento de poliuretanos aplicados na indústria de petróleo

A indústria do petróleo é um dos setores com maior número de sistemas produtivos empregando alta tecnologia. O Brasil é mundialmente renomado como um líder na extração de petróleo, em águas profundas e ultraprofundas. Dentro da cadeia produtiva, grande parte do petróleo e do gás produzido é escoado através de dutos flexíveis que conectam os poços de produção com as plataformas. Existem dois segmentos dessas linhas que recebem diferentes denominações de acordo com o seu local de aplicação. Quando estão apoiadas sobre o fundo do mar, em condição de serviço estático, são denominados flowlines e quando se elevam do fundo do mar até a plataforma, em condição de serviço dinâmico, são denominados risers. Os tubos projetados para aplicações dinâmicas são dotados de bends stiffeners, componentes com formato cônico e, em geral, de base uretânica que têm a função de fornecer uma transição de rigidez suave entre a estrutura dos tubos flexíveis e a extremamente rígida, à plataforma, não permitindo que este componente infrinja seu raio mínimo de operação. A adequada compreensão dos enrijecedores de curvatura e do material empregado em sua fabricação vem se tornando cada vez mais importante na indústria devido à sua crescente utilização, bem como à ocorrência de falhas que vem sendo constatada nos últimos anos. Este trabalho abordou a variação das propriedades mecânicas de poliuretanos pela ação da hidrólise, calor e pela ação dos raios-UV por envelhecimento acelerado, assim como variação de massa, considerando que esses materiais são projetados para uma vida útil superior a vinte anos para trabalhos imersos em meio aquoso.