Tres especies nuevas de Simulium Latreille de la región Neotropical: Simulium (Hemicnetha) cristalinum sp.n., (Grenieriella) wygodzinskyorum sp.n. y sumapazense sp.n. (Diptera, Simuliidae)

Tres especies nuevas son descriptas: Simulium (Hemicnetha) crisatalinum proveniente de Roraima, Brasil (hembra, macho, pupa y larva; pertenciente al el grupo brachycladum); (Grenieriella) wygodzinskyorum de Junin, Perú (hembra, macho, pupa y larva; pertenciente al el grupo lahillei); (Grenieriella) sumapazense proveniente de Cundinamarca, Colombia y descripta con base en la pupa y parte del macho.

Redescripción de una especie y descripción de dos especies nuevas de Acanthococcus Signoret (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae) de la región Neotropical

Se redescriben e ilustran la hembra adulta y la ninfa del primer estadio de Acanthococcus piptadeniae (Hempel), de Brasil y se describen e ilustran dos especies nuevas de la Argentina basado en la hembra adulta. Se presenta una clave para las especies de Acanthococcus con seis setas en las protibias y cinco en meso y metatibias, incluyendo a Acanthococcus dubius (Cockerell), citada para la región Neotropical.

Tres nuevas especies de Righiodrilus Zicsi 1995 (Annelida, Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) de la Amazonía colombiana

Se describieron tres nuevas especies de Righiodrilus Zicsi, 1995 para la Amazonía: R. andake sp. n., R. inga sp. n. y R. muinanei. Con las nuevas adiciones el género suma 26 especies. Se presenta una clave para las especies y algunos comentarios relacionados con las características y presencia en usos del terreno de Righiodrilus.

Taxonomy and Species Richness of Amazonian Pimplinae and Rhyssinae (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae)

The Amazonian region, the biggest rain forest of our planet, is known for its extraordinary biodiversity. Most of this diversity is still unexplored and new species of different taxa are regularly found there. In this region, as in most areas of the world, insects are some of the most abundant organisms. Therefore, studying this group is important to promote the conservation of these highly biodiverse ecosystems of the planet. Among insects, parasitoid wasps are especially interesting because they have potential for use as biodiversity indicators and biological control agents in agriculture and forestry. The parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae is one of the most species rich groups among the kingdom Animalia. This group is still poorly known in many areas of the world; the Amazonian region is a clear example of this situation. Ichneumonids have been thought to be species poor in Amazonia and other tropical areas. However, recent studies are suggesting that parasitoid wasps may be quite abundant in Amazonia and possibly in most tropical areas of the world. The aim of my doctoral thesis is to study the species richness and taxonomy of two of the best known ichneumonid subfamilies in the Neotropical region, Pimplinae and Rhyssinae. To do this I conducted two extensive sampling programs in the Peruvian Amazonia. I examined also a large number of Neotropical ichneumonids deposited to different natural history museums. According to the results of my thesis, the species richness of these parasitoids in the Amazonian region is considerably higher than previously reported. In my research, I firstly further develop the taxonomy of these parasitoids by describing many new species and reporting several new faunistic records (I, II, III). In this first part I focus on two genera (Xanthopimpla and Epirhyssa) which were thought to be rather species poor. My thesis demonstrates that these groups are actually rather species rich in the Amazonian region. Secondly, I concentrate on the species richness of these parasitoids in a global comparison showing that the Neotropical region and especially the Peruvian Amazonia is one of the most species rich areas of Pimpliformes ichneumonids (V). Furthermore, I demonstrate that with the data available to date no clear latitudinal gradient in species richness is visible. Thirdly, increasing the macroecological knowledge of these parasitoids I show that some previously unreported ichneumonid subfamilies are present in the Amazonian region (IV). These new insights and the results of the global comparison of ichneumonid inventories suggest that the previous belief of low diversity in the tropics is most likely related to a lack of sampling effort in the region. Overall, my research increases the knowledge of Neotropical ichneumonids highlighting the importance of Peruvian Amazonia as one of the diversity hotspots of parasitoid wasps.

Especies del género Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) registradas en la Argentina, una actualización

Este trabajo proporciona una clave ilustrada para 21 especies de Frankliniella registradas para la Argentina, incluyendo tres citas nuevas: Frankliniella graminis Cavalleri & Mound, colectado sobre Sorghum halepense; Frankliniella otites Berzosa & Maroto, sobre flores de Senecio spp. y Verbena seriphioides; y Frankliniella williamsi Hood sobre hojas de Zea maiz “maíz". También son proporcionados nuevos hospedadores para Frankliniella gracilis. Se incluyen notas sobre cada especie. Frankliniella cognata Hood es excluida de la fauna de tisanópteros de la Argentina.

Una triangulación estratégica : Estudio ambiental de una bioinvasión acuática

La educación ambiental es una disciplina formada por componentes naturales y socioculturales del ambiente. Los estudiantes del Profesorado, desarrollan su comprensión conceptual y aprenden más acerca de la naturaleza de la ciencia participando en investigaciones científicas, generando conocimientos que ellos mismos impartirán a sus futuros alumnos. Además, se apropian del método científico a través de la práctica del mismo y no simplemente de la teoría, que suele crear conceptualmente una barrera entre la acción y los resultados alcanzados. Por su parte, las bioinvasiones constituyen una de las amenazas de mayor crecimiento y más significativas para la conservación de la biodiversidad global. La inconciencia del hombre determina el traslado voluntario o accidental de especies desde su hábitat nativo hacia sitios que no habrían podido alcanzar en forma natural. El desafío reside, entonces, en que hay que prevenir las bioinvasiones y, es en este sentido, un rol determinante el de la educación a la sociedad. En el año 2005, se detecta, en Monte Caseros, Corrientes, el comienzo de una bioinvasión (el mejillón dorado, causante de "macrofouling"). A partir de esta invasión, a través de un Acuerdo entre UNLP, IFD de Monte Caseros y la ONG Asociación Ecologista Río Mocoretá, se desarrolla un trabajo que tiene como propósito que los alumnos logren una construcción significativa del conocimiento, afianzando la interacción entre ciencia, educación y sociedad, a fin de lograr la acción directa de la enseñanza, generando conciencia ante este reciente y preocupante problema económico-ambiental en la región Neotropical.

Una triangulación estratégica : Estudio ambiental de una bioinvasión acuática

La educación ambiental es una disciplina formada por componentes naturales y socioculturales del ambiente. Los estudiantes del Profesorado, desarrollan su comprensión conceptual y aprenden más acerca de la naturaleza de la ciencia participando en investigaciones científicas, generando conocimientos que ellos mismos impartirán a sus futuros alumnos. Además, se apropian del método científico a través de la práctica del mismo y no simplemente de la teoría, que suele crear conceptualmente una barrera entre la acción y los resultados alcanzados. Por su parte, las bioinvasiones constituyen una de las amenazas de mayor crecimiento y más significativas para la conservación de la biodiversidad global. La inconciencia del hombre determina el traslado voluntario o accidental de especies desde su hábitat nativo hacia sitios que no habrían podido alcanzar en forma natural. El desafío reside, entonces, en que hay que prevenir las bioinvasiones y, es en este sentido, un rol determinante el de la educación a la sociedad. En el año 2005, se detecta, en Monte Caseros, Corrientes, el comienzo de una bioinvasión (el mejillón dorado, causante de "macrofouling"). A partir de esta invasión, a través de un Acuerdo entre UNLP, IFD de Monte Caseros y la ONG Asociación Ecologista Río Mocoretá, se desarrolla un trabajo que tiene como propósito que los alumnos logren una construcción significativa del conocimiento, afianzando la interacción entre ciencia, educación y sociedad, a fin de lograr la acción directa de la enseñanza, generando conciencia ante este reciente y preocupante problema económico-ambiental en la región Neotropical.

Una triangulación estratégica : Estudio ambiental de una bioinvasión acuática

La educación ambiental es una disciplina formada por componentes naturales y socioculturales del ambiente. Los estudiantes del Profesorado, desarrollan su comprensión conceptual y aprenden más acerca de la naturaleza de la ciencia participando en investigaciones científicas, generando conocimientos que ellos mismos impartirán a sus futuros alumnos. Además, se apropian del método científico a través de la práctica del mismo y no simplemente de la teoría, que suele crear conceptualmente una barrera entre la acción y los resultados alcanzados. Por su parte, las bioinvasiones constituyen una de las amenazas de mayor crecimiento y más significativas para la conservación de la biodiversidad global. La inconciencia del hombre determina el traslado voluntario o accidental de especies desde su hábitat nativo hacia sitios que no habrían podido alcanzar en forma natural. El desafío reside, entonces, en que hay que prevenir las bioinvasiones y, es en este sentido, un rol determinante el de la educación a la sociedad. En el año 2005, se detecta, en Monte Caseros, Corrientes, el comienzo de una bioinvasión (el mejillón dorado, causante de "macrofouling"). A partir de esta invasión, a través de un Acuerdo entre UNLP, IFD de Monte Caseros y la ONG Asociación Ecologista Río Mocoretá, se desarrolla un trabajo que tiene como propósito que los alumnos logren una construcción significativa del conocimiento, afianzando la interacción entre ciencia, educación y sociedad, a fin de lograr la acción directa de la enseñanza, generando conciencia ante este reciente y preocupante problema económico-ambiental en la región Neotropical.

Redescription of Anomala eucoma Bates, 1888 and a description of three new species from Costa Rica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae)

Anomala eucoma Bates, 1888 is redescribed and a lectotype from Guatemala is designated. Three new species from Costa Rica, A. flavacoma new species, A. megaparamera new species, and A. pseudoeucoma new species, are described, and a distribution map is given. The internal sac (endophallus) of the species covered is illustrated, and its use in separating closely related species in this region is discussed. An identification key for morphologically similar species from the Neotropical region is provided.

Description of two cryptic species of Anomala Samouelle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Costa Rica

Two new species of Anomala Samouelle from Costa Rica are described: Anomala moroni new species and A. parvaeucoma new species. Habitus, protibia, distribution map, and male genitalia (aedeagus and endophallus) of each species are illustrated. A key for the dorsally setose species from the Neotropical region is provided.

Visual Navigation In The Neotropical Ant Odontomachus Hastatus (formicidae, Ponerinae), A Predominantly Nocturnal, Canopy-dwelling Predator Of The Atlantic Rainforest.

The arboreal ant Odontomachus hastatus nests among roots of epiphytic bromeliads in the sandy forest at Cardoso Island (Brazil). Crepuscular and nocturnal foragers travel up to 8m to search for arthropod prey in the canopy, where silhouettes of leaves and branches potentially provide directional information. We investigated the relevance of visual cues (canopy, horizon patterns) during navigation in O. hastatus. Laboratory experiments using a captive ant colony and a round foraging arena revealed that an artificial canopy pattern above the ants and horizon visual marks are effective orientation cues for homing O. hastatus. On the other hand, foragers that were only given a tridimensional landmark (cylinder) or chemical marks were unable to home correctly. Navigation by visual cues in O. hastatus is in accordance with other diurnal arboreal ants. Nocturnal luminosity (moon, stars) is apparently sufficient to produce contrasting silhouettes from the canopy and surrounding vegetation, thus providing orientation cues. Contrary to the plain floor of the round arena, chemical cues may be important for marking bifurcated arboreal routes. This experimental demonstration of the use of visual cues by a predominantly nocturnal arboreal ant provides important information for comparative studies on the evolution of spatial orientation behavior in ants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neotropical Behaviour.

Microsatellite Loci For Orthophytum Ophiuroides (bromelioideae, Bromeliaceae) Species Adapted To Neotropical Rock Outcrops.

• Microsatellite primers were developed for Orthophytum ophiuroides, a rupicolous bromeliad species endemic to neotropical rocky fields. These microsatellite loci will be used to investigate population differentiation and species cohesion in such fragmented environments. The loci were tested for cross-amplification in related bromeliad species. • Eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized from an enriched library of O. ophiuroides. The loci were tested on 42 individuals from two populations of this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to nine and the expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.167 to 0.870 and from 0.369 to 0.958, respectively. Seven loci successfully amplified in other related bromeliad species. • Our results suggest that the microsatellite loci developed here will be useful to assess genetic diversity and gene flow in O. ophiuroides for the investigation of population differentiation and species cohesion in neotropical mountainous habitats.

Ant-caterpillar Antagonism At The Community Level: Interhabitat Variation Of Tritrophic Interactions In A Neotropical Savanna.

Ant foraging on foliage can substantially affect how phytophagous insects use host plants and represents a high predation risk for caterpillars, which are important folivores. Ant-plant-herbivore interactions are especially pervasive in cerrado savanna due to continuous ant visitation to liquid food sources on foliage (extrafloral nectaries, insect honeydew). While searching for liquid rewards on plants, aggressive ants frequently attack or kill insect herbivores, decreasing their numbers. Because ants vary in diet and aggressiveness, their effect on herbivores also varies. Additionally, the differential occurrence of ant attractants (plant and insect exudates) on foliage produces variable levels of ant foraging within local floras and among localities. Here, we investigate how variation of ant communities and of traits among host plant species (presence or absence of ant attractants) can change the effect of carnivores (predatory ants) on herbivore communities (caterpillars) in a cerrado savanna landscape. We sampled caterpillars and foliage-foraging ants in four cerrado localities (70-460 km apart). We found that: (i) caterpillar infestation was negatively related with ant visitation to plants; (ii) this relationship depended on local ant abundance and species composition, and on local preference by ants for plants with liquid attractants; (iii) this was not related to local plant richness or plant size; (iv) the relationship between the presence of ant attractants and caterpillar abundance varied among sites from negative to neutral; and (v) caterpillars feeding on plants with ant attractants are more resistant to ant predation than those feeding on plants lacking attractants. Liquid food on foliage mediates host plant quality for lepidopterans by promoting generalized ant-caterpillar antagonism. Our study in cerrado shows that the negative effects of generalist predatory ants on herbivores are detectable at a community level, affecting patterns of abundance and host plant use by lepidopterans. The magnitude of ant-induced effects on caterpillar occurrence across the cerrado landscape may depend on how ants use plants locally and how they respond to liquid food on plants at different habitats. This study enhances the relevance of plant-ant and ant-herbivore interactions in cerrado and highlights the importance of a tritrophic perspective in this ant-rich environment.

Metacommunity Versus Biogeography: A Case Study Of Two Groups Of Neotropical Vegetation-dwelling Arthropods.

Biogeography and metacommunity ecology provide two different perspectives on species diversity. Both are spatial in nature but their spatial scales do not necessarily match. With recent boom of metacommunity studies, we see an increasing need for clear discrimination of spatial scales relevant for both perspectives. This discrimination is a necessary prerequisite for improved understanding of ecological phenomena across scales. Here we provide a case study to illustrate some spatial scale-dependent concepts in recent metacommunity studies and identify potential pitfalls. We presented here the diversity patterns of Neotropical lepidopterans and spiders viewed both from metacommunity and biogeographical perspectives. Specifically, we investigated how the relative importance of niche- and dispersal-based processes for community assembly change at two spatial scales: metacommunity scale, i.e. within a locality, and biogeographical scale, i.e. among localities widely scattered along a macroclimatic gradient. As expected, niche-based processes dominated the community assembly at metacommunity scale, while dispersal-based processes played a major role at biogeographical scale for both taxonomical groups. However, we also observed small but significant spatial effects at metacommunity scale and environmental effects at biogeographical scale. We also observed differences in diversity patterns between the two taxonomical groups corresponding to differences in their dispersal modes. Our results thus support the idea of continuity of processes interactively shaping diversity patterns across scales and emphasize the necessity of integration of metacommunity and biogeographical perspectives.