275 resultados para Reologia


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Dissertação efectuada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Materiais

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Materiais

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O comportamento reológico do açúcar líquido invertido com inversão de 59,68% e 89,88% foi estudado experimentalmente nas temperaturas de 17°C a 65°C, utilizando um reômetro rotacional de cilindros concêntricos. Os resultados mostraram que o açúcar líquido invertido apresenta comportamento Newtoniano na faixa de temperatura estudada. O efeito da temperatura na viscosidade foi expresso por relações do tipo Arrhenius, cujos coeficientes de correlação foram superiores a 0,99 e as energias de ativação apresentaram valores de 70,5kJ.mol-1 e 86,5kJ.mol-1 para as soluções com inversão de 59,68% e 89,88%, respectivamente.

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Neste trabalho foi determinado o comportamento reológico do suco industrializado de acerola, mediante um reômetro de cilindros concêntricos, em concentrações de sólidos solúveis de 4, 7, 10, 13 e 16ºBrix e no intervalo de temperatura de 5ºC a 85ºC. Os dados experimentais dos reogramas foram ajustados aos modelos reológicos de Ostwald-de-Waele, Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi & Berk e Casson. O modelo de Herschel-Bulkley descreveu adequadamente o comportamento reológico do suco industrializado de acerola. Os baixos valores obtidos para o índice de comportamento (0,338 < n hb < 0,759) confirmaram o comportamento pseudoplástico do suco. O efeito da temperatura no comportamento reológico do suco de acerola foi descrito por uma equação análoga a de Arrhenius (etaa = eta0 exp(Eat/RT)). Foi observado que a energia de ativação diminuiu com o aumento da concentração das amostras, expressa em sólidos solúveis, variando desde 3,50kcal/gmol, para as amostras a 4ºBrix, até 1,79kcal/gmol, para as amostras a 16ºBrix. Os dados da viscosidade aparente e da concentração de sólidos solúveis foram ajustados aos modelos potencial e exponencial. O modelo potencial mostrou ser o mais adequado para descrever o efeito da concentração sobre a viscosidade aparente do suco de acerola.

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Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

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The knowledge of the rheological behavior of microemulsionated systems (SME) is of fundamental importance due to the diversity of industrial applications of these systems. This dissertation presents the rheological behavior of the microemulsionated system formed by RNX 95/alcohol isopropyl/p-toulen sodium sulfonate/kerosene/distilled water with the addition of polyacrylamide polymer. It was chosen three polymers of the polyacrylamide type, which differ in molar weight and charge density. It was studied the addition of these polymers in relatively small concentration 0,1% in mass and maximum concentration of 2,0%. It was made analysis of flow to determine the appearing viscosities of the SME and rheological parameters applying Bingham, Ostwald de Waale and Herschell-Buckley models. The behavior into saline environment of this system was studied for a solution of KCl 2,0%, replacing the distilled water. It was determined the behavior of microemulsions in relation with the temperature through curves of flow in temperatures of 25 to 60ºC in variations of 5ºC. After the analysis of the results the microemulsion without the addition of polymer presented a slight increase in its viscosity, but it does not mischaracterize it as a Newtonian fluid. However the additive systems when analyzed with low concentration of polymer adjusted well to the applied models, with a very close behavior of microemulsion. The higher concentration of the polymer gave the systems a behavior of plastic fluid. The results of the temperature variation point to an increase of viscosity in the systems that can be related to structural changes in the micelles formed in the own microemulsion without the addition of polymer

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

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As argamassas podem ser consideradas como um conjunto de partículas sólidas em suspensão (agregado miúdo), aglomerantes e água (pasta de cimento). Sendo assim, seu comportamento reológico durante a cura pode ser influenciado por fatores como a granulometria, composição e teor de água incorporado. Este trabalho estudou as características reológicas de seis composições de argamassas, em função do teor de cinza volante, como material de atividade pozolânica, em substituição parcial do cimento. A argamassa estudada utilizou como base agregado o resíduo da construção civil (RCC), devidamente caracterizado por difratometria e fluorescência de raios-X. Formularam-se composições de argamassas para os ensaios reológicos com adição de resíduo de construção civil (RCC) nas proporções de 95, 90, 85, 80, 75 e 70%; cinzas volantes (CV) 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% e 5% de Cimento Portland Comum (CP II- E 32), sendo que em cada amostra foi incorporado 35% de água. Utilizou-se o viscosímetro modelo VT 550, com sensor tipo cilindros coaxiais SV1 – Haake a temperatura de 28ºC. Para avaliar o tempo de cura do material programou-se uma taxa de cisalhamento constante 53,4 s-1 em 1h e 45min, sendo avaliado o torque em intervalos de 15min. Para a elaboração das curvas de fluxo e curvas de histerese, utilizou-se a taxa de cisalhamento entre 0 e 600 s-1 no intervalo de tempo de 120s. Os resultados mostraram que a incorporação de cinza volante foi o principal fator para aumento do torque no tempo de cura das argamassas e mudança do comportamento de reópetico para tixotrópico, nos traços analisados. Os dados experimentais das formulações propostas ajustaram-se ao modelo reológico de Herschel-Bulkley.

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Lo studio effettuato pone le sue basi sulla ricerca di materiali stradali che combinino ad elevati standard prestazionali, la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale in fase realizzativa e manutentiva. In particolare il seguente lavoro si occupa dello studio di 7 leganti modificati con polimeri ed additivati con cere. I primi infatti conferiscono alla miscela maggiore elastoplasticità, incrementandone la durabilità e la resistenza a fatica. Nei secondi la presenza del materiale paraffinico contribuisce a ridurre la viscosità del bitume, consentendo un notevole abbassamento della temperatura di produzione e stesa della miscela. Numerosi studi hanno dimostrato che le caratteristiche meccaniche della pavimentazione sono fortemente influenzate dal grado di ossidazione delle componenti organiche del bitume, ovvero dal fenomeno dell’invecchiamento o aging. Pertanto allo studio reologico del bitume, si sono affiancate prove di simulazione dell’ invecchiamento nel breve e lungo termine. In fase di ricerca sperimentale si sono analizzati i leganti modificati ed additivati secondo la teoria della viscoelasticità, simulando le reali condizioni di carico ed invecchiamento alle quali il bitume è sottoposto. Tutte le prove di caratterizzazione reologica avanzata sono state effettuate mediante l’utilizzo del DSR (Dynamic Shear Rheometer - UNI EN 14770 ) in varie configurazioni di prova e l’invecchiamento a breve termine è stato simulato mediante RTFOT (Rolling thin film oven test -UNI EN 12607-1). Si è proposto inoltre una nuova procedura di aging invecchiando il bitume alla temperatura di Twork, ovvero a quel valore della temperatura tale per cui, in fase di messa in opera, si avrà una distribuzione molecolare omogenea del modificante all’interno del bitume.

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Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

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Mestrado em Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2005