Participación de las células de la cresta neural en el desarrollo de anomalías inducidas por agentes exógenos (síndrome fetal alcohólico y embriopatía por ácido retinoico)

En la etapa embrionaria temprana de los vertebrados, las células de la cresta neural (CCN) se segregan del tubo neural y se distribuyen con patrones temporales y espaciales muy precisos, contribuyendo a la formación de muchos derivados: neuronas y glía del sistema nervioso periférico, parte del sistema endócrino, sistema pigmentario y la mayor parte de los tejidos cráneo-faciales. Las bases morfogenéticas de esta movilización de las CCN se asocian con la disponibilidad de componentes de la matriz extracelular, con fenómenos de apoptosis selectiva, y con la expresión de genes homeóticos, de proteínas transportadoras de retinoides y de receptores de ácido retinoico (AR). En consecuencia, el mecanismo que define el comportamiento de las CCN migratorias asume una especial importancia, desde que cualquier fallo producido en estos "reguladores topográficos" podrá alterar la ordenada traslocación de CN, induciendo una dismorfogénesis. (...) Objetivos: 1) Analizar el comportamiento dinámico de la etapa migratoria temprana de las CCN de niveles cefálico y troncal expuestas a etanol o AR in vitro. 2) Evaluar la posible reversibilidad de los efectos del etanol y del AR sobre la morfología y dinámica migratoria de las CCN de niveles cefálico y troncal in vitro. 3) Analizar los componentes del citoesqueleto asociados con los cambios de forma y motilidad celular en CCN de niveles cefálico y troncal expuestas a etanol y AR in vitro. Los resultados del proyecto permitirán aportar al conocimiento de los mecanismos básicos que regulan la movilidad de poblaciones celulares de gran importancia para el desarrollo humano. Los datos obtenidos servirán de base para futuros enfoques de biología molecular tendientes a innovar aspectos del diagnóstico, pronóstico y prevención de patologías humanas de creciente prevalencia provocadas por el etanol (FAS) y los retinoides (RAE).

Patterns of variability of retinol levels in a harbour porpoise population from an unpolluted environment

Organochlorine compounds (OC) are known to induce vitamin A (retinoids) deficiency in mammals, which may be associated with impairment of immunocompetence, reproduction and growth. This makes retinoids a potentially useful biomarker of organochlorine impact on marine mammals. However, use of retinoids as a biomarker requires knowledge about its intrapopulation patterns of variation in natural conditions, information which is not currently available. We investigated these patterns in a cetacean population living in an unpolluted environment. 100 harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from West Greenland were sampled during the 1995 hunting season. Sex, age, morphometrics, nutritive condition, and retinol (following saponification) and OC levels in blubber were determined for each individual. OC levels found were extremely low and therefore considered unlikely to affect the population adversely: mean blubber concentrations, expressed on an extractable basis, were 2.04 (SD = 1.1) ppm for PCBs and 2.76 (SD = 1.66) ppm for tDDT. The mean blubber retinol concentration for the overall population was 59.66 (SD = 45.26) mu g g(-1). Taking into account the high contribution of blubber to body mass, blubber constitutes a significant body site for retinoid deposition in harbour porpoises. Retinol concentrations did not differ significantly between geographical regions or sexes, but they did correlate significantly (p <0.001) with age. Body condition, measured by determining the lipid content of the blubber, did not have a significant effect on retinol levels but the individuals examined were considered to be in an overall good nutritive condition. It is concluded that measurement of retinol concentrations in blubber samples is feasible and has a potential for use as a biomarker of organochlorine exposure in cetaceans. However, in order to do so, biological information, particularly age, is critical for the correct assessment of physiological impact

Tissue distribution of retinoids in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis).

Exposure to organochlorines induces retinoid deficiency in mammals; hence, retinoids are potential biomarkers of the impact of these pollutants. Appropriate target tissues to monitor retinoids in cetaceans have not been properly identified because of a lack of information on the contribution of each tissue to total body retinoids. Therefore, we have addressed this issue by studying the contribution of the main body tissues to retinoids in 21 common dolphins obtained from incidental catches and in apparent good health and nutritive condition. Although concentrations in the liver were highest, those in blubber were also high and accounted for 43% of the total retinoid load of the compartments examined. As blubber can be obtained using non-invasive biopsy techniques, this tissue is proposed as a reliable indicator of retinoid status in cetaceans. However, blubber topographical variation in structure and composition requires standardization of sampling sites. Retinoid concentrations did not differ significantly between sexes or with body size for any of the tissues, but the lipid content of blubber strongly influenced these concentrations. Biopsies from healthy, free-ranging individuals are preferred to samples from stranded animals. Further research on the influence of factors (age, sex, reproductive condition, diet) that potentially affect retinoid levels is required to implement the use of retinoids as biomarkers of pollutant exposure in cetaceans.

Estudo de marcadores moleculares relacionados a cadeia dos retinóides (TTR e RXR[beta] e suas relações com endofenótipos clínicos e dismórficos em esquizofrenia)

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