Imidazolium based ionic liquid type surfactant improves activity and thermal stability of lipase of Rhizopus oryzae

Lipase and surfactant together form a potent pair in various biotransformation, industrial application and biotechnological studies. The present investigation deals with changes in the activity, stability and structure of lipase from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 3562 in presence of long chain ionic liquid-type imidazolium surfactant. Both the activity and stability were found to be enhanced in presence of the surfactant at low concentration (1-125 mu M) followed by inhibition at high concentration. The activity increased by 80% and thermal deactivation temperature raised by 2.5 degrees C. Investigations by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism revealed structural changes leading to rise in beta-sheet content and lowering of a-helix at low surfactant concentrations. Deactivation at high concentration correlated with greater structural changes depicted by spectroscopic studies. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies showed the binding to be spontaneous in nature involving non-covalent interactions. High negative value of entropy signifies exposure of hydrophobic domains and increase in structural rigidity, which correlates with active site being more accessible and rigid in presence of the surfactant. Application of these surfactants hold greater potential in the field of lipase based biotransformations, enzyme structural modifications and studies. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of spacer length in interaction between novel gemini imidazolium surfactants and Rhizopus oryzae lipase

An insight into the effects of new ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium cationic surfactants on the structure and function of the lipases is of prime importance for their potential application. Changes in the activity, stability and structure of Rhizopus ouzae lipase in the presence of novel gemini surfactants, C-16-3-C(16)im]Br-2 and C-16-12-C(16)im]Br-2 were probed in the present study. Surfactant with shorter spacer length, C-16-3-C(i6)im]Br-2 was found to be better in improving the hydrolytic activity and thermal stability of the lipase. For both the surfactants, activation was concentration dependent. CD spectroscopy results showed a decrease in a-helix and an increase in beta-sheet content in the presence of these surfactants. A higher structural change observed in presence of C-16-12-C(16)im]Br-2 correlated with lower enzyme activity. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies showed the binding to be spontaneous in nature based on sequential two site binding model. The forces involved in binding were found to differ for the two surfactants proving that the spacer length is an important factor which governs the interaction. These surfactants could be used as promising components both in enzyme modification and media engineering for attaining the desired goals in biocatalytic reactions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure, function, and phylogeny of the mating locus in the Rhizopus oryzae complex.

The Rhizopus oryzae species complex is a group of zygomycete fungi that are common, cosmopolitan saprotrophs. Some strains are used beneficially for production of Asian fermented foods but they can also act as opportunistic human pathogens. Although R. oryzae reportedly has a heterothallic (+/-) mating system, most strains have not been observed to undergo sexual reproduction and the genetic structure of its mating locus has not been characterized. Here we report on the mating behavior and genetic structure of the mating locus for 54 isolates of the R. oryzae complex. All 54 strains have a mating locus similar in overall organization to Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Mucor circinelloides (Mucoromycotina, Zygomycota). In all of these fungi, the minus (-) allele features the SexM high mobility group (HMG) gene flanked by an RNA helicase gene and a TP transporter gene (TPT). Within the R. oryzae complex, the plus (+) mating allele includes an inserted region that codes for a BTB/POZ domain gene and the SexP HMG gene. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes, including the mating loci (HMG, TPT, RNA helicase), ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA, RPB2, and LDH genes, identified two distinct groups of strains. These correspond to previously described sibling species R. oryzae sensu stricto and R. delemar. Within each species, discordant gene phylogenies among multiple loci suggest an outcrossing population structure. The hypothesis of random-mating is also supported by a 50:50 ratio of plus and minus mating types in both cryptic species. When crossed with tester strains of the opposite mating type, most isolates of R. delemar failed to produce zygospores, while isolates of R. oryzae produced sterile zygospores. In spite of the reluctance of most strains to mate in vitro, the conserved sex locus structure and evidence for outcrossing suggest that a normal sexual cycle occurs in both species.

Improving the enantioselective bioreduction of aromatic ketones mediated by Aspergillus terreus and Rhizopus oryzae: the role of glycerol as a co-solvent

The improvement of the enzymatic performance of Aspergillus terreus and Rhizopus oryzae in enantioselective bioreductions by using glycerol as a co-solvent has been studied. In the most of the bioreductions, glycerol has demonstrated its potential for improved conversions (up to >99%) and enantioselectivities (up to >99%) when compared to reactions in aqueous or other aqueous-organic media (THF, diethyl ether, toluene, DMSO and acetonitrile). Moreover, high isolated yields of the desired chiral alcohols have been obtained on a preparative scale showing the great potential of this green solvent in biocatalysis. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production and application of amylases of Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus from industrial waste in acquisition of glucose

Amylases from Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus were obtained using agro-industrial wastes as substrates in submerged batch cultures. The enzymatic complex was partially characterised for use in the production of glucose syrup. Type II wheat flour proved better than cassava bagasse as sole carbon source for amylase production. The optimum fermentation condition for both microorganisms was 96 hours at 30°C and the amylase thus produced was used for starch hydrolysis. The product of the enzymatic hydrolysis indicated that the enzyme obtained was glucoamylase, only glucose as final product was attained for both microorganisms. R. oligosporus was of greater interest than R. oryzae for amylase production, taking into account enzyme activity, cultivation time, thermal stability and pH range. Glucose syrup was produced using concentrated enzyme and 100 g L-1 starch in a 4 hours reaction at 50°C. The bioprocess studied can contribute to fungus glucoamylase production and application. © 2013 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences.

Production of α-amilase by solid state fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae

A thermotolerant strain of Rhizopus oryzae was grown in three agro-industrial by-products: brewers’ rice, corn grits and wheat bran. Different substrates, cultivation time, moisture content, additional nitrogen sources, pH and temperature of incubation were evaluated aiming to optimize growing conditions. The highest enzymatic activity was observed after 24 h of cultivation using wheat bran as substrate with the following salt solutions: NH4NO3, MgSO4.7H2O and (NH4)2SO4 0.1% at temperature of 35°C. It was observed that changes in the pH range 4.0-6.0 did not significantly affect α-amylase activity. The optimum operation conditions were 75°C and pH 4.5. The enzymes remained stable at 75°C in the absence of substrate for 25 min.

Direct fermentation of potato starch in wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae

The fungal species of Rhizopus oryzae 2062 has the capacity to carry out a single stage fermentation process for lactic acid production from potato starch wastewater. Starch hydrolysis, reducing sugar accumulation, biomass formation, and lactic acid production were affected with variations in pH, temperature, and starch source and concentration. A growth condition with starch concentration approximately 20 g/L at pH 6.0 and 30degreesC was favourable for starch fermentation, resulting in a lactic acid yield of 78.3%similar to85.5% associated with 1.5similar to2.0 g/L fungal biomass produced in 36 h of fermentation.

Direct fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus

The biochemical kinetic of direct fermentation for lactic acid production by fungal species of Rhizopus arrhizus 3,6017 and Rhizopus oryzae 2,062 was studied with respect to growth pH, temperature and substrate. The direct fermentation was characterized by starch hydrolysis, accumulation of reducing sugar, and production of lactic acid and fungal biomass. Starch hydrolysis, reducing sugar accumulation, biomass formation and lactic acid production were affected with the variations in pH, temperature, and starch source and concentration. A growth condition with starch concentration approximately 20 g/l at pH 6.0 and 30 degrees C was favourable for both starch saccharification and lactic acid fermentation, resulting in lactic acid yield of 0.87-0.97 g/g starch associated with 1.5-2.0 g/l fungal biomass produced in 36 h fermentation. R. arrhizus 3,6017 had a higher capacity to produce lactic acid, while R. oryzae 2,062 produced more fungal biomass under similar conditions.

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus

The biochemical kinetic of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for lactic acid production by fungal species of Rhizopus arrhizus 36017 and Rhizopus oryzae 2062 was studied with respect to growth pH, temperature and substrate. Both R. arrhizus 36017 and R. oryzae 2062 had a capacity to carry out a single stage SSF process for lactic acid production from potato starch wastewater. The kinetic characteristics, termed as starch hydrolysis, accumulation of reducing sugars, lactic acid production and fungal biomass formation, were affected with variations in pH, temperature, and starch source and concentration. A growth condition with starch concentration approximately 20 g/l at pH 6.0 and 30 degrees C was favourable for both starch saccharification and lactic acid fermentation, resulting in lactic acid yield of 0.85-0.92 g/g associated with 1.5-3.5 g/l fungal biomass produced in 36-48 h fermentation. R. arrhizus 36017 had a higher capacity to produce lactic acid, while R. oryzae 2062 produced more fungal biomass under similar conditions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biotechnological production of lactic acid integrated with potato wastewater treatment by Rhizopus arrhizus

This paper describes a feasibility study of a for lactic acid production integrated with are treatment of wastewater from an industrial starch plant. Rhizopus oryzae two strains, Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus oligosporus were tested with respect to their capability to carry out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to lactic acid using potato wastewater. Rhizopus arrhizus DAR 36017 was identified as a suitable strain that demonstrated a high capacity for starch saccharification and lactic acid synthesis. The optimal conditions, in terms of pH, temperature and starch concentration, for lactic acid production were determined. The selected fungal strain grew well in a pH range from 3.0 to 7.0. The addition of CaCO(3)10 g dm(-3) maintained the pH at 5.0-6.0 and significantly enhanced lactic acid production. Kinetic study revealed that almost complete starch saccharification and a lactic acid yield of 450g kg(-1) could be achieved in 20 h and 28 h cultivation, respectively. The maximum lactic acid production 21 g dm(-3) and mycelial biomass (1.7 g dm(-3)) were obtained at 30degreesC. Besides the multiple bioproducts, total removal of suspended solids and 90% reduction of COD were achieved in a single no-aseptic operation. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry.

Determinación de la calidad fitosanitaria de la semilla de frijol común en Nicaragua y alternativas de manejo del grano

En Nicaragua el género Phaseolus, representa una fuente importante de nutrientes que la población incluye en su dieta diaria, además provee ingresos a los productores con los que subsanan una parte de sus necesidades, El 95% de la producción de frijol en el país descansa en pequeños y medianos productores que enfrentan problemas como: Falta de asistencia técnica, poca o ninguna disponibilidad de créditos, poseen terrenos no adecuados para este cultivo y el uso constante de semillas remanentes de un ciclo a otro; Esto ha incidido de forma directa en la disminución de los rendimientos y en el aumento de los niveles de inoculo en la semilla. Son muchas las enfermedades que atacan a esta leguminosa y algunas de estas llegan a infestar y/o infectar la semilla logrando así un eficiente mecanismo de dispersión. Con el objetivo de conocer sobre la calidad fitosanitaria de la semilla utilizada por los productores, evaluar algunas técnicas para la preservación de la misma, determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los productores con respecto a las enfermedades y discernir sobre la efectividad de las técnicas de almacenamiento de la semilla utilizadas por los productores, se realizó este trabajo involucrando 75 productores del país, logrando recolectar de sus manos un total de 15 variedades las que corresponden a los nombres de: DOR-364, RAB-310, Honduras-46, Estelí-150, Estelí-90A, Estelí-B, Negro, Blanco, Chiricano, Rojo criollo, DICTA-114, Balin tíco, Revolución-84 y dos variedades del Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA), DOR-805 y DOR-576. El trabajo se dividió en dos fases: una de campo que consistió en la colecta de datos y muestras de semillas en las zonas de estudio en el mes de Marzo y una de laboratorio en la que se determinaron los diferentes tipos de microorganismos presente en las semillas a través de Observación de síntomas, pruebas de laboratorio y identificación de los microorganismos. Se hizo una prueba de almacenaje mediante el uso de botes plásticos con tapadera, los tratamientos utilizados para la preservación fueron• Cal, Ceniza y Ceniza+Cal en dosis de 80gr de producto por libra de semilla, más o menos 25 libras por quintal de grano y un testigo. Los resultados de las encuestas demuestran que los productores reconocen las enfem1edades como tales, pero no pueden diferenciarlas en su totalidad como causadas por hongos, bacterias o virus. Se identificaron los siguientes patógenos: Rhizoctonia sotaní, Thanatephoms cucumeris, Collectotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, l-i1sarium oxyspomm, Penicillium .;pp, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus glaucus (Emericella nidulans)(Eim>tium link), Aspergiilus niger, Aspergillus parasitim Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus terreus, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Xanthomona;• campestris pv phaseoli, Pseudomonas spp, el virus del mosaico común no se detectó en este trabajo. Los mejores resultados se observaron en los tratamientos de cal y cal+ceniza, siendo cal+ceniza quién presentó alta significancia en la disminución de la infección por hongos, gorgojos (Bruchidae) y bacterias, pudiendo disminuir hasta un 57% las infecciones de hongos, un 68% de las infecciones por bacterias a nivel superficial y un l 00% la población de gorgojos, con respecto a las presentadas por el testigo de laboratorio. El tratamiento de cal+ceniza es más barato, eficaz y menos peligroso que el uso de cualquier químico.

Molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: a collaborative European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) evaluation.

The present study was performed to assess the interlaboratory reproducibility of the molecular detection and identification of species of Zygomycetes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney and brain tissues obtained from experimentally infected mice. Animals were infected with one of five species (Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus microsporus, Lichtheimia corymbifera, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Mucor circinelloides). Samples with 1, 10, or 30 slide cuts of the tissues were prepared from each paraffin block, the sample identities were blinded for analysis, and the samples were mailed to each of seven laboratories for the assessment of sensitivity. A protocol describing the extraction method and the PCR amplification procedure was provided. The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was amplified by PCR with the fungal universal primers ITS1 and ITS2 and sequenced. As negative results were obtained for 93% of the tissue specimens infected by M. circinelloides, the data for this species were excluded from the analysis. Positive PCR results were obtained for 93% (52/56), 89% (50/56), and 27% (15/56) of the samples with 30, 10, and 1 slide cuts, respectively. There were minor differences, depending on the organ tissue, fungal species, and laboratory. Correct species identification was possible for 100% (30 cuts), 98% (10 cuts), and 93% (1 cut) of the cases. With the protocol used in the present study, the interlaboratory reproducibility of ITS sequencing for the identification of major Zygomycetes species from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues can reach 100%, when enough material is available.

Supercomplexes multifonctionnels chez les mitochondries, et chez E. coli

Les processus mitochondriaux tels que la réplication et la traduction sont effectués par des complexes multiprotéiques. Par contre, le métabolisme et la voie de maturation des ARN mitochondriaux (p. ex précurseurs des ARNt et des ARNr) sont habituellement traités comme une suite de réactions catalysées par des protéines séparées. L’exécution fidèle et optimale de ces processus mitochondriaux, exige un couplage étroit nécessaire pour la canalisation des intermédiaires métaboliques. Or, les évidences en faveur de l'interconnexion postulée de ces processus cellulaires sont peu nombreuses et proviennent en grande partie des interactions protéine-protéine. Contrairement à la perception classique, nos résultats révèlent l’organisation des fonctions cellulaires telles que la transcription, la traduction, le métabolisme et la régulation en supercomplexes multifonctionnels stables, dans les mitochondries des champignons (ex Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans et Neurospora crassa), des animaux (ex Bos taurus), des plantes (B. oleracea et Arabidopsis thaliana) et chez les bactéries (ex E. coli) à partir desquelles les mitochondries descendent. La composition de ces supercomplexes chez les champignons et les animaux est comparable à celle de levure, toutefois, chez les plantes et E. coli ils comportent des différences notables (ex, présence des enzymes spécifiques à la voie de biosynthèse des sucres et les léctines chez B. oleracea). Chez la levure, en accord avec les changements dûs à la répression catabolique du glucose, nos résultats révèlent que les supercomplexes sont dynamiques et que leur composition en protéines dépend des stimulis et de la régulation cellulaire. De plus, nous montrons que l’inactivation de la voie de biosynthèse des lipides de type II (FASII) perturbe l’assemblage et/ou la biogenèse du supercomplexe de la RNase P (responsable de la maturation en 5’ des précurseurs des ARNt), ce qui suggère que de multiples effets pléiotropiques peuvent être de nature structurale entre les protéines. Chez la levure et chez E. coli, nos études de la maturation in vitro des précurseurs des ARNt et de la protéomique révèlent l’association de la RNase P avec les enzymes de la maturation d’ARNt en 3’. En effet, la voie de maturation des pré-ARNt et des ARNr, et la dégradation des ARN mitochondriaux semblent êtres associées avec la machinerie de la traduction au sein d’un même supercomplexe multifonctionnel dans la mitochondrie de la levure. Chez E. coli, nous avons caractérisé un supercomplexe similaire qui inclut en plus de la RNase P: la PNPase, le complexe du RNA degradosome, l’ARN polymérase, quatre facteurs de transcription, neuf aminoacyl-tRNA synthétases, onze protéines ribosomiques, des chaperons et certaines protéines métaboliques. Ces résultats supposent l’association physique de la transcription, la voie de maturation et d’aminoacylation des ARNt, la dégradation des ARN. Le nombre de cas où les activités cellulaires sont fonctionnellement et structurellement associées est certainement à la hausse (ex, l’éditosome et le complexe de la glycolyse). En effet, l’organisation en supercomplexe multifonctionnel représente probablement l’unité fonctionnelle dans les cellules et les analyses de ces super-structures peuvent devenir la prochaine cible de la biologie structurale.

Chemoselective screening for the reduction of a chiral functionalised (+/-)-2-(phenylthio)cyclohexanone by whole cells of Brazilian micro-organisms

The use of whole cells of micro-organisms to bring about the biotransformation of an organic compound offers a number of advantages, but problems caused by enzymatic Promiscuity may be encountered upon With Substrates hearing more than one functional group. A one-pot screening method, in which whole fungal cells were incubated with a Mixture of 4-rnethylcyclohexanone I and phenyl methyl Sulfide 2, has been employed to determine the chemoselectivity of various biocatalysts. The hyphomycetes, Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320 and A. terreus URM 3571, catalysed the oxidation of 2 accompanied by the reduction of I to 4-methylcyclohexanol 1a and, for strain A. terreus CCT 3320, the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1. The Basidomycetes, Trametes versicolor CCB 202, Pycnoporus sanguineus CCB 501 and Trichaptum byssogenum CCB 203, catalysed the oxidation of 2 and the reduction 1, but no Baeyer-Villiger reaction products were detected. In contrast. Trametes rigida CCB 285 catalysed the biotransformation of 1 to 1a, exclusively, in the absence of any detectable Sulfide oxidation reactions. The chemoselective reduction Of (+/-)-2-(phenylthio)cyclohexanone 3 by T. rigida CCB 285 afforded exclusively the (+)-cis-(1R,2S) and (+)-trans-(1S,2S) diastereoisomers of 2-(phenylthio)cyclohexan-1-ol 3a in moderate yields (13% and 27%, respectively) and high enantiomeric excesses (>98%). Chemoselective screening for the reduction of a ketone and/or the oxidation Of a Sulfide group in one pot by whole cells of micro-organisms represents an attractive technique with applications in the development of synthesis of complex molecule hearing different functional groups. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.