La constitutionnalisation du droit du travail et le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur en contexte syndiqué : incidence des libertés fondamentales et des droits à l’intégrité, à la dignité et à la vie privée

Problématique : Les effets de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail sur le contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur. La problématique de notre projet de recherche consiste à évaluer les effets du phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail sur le pouvoir de l’employeur d’établir de la réglementation d’entreprise relative au travail, lequel pouvoir est une manifestation concrète de ses droits de direction. Notre projet de recherche, qui se limite au contexte syndiqué, met donc en relation deux grandes dimensions lesquelles sont le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur et le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail. Mentionnons que notre projet de recherche s’attarde aux limites, se trouvant tant dans la législation que dans la convention collective, permettant l’encadrement du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur. Concernant le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail, notre projet de recherche s’attarde tant à ses fondements qu’à ses effets sur le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur, ces derniers effets découlant principalement de la décision Parry Sound, laquelle est à l’effet que tous les droits et obligations prévus dans les lois sont contenus implicitement dans chaque convention collective, quelles que soient les intentions des parties contractantes. Ainsi, notre projet de recherche vise à démontrer empiriquement, en observant la jurisprudence arbitrale, dans quelle mesure le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail, en contexte syndiqué, modifie l’encadrement du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur puisque ce dernier doit dorénavant composer avec des normes étatiques fondamentales qu’il n’a ni négociées, ni déterminées. Mentionnons que le concept central de notre recherche se trouve à être le contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur relativement à la réglementation d’entreprise susceptible de faire intervenir les dispositions 1, 3, 4 et 5 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et qu’il vise la classification dudit contrôle arbitral en deux grandes logiques : la logique I préalablement à la décision Parry Sound et la logique II postérieurement à cette même décision. Ainsi, notre hypothèse dominante est à l’effet qu’en matière de contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur, deux logiques existent et que dans une logique II, le contrôle arbitral est modifié en ce que les arbitres, situent au sommet de la hiérarchie des aspects à évaluer, la conformité de la réglementation d’entreprise aux dispositions de la Charte susmentionnées.

Derecho administrativo y autorregulación: la autorregulación regulada

El objeto de esta tesis es el análisis de la autorregulación regulada, es decir, el análisis de las normas y de los controles privados que poseen relevancia para el Derecho público. A pesar de su aparente desvinculación con el Derecho Administrativo, la autorregulación es una tendencia que se percibe cada vez con mayor nitidez; es, claramente, un fenómeno que se asocia principalmente al uso de nuevas tecnologías, pero que desborda con mucho este ámbito. La autorregulación es una noción directamente relacionada con la transformación de las formas de gobernanza impulsada desde la Unión Europea; es una nueva técnica o instrumento que las normas jurídico-públicas, a través de numerosas remisiones a la autorregulación, ponen en manos de la administración para gestionar los fines que ésta tiene encomendados. Existe, sin embargo una clara disociación entre las esperanzas puestas en la autorregulación y la falta de respuestas que ofrece el derecho positivo. Un análisis exhaustivo de la jurisprudencia y de la legislación que utilizan la voz "autorregulación" me ha llegado a concluir que este vocablo es en nuestro ordenamiento, un "término sin concepto". En esta fuentes se asimila la "autorregulación" con la capacidad de autonormación de un sujeto. Es el derecho comunitario el que la autorregulación como una alternativa o un complemento a la desreglamentación estatal y como una manifestación de un traslado de funciones y responsabilidades públicas a la sociedad. Por influencia del Derecho comunitario, el legislador pretende, a través de la autorregulación, alcanzar dos finalidades aparentemente contradictorias: (a) facilitar la función de garante que tiene atribuida el Estado, mediante una intervención más extensa i más intensa en las actividades privadas; (b) hacer efectivo los objetos propuestos con la desregulación, mediante una contención del ejercicio de la potestad reglamentaria y una disminución de los controles, preventivos o represivos, realizados directamente por la Administración. Para salvar esta contradicción, es necesario que el legislador establezca una regulación adecuada de la autorregulación. Dicha regulación es, hoy por hoy, manifiestamente insuficiente. Deberían fijarse con carácter general -y no sólo puntualmente y por sectores- las medidas adecuadas para el fomento de la autorregulación; los efectos públicos que ésta posee en cada caso y, significativamente, las garantías y controles necesarios para contrarrestar tales efectos. Esto es, los principios que rigen la actividad administrativa deberían ser aplicados también a la autorregulación en aquellos casos en los que sus diversas manifestaciones poseen efectos similares a los que son propios de los reglamentos, las inspecciones o las sanciones administrativas. Esta propuesta deja abierta la cuestión acerca de la incidencia recíproca de ambas técnicas; esto es , la incidencia de la regulación pública en la autorregulación de origen privado y, a la inversa, el impacto del desarrollo de la autorregulación regulada en el ejercicio de las potestades reglamentaria, autorizatoria, y sancionadora de la Administración. Esta cuestión sólo puede ser contestada hoy caso por caso, de modo que la respuesta es distinta si se analiza una norma técnica, un código ético, un manual de buenas prácticas, una certificación privada del cumplimiento de normas técnicas, el ejercicio de la potestad disciplinaria privada o el arbritaje. De lo que no cabe duda alguna es que ni la autorregulación es sólo una actividad de interés privado, ni la regulación pública conserva hoy sus rasgos tradicionales.

Intrinsically Multivariate Predictive Genes

Canalizing genes possess such broad regulatory power, and their action sweeps across a such a wide swath of processes that the full set of affected genes are not highly correlated under normal conditions. When not active, the controlling gene will not be predictable to any significant degree by its subject genes, either alone or in groups, since their behavior will be highly varied relative to the inactive controlling gene. When the controlling gene is active, its behavior is not well predicted by any one of its targets, but can be very well predicted by groups of genes under its control. To investigate this question, we introduce in this paper the concept of intrinsically multivariate predictive (IMP) genes, and present a mathematical study of IMP in the context of binary genes with respect to the coefficient of determination (CoD), which measures the predictive power of a set of genes with respect to a target gene. A set of predictor genes is said to be IMP for a target gene if all properly contained subsets of the predictor set are bad predictors of the target but the full predictor set predicts the target with great accuracy. We show that logic of prediction, predictive power, covariance between predictors, and the entropy of the joint probability distribution of the predictors jointly affect the appearance of IMP genes. In particular, we show that high-predictive power, small covariance among predictors, a large entropy of the joint probability distribution of predictors, and certain logics, such as XOR in the 2-predictor case, are factors that favor the appearance of IMP. The IMP concept is applied to characterize the behavior of the gene DUSP1, which exhibits control over a central, process-integrating signaling pathway, thereby providing preliminary evidence that IMP can be used as a criterion for discovery of canalizing genes.

A regulação descentralizada da governança corporativa: uma análise da criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado organizado de valores mobiliários administrado pela Bovespa

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar pela perspectiva da regulação descentralizada a criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado de valores mobiliários administrado pela Bovespa. O objetivo de analisar a criação dos segmentos de listagem inclui a descrição do fenômeno para apontar fatores que levaram as companhias e controladores a alterarem seus comportamentos e a construção de um argumento normativo formulado a partir do reconhecimento desses fatores. No debate sobre regulação da Governança Corporativa, o conceito de regulação normalmente assume uma definição centrada no Estado. Grande parte da análise da criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado administrado pela Bovespa seguiu essa perspectiva. A criação dos segmentos de listagem, então, foi classificada como um fenômeno autorregulatório, privado e de mercado. Dessa análise seguiu a formulação de um argumento normativo, o qual prescreveu o uso da autorregulação a atores que visassem estabelecer regras específicas de Governança Corporativa. Contudo, a perspectiva da regulação descentralizada questionou o pressuposto da centralidade do Estado no conceito de regulação. A perspectiva da regulação descentralizada sustentou que não só atores estatais estão cada vez mais envolvidos com atores não estatais em complexas colaborações e delegações para o exercício da regulação, como também sustentou que atores não estatais exercem regulação, incluindo, a formulação, monitoramento e enforcement de regras. Para lidar com essa complexidade dos fenômenos empíricos regulatórios, Julia Black, baseando-se na teoria dos sistemas e na literatura de Governança, formulou o conceito de regulação descentralizada. Pelo conceito de regulação descentralizada, a regulação é exercida por uma rede de atores interdependentes, estatais e não estatais, que utilizam mecanismos legais e extralegais para o exercício do poder e do controle. Diante disso, adotando esse conceito de regulação descentralizada de Julia Black, o presente trabalho pretendeu descrever a criação dos segmentos de listagem e formular um argumento normativo baseado nessa descrição. Como resultado da pesquisa realizada, foi possível concluir que a criação dos segmentos de listagem não se restringiu às partes que celebraram o Contrato de Participação, mas envolveu diversos atores, estatais e não estatais, os quais tinham uma relação de interdependência entre si e compartilharam diversos mecanismos no exercício da regulação. Com isso, não se pode resumir os fatores que fizeram com que companhias e controladores alterassem seus comportamentos e adotassem algumas regras de Governança Corporativa à voluntariedade e ao aspecto autorregulatório. Desta análise segue que, se é possível apontar para um argumento normativo do caso da criação dos segmentos de listagem, o argumento normativo não é a prescrição da autorregulação, mas sim a prescrição do uso do poder regulatório fragmentado entre diversos atores, estatais e não estatais.

A Constitucionalidade do decreto de licitações da Petrobrás à luz dos princípios da legalidade e da eficiência

PETROBRAS, a Brazilian oil company, follows principles of public administration and from the Constitutional Amendment 9/95 in Brazil began to compete with other companies with the flexibility of the oil monopoly. In this new model started to use the simplified procedure for bidding so that could compete on equal terms. The ordinance that adopted a simplified procedure for bidding has been the subject of some criticism and lawsuits especially under the Court of Audit and the Supreme Court in Brazil. The analysis of their constitutionality, and the possibility of their use by other group companies is the theme of this work, and for this purpose, permeates through the notions of judicial review in the Brazilian law on the stage of law and economics analysis of the norm, and the principles applicable to PETROBRAS and the devices most frequently asked about the implementation of 2745/98 Decree. For this, the basic issue that should be investigated further is the regulatory power of the Federal Executive and the delegation of powers within the legislature and its conformation to the constitutional regency

Municipalização da saúde no Brasil: diferenças regionais, poder do voto e estratégias de governo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Securitization and Special Purpose Vehicles in an International Setting: a Systemic View

The present work tries to display a comprehensive and comparative study of the different legal and regulatory problems involved in international securitization transactions. First, an introduction to securitization is provided, with the basic elements of the transaction, followed by the different varieties of it, including dynamic securitization and synthetic securitization structures. Together with this introduction to the intricacies of the structure, a insight into the influence of securitization in the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 is provided too; as well as an overview of the process of regulatory competition and cooperation that constitutes the framework for the international aspects of securitization. The next Chapter focuses on the aspects that constitute the foundations of structured finance: the inception of the vehicle, and the transfer of risks associated to the securitized assets, with particular emphasis on the validity of those elements, and how a securitization transaction could be threatened at its root. In this sense, special importance is given to the validity of the trust as an instrument of finance, to the assignment of future receivables or receivables in block, and to the importance of formalities for the validity of corporations, trusts, assignments, etc., and the interaction of such formalities contained in general corporate, trust and assignment law with those contemplated under specific securitization regulations. Then, the next Chapter (III) focuses on creditor protection aspects. As such, we provide some insights on the debate on the capital structure of the firm, and its inadequacy to assess the financial soundness problems inherent to securitization. Then, we proceed to analyze the importance of rules on creditor protection in the context of securitization. The corollary is in the rules in case of insolvency. In this sense, we divide the cases where a party involved in the transaction goes bankrupt, from those where the transaction itself collapses. Finally, we focus on the scenario where a substance over form analysis may compromise some of the elements of the structure (notably the limited liability of the sponsor, and/or the transfer of assets) by means of veil piercing, substantive consolidation, or recharacterization theories. Once these elements have been covered, the next Chapters focus on the regulatory aspects involved in the transaction. Chapter IV is more referred to “market” regulations, i.e. those concerned with information disclosure and other rules (appointment of the indenture trustee, and elaboration of a rating by a rating agency) concerning the offering of asset-backed securities to the public. Chapter V, on the other hand, focuses on “prudential” regulation of the entity entrusted with securitizing assets (the so-called Special Purpose vehicle), and other entities involved in the process. Regarding the SPV, a reference is made to licensing requirements, restriction of activities and governance structures to prevent abuses. Regarding the sponsor of the transaction, a focus is made on provisions on sound originating practices, and the servicing function. Finally, we study accounting and banking regulations, including the Basel I and Basel II Frameworks, which determine the consolidation of the SPV, and the de-recognition of the securitized asset from the originating company’s balance-sheet, as well as the posterior treatment of those assets, in particular by banks. Chapters VI-IX are concerned with liability matters. Chapter VI is an introduction to the different sources of liability. Chapter VII focuses on the liability by the SPV and its management for the information supplied to investors, the management of the asset pool, and the breach of loyalty (or fiduciary) duties. Chapter VIII rather refers to the liability of the originator as a result of such information and statements, but also as a result of inadequate and reckless originating or servicing practices. Chapter IX finally focuses on third parties entrusted with the soundness of the transaction towards the market, the so-called gatekeepers. In this respect, we make special emphasis on the liability of indenture trustees, underwriters and rating agencies. Chapters X and XI focus on the international aspects of securitization. Chapter X contains a conflicts of laws analysis of the different aspects of structured finance. In this respect, a study is made of the laws applicable to the vehicle, to the transfer of risks (either by assignment or by means of derivatives contracts), to liability issues; and a study is also made of the competent jurisdiction (and applicable law) in bankruptcy cases; as well as in cases where a substance-over-form is performed. Then, special attention is also devoted to the role of financial and securities regulations; as well as to their territorial limits, and extraterritoriality problems involved. Chapter XI supplements the prior Chapter, for it analyzes the limits to the States’ exercise of regulatory power by the personal and “market” freedoms included in the US Constitution or the EU Treaties. A reference is also made to the (still insufficient) rules from the WTO Framework, and their significance to the States’ recognition and regulation of securitization transactions.

Régimen político y gobiernos locales : los municipios en las constituciones de Argentina y Chile : un estudio comparativo

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación de carácter descriptivo, cuyo objetivo ha sido comparar las coincidencias y diferencias de las normas constitucionales de ambos países referidas a los gobiernos locales, para establecer correspondencias con los regimenes políticos (democracia-dictadura) que los originaron. Utilizamos en este caso el método del estudio comparativo entre naciones (cross-national), propuesto por Jördi Cais, según el cual «El análisis entre países es un tipo de análisis comparativo que posee un margen amplio de comparaciones posibles." Se utilizó además el método de análisis de contenido y la exégesis de los textos constitucionales para establecer los términos objeto de comparación. Las conclusiones señalan que las diferencias mas importantes se centran en la amplia potestad reglamentaria que eI texto de la constitución chilena otorga al poder central. Palabras clave: Constitución. Gobierno local. Régimen político. Forma de Estado. Autonomía. Descentralización. Participación.

Transitioning Towards a Development Permit System: Recommendations for the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing

Since 2007, Ontario Regulation 608/06 now provides all municipalities with the authority to establish a development permit system (DPS); however, much of this regulatory power and its functions are largely misunderstood by both professionals and the general public, which has led to a lack of widespread municipal implementation. One main contributor to the uncertainty is the lack of academic literature. Currently, the most comprehensive document has been produced by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH), Development Permit System: A Handbook for Municipal Implementation. The study’s key objective is to identify, analyze, and evaluate the MMAH Handbook in order to effectively provide an updated set of recommendations within the context of Ontario.

Os limites do poder regulamentar do Conselho Nacional de Justiça no contexto do Estado constitucional brasileiro

The creation of the National Council of Justice (CNJ) through the Constitutional Amendment nº 45/2004, derived from countless gaps in Brazilian law, mainly relating to procedural delays, ineffectiveness of judicial decisions, and the lack of mechanisms that enable, effectively, disciplinary accountability of judges. The council is constitutionally designed as a member of the Judiciary, which has administrative nature and laid assignments in art. 103-B, § 4 of the current Constitution, among which is to edit regulations to instrument its performance. However, since it came into force, the amendment raised extensive discussions, linked in particular to the constitutionality of the CNJ, which was made through the direct action of unconstitutionality nº 3367, against the alleged violation of the principles of separation of powers and federative form, as well as the limits of its regulatory powers, as has fanned out in ADI nº 3823/ DF, this one dealing on Resolution nº 07, which regulates the seal of nepotism practice in the judiciary. However, despite the Supreme Court has already pronounced on the matter, recognizing the constitutionality of the council, as well as the resolution already said, the debate is in a state of latency, and may erupt again with each new manifestation of regulatory CNJ, given the lack of agreement between doctrine and jurisprudence around the constitutional treatment of its regulatory powers. In this context undeniably reflection on the definition of the regulatory power of the CNJ, presents itself as extremely relevant, and current, in particular in the ambience of the Constitutional Rule of Law, where he strives for legal certainty and consolidation of regulatory institutions. So that it could reach a satisfactory result, skilled at resolving the problems raised, the present study analyzed the reasons that gave rise to the creation of the CNJ, demonstrating their indispensability, but also sought to characterize the status of their administrative and constitutional body, noting finally, the compatibility of its regulatory activities to constitutional principles. From this perspective, we adopted the deductive method and carried out research and bibliographic nature documentary.

Transitioning Towards a Development Permit System: Recommendations for the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing

Since 2007, Ontario Regulation 608/06 now provides all municipalities with the authority to establish a development permit system (DPS); however, much of this regulatory power and its functions are largely misunderstood by both professionals and the general public, which has led to a lack of widespread municipal implementation. One main contributor to the uncertainty is the lack of academic literature. Currently, the most comprehensive document has been produced by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH), Development Permit System: A Handbook for Municipal Implementation. The study’s key objective is to identify, analyze, and evaluate the MMAH Handbook in order to effectively provide an updated set of recommendations within the context of Ontario.

The EU’s Choice of Regulatory Venues for Trade Negotiations: A Tale of Agency Power?

This article focuses on the EU’s strategy for choosing regulatory venues to negotiate trade agreements. It analyses the existence of a clear venue hierarchy since the late 1990s and the recent change leading to a blurring of any clear preference for using bilateral, inter-regional or multilateral settings. The article challenges domestic explanations of the EU’s choice of venue, stressing the autonomy of the Commission as a major factor. Using a principal-agent framework, it shows that the Commission’s agenda-setting powers, the existence of interest divergence among principals (e.g. Member States, business groups) and the multi-level system facilitate agency.

Expression of genes related to muscle plasticity after strength and power training regimens

The purpose of our study was to compare the effects of 8-week progressive strength and power training regimens on strength gains and muscle plasticity [muscle fiber hypertrophy and phenotype shift, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR), rapamycin-insensitive companion of m-TOR (RICTOR), calcineurin and calcipressin gene expression]. Twenty-nine physically active subjects were divided into three groups: strength training (ST), power training (PT) and control (C). Squat 1 RM and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the training period. Strength increased similarly for both ST and PT groups (P < 0.001). Fiber types I, IIa and IIb presented hypertrophy main time effect (P < 0.05). Only type IIb percentage decreased from pre- to post-test (main time effect, P < 0.05). mTOR and RICTOR mRNA expression increased similarly from pre- to post-test (P < 0.01). RAPTOR increased after training for both groups (P < 0.0001), but to a greater extent in the ST (P < 0.001) than in the PT group. 4EBP-1 decreased after training when the ST and PT groups were pooled (P < 0.05). Calcineurin levels did not change after training, while calcipressin increased similarly from pre- to post-test (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our data indicate that these training regimens produce similar performance improvements; however, there was a trend toward greater hypertrophy-related gene expression and muscle fiber hypertrophy in the ST group.

Real-Time Voltage Regulation in Power Distribution System Using Fuzzy Control

Two different fuzzy approaches to voltage control in electric power distribution systems are introduced in this paper. The real-time controller in each case would act on power transformers equipped with under-load tap changers. Learning systems are employed to turn the voltage-control relays into adaptive devices. The scope of this study has been limited to the power distribution substation, and the voltage measurements and control actions are carried out on the secondary bus. The capacity of fuzzy systems to handle approximate data, together with their unique ability to interpret qualitative information, make it possible to design voltage-control strategies that satisfy the requirements of the Brazilian regulatory bodies and the real concerns of the electric power distribution companies. Fuzzy control systems based on these two strategies have been implemented and the test results were highly satisfactory.