Reduced gradient method combined with augmented Lagrangian and barrier for the optimal power flow problem

A new approach for solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem is established by combining the reduced gradient method and the augmented Lagrangian method with barriers and exploring specific characteristics of the relations between the variables of the OPF problem. Computer simulations on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus test systems illustrate the method. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reduced basis approximations for electromagnetic applications

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Mathematik, Dissertation, 2016

Certified Rapid Solution of Parametrized Linear Elliptic Equations: Application to Parameter Estimation

We present a technique for the rapid and reliable evaluation of linear-functional output of elliptic partial differential equations with affine parameter dependence. The essential components are (i) rapidly uniformly convergent reduced-basis approximations — Galerkin projection onto a space WN spanned by solutions of the governing partial differential equation at N (optimally) selected points in parameter space; (ii) a posteriori error estimation — relaxations of the residual equation that provide inexpensive yet sharp and rigorous bounds for the error in the outputs; and (iii) offline/online computational procedures — stratagems that exploit affine parameter dependence to de-couple the generation and projection stages of the approximation process. The operation count for the online stage — in which, given a new parameter value, we calculate the output and associated error bound — depends only on N (typically small) and the parametric complexity of the problem. The method is thus ideally suited to the many-query and real-time contexts. In this paper, based on the technique we develop a robust inverse computational method for very fast solution of inverse problems characterized by parametrized partial differential equations. The essential ideas are in three-fold: first, we apply the technique to the forward problem for the rapid certified evaluation of PDE input-output relations and associated rigorous error bounds; second, we incorporate the reduced-basis approximation and error bounds into the inverse problem formulation; and third, rather than regularize the goodness-of-fit objective, we may instead identify all (or almost all, in the probabilistic sense) system configurations consistent with the available experimental data — well-posedness is reflected in a bounded "possibility region" that furthermore shrinks as the experimental error is decreased.

Reduced Grobner bases and Macaulay-Buchberger Basis Theorem over Noetherian rings

In this paper, we extend the characterization of Zx]/(f), where f is an element of Zx] to be a free Z-module to multivariate polynomial rings over any commutative Noetherian ring, A. The characterization allows us to extend the Grobner basis method of computing a k-vector space basis of residue class polynomial rings over a field k (Macaulay-Buchberger Basis Theorem) to rings, i.e. Ax(1), ... , x(n)]/a, where a subset of Ax(1), ... , x(n)] is an ideal. We give some insights into the characterization for two special cases, when A = Z and A = ktheta(1), ... , theta(m)]. As an application of this characterization, we show that the concept of Border bases can be extended to rings when the corresponding residue class ring is a finitely generated, free A-module. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On maximum entropy and minimum KL-divergence optimization by Grobner basis methods

In this paper we study constrained maximum entropy and minimum divergence optimization problems, in the cases where integer valued sufficient statistics exists, using tools from computational commutative algebra. We show that the estimation of parametric statistical models in this case can be transformed to solving a system of polynomial equations. We give an implicit description of maximum entropy models by embedding them in algebraic varieties for which we give a Grobner basis method to compute it. In the cases of minimum KL-divergence models we show that implicitization preserves specialization of prior distribution. This result leads us to a Grobner basis method to embed minimum KL-divergence models in algebraic varieties. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Logarithme d'harmoniques sphériques pour le rendu d'ombres douces de champs de hauteurs et de maillages

Les ombres sont un élément important pour la compréhension d'une scène. Grâce à elles, il est possible de résoudre des situations autrement ambigües, notamment concernant les mouvements, ou encore les positions relatives des objets de la scène. Il y a principalement deux types d'ombres: des ombres dures, aux limites très nettes, qui résultent souvent de lumières ponctuelles ou directionnelles; et des ombres douces, plus floues, qui contribuent à l'atmosphère et à la qualité visuelle de la scène. Les ombres douces résultent de grandes sources de lumière, comme des cartes environnementales, et sont difficiles à échantillonner efficacement en temps réel. Lorsque l'interactivité est prioritaire sur la qualité, des méthodes d'approximation peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer le rendu d'une scène à moindre coût en temps de calcul. Nous calculons interactivement les ombres douces résultant de sources de lumière environnementales, pour des scènes composées d'objets en mouvement et d'un champ de hauteurs dynamique. Notre méthode enrichit la méthode d'exponentiation des harmoniques sphériques, jusque là limitée aux bloqueurs sphériques, pour pouvoir traiter des champs de hauteurs. Nous ajoutons également une représentation pour les BRDFs diffuses et glossy. Nous pouvons ainsi combiner les visibilités et BRDFs dans un même espace, afin de calculer efficacement les ombres douces et les réflexions de scènes complexes. Un algorithme hybride, qui associe les visibilités en espace écran et en espace objet, permet de découpler la complexité des ombres de la complexité de la scène.

Support Vector Machines: Training and Applications

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a new and very promising classification technique developed by Vapnik and his group at AT&T Bell Labs. This new learning algorithm can be seen as an alternative training technique for Polynomial, Radial Basis Function and Multi-Layer Perceptron classifiers. An interesting property of this approach is that it is an approximate implementation of the Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) induction principle. The derivation of Support Vector Machines, its relationship with SRM, and its geometrical insight, are discussed in this paper. Training a SVM is equivalent to solve a quadratic programming problem with linear and box constraints in a number of variables equal to the number of data points. When the number of data points exceeds few thousands the problem is very challenging, because the quadratic form is completely dense, so the memory needed to store the problem grows with the square of the number of data points. Therefore, training problems arising in some real applications with large data sets are impossible to load into memory, and cannot be solved using standard non-linear constrained optimization algorithms. We present a decomposition algorithm that can be used to train SVM's over large data sets. The main idea behind the decomposition is the iterative solution of sub-problems and the evaluation of, and also establish the stopping criteria for the algorithm. We present previous approaches, as well as results and important details of our implementation of the algorithm using a second-order variant of the Reduced Gradient Method as the solver of the sub-problems. As an application of SVM's, we present preliminary results we obtained applying SVM to the problem of detecting frontal human faces in real images.

Comparison of proton energy loss in thick absorbers in terms of a reduced calibration curve

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Contribución al desarrollo de técnicas CAD para el diseño de antenas impresas y dispositivos pasivos de microondas basadas en el método de elementos finitos

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de herramientas numéricas basadas en técnicas de onda completa para el diseño asistido por ordenador (Computer-Aided Design,‘CAD’) de dispositivos de microondas. En este contexto, se desarrolla una herramienta numérica basada en el método de los elementos finitos para el diseño y análisis de antenas impresas mediante algoritmos de optimización. Esta técnica consiste en dividir el análisis de una antena en dos partes. Una parte de análisis 3D que se realiza sólo una vez en cada punto de frecuencia de la banda de funcionamiento donde se sustituye una superficie que contiene la metalización del parche por puertas artificiales. En una segunda parte se inserta entre las puertas artificiales en la estructura 3D la superficie soportando una metalización y se procede un análisis 2D para caracterizar el comportamiento de la antena. La técnica propuesta en esta tesis se puede implementar en un algoritmo de optimización para definir el perfil de la antena que permite conseguir los objetivos del diseño. Se valida experimentalmente dicha técnica empleándola en el diseño de antenas impresas de banda ancha para diferentes aplicaciones mediante la optimización del perfil de los parches. También, se desarrolla en esta tesis un procedimiento basado en el método de descomposición de dominio y el método de los elementos finitos para el diseño de dispositivos pasivos de microonda. Se utiliza este procedimiento en particular para el diseño y sintonía de filtros de microondas. En la primera etapa de su aplicación se divide la estructura que se quiere analizar en subdominios aplicando el método de descomposición de dominio, este proceso permite analizar cada segmento por separado utilizando el método de análisis adecuado dado que suele haber subdominios que se pueden analizar mediante métodos analíticos por lo que el tiempo de análisis es más reducido. Se utilizan métodos numéricos para analizar los subdominios que no se pueden analizar mediante métodos analíticos. En esta tesis, se utiliza el método de los elementos finitos para llevar a cabo el análisis. Además de la descomposición de dominio, se aplica un proceso de barrido en frecuencia para reducir los tiempos del análisis. Como método de orden reducido se utiliza la técnica de bases reducidas. Se ha utilizado este procedimiento para diseñar y sintonizar varios ejemplos de filtros con el fin de comprobar la validez de dicho procedimiento. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la utilidad de este procedimiento y confirman su rigurosidad, precisión y eficiencia en el diseño de filtros de microondas. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is the development of numerical tools based on full-wave techniques for computer-aided design ‘CAD’ of microwave devices. In this context, a numerical technique based on the finite element method ‘FEM’ for the design and analysis of printed antennas using optimization algorithms has been developed. The proposed technique consists in dividing the analysis of the antenna in two stages. In the first stage, the regions of the antenna which do not need to be modified during the CAD process are initially characterized only once from their corresponding matrix transfer function (Generalized Admittance matrix, ‘GAM’). The regions which will be modified are defined as artificial ports, precisely the regions which will contain the conducting surfaces of the printed antenna. In a second stage, the contour shape of the conducting surfaces of the printed antenna is iteratively modified in order to achieve a desired electromagnetic performance of the antenna. In this way, a new GAM of the radiating device which takes into account each printed antenna shape is computed after each iteration. The proposed technique can be implemented with a genetic algorithm to achieve the design objectives. This technique is validated experimentally and applied to the design of wideband printed antennas for different applications by optimizing the shape of the radiating device. In addition, a procedure based on the domain decomposition method and the finite element method has been developed for the design of microwave passive devices. In particular, this procedure can be applied to the design and tune of microwave filters. In the first stage of its implementation, the structure to be analyzed is divided into subdomains using the domain decomposition method; this process allows each subdomains can be analyzed separately using suitable analysis method, since there is usually subdomains that can be analyzed by analytical methods so that the time of analysis is reduced. For analyzing the subdomains that cannot be analyzed by analytical methods, we use the numerical methods. In this thesis, the FEM is used to carry out the analysis. Furthermore the decomposition of the domain, a frequency sweep process is applied to reduce analysis times. The reduced order model as the reduced basis technique is used in this procedure. This procedure is applied to the design and tune of several examples of microwave filters in order to check its validity. The obtained results allow concluding the usefulness of this procedure and confirming their thoroughness, accuracy and efficiency for the design of microwave filters.

Exploring combinations of different color and facial expression stimuli for gaze-independent BCIs

Background: Some studies have proven that a conventional visual brain computer interface (BCI) based on overt attention cannot be used effectively when eye movement control is not possible. To solve this problem, a novel visual-based BCI system based on covert attention and feature attention has been proposed and was called the gaze-independent BCI. Color and shape difference between stimuli and backgrounds have generally been used in examples of gaze-independent BCIs. Recently, a new paradigm based on facial expression changes has been presented, and obtained high performance. However, some facial expressions were so similar that users couldn't tell them apart, especially when they were presented at the same position in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. Consequently, the performance of the BCI is reduced. New Method: In this paper, we combined facial expressions and colors to optimize the stimuli presentation in the gaze-independent BCI. This optimized paradigm was called the colored dummy face pattern. It is suggested that different colors and facial expressions could help users to locate the target and evoke larger event-related potentials (ERPs). In order to evaluate the performance of this new paradigm, two other paradigms were presented, called the gray dummy face pattern and the colored ball pattern. Comparison with Existing Method(s): The key point that determined the value of the colored dummy faces stimuli in BCI systems was whether the dummy face stimuli could obtain higher performance than gray faces or colored balls stimuli. Ten healthy participants (seven male, aged 21–26 years, mean 24.5 ± 1.25) participated in our experiment. Online and offline results of four different paradigms were obtained and comparatively analyzed. Results: The results showed that the colored dummy face pattern could evoke higher P300 and N400 ERP amplitudes, compared with the gray dummy face pattern and the colored ball pattern. Online results showed that the colored dummy face pattern had a significant advantage in terms of classification accuracy (p < 0.05) and information transfer rate (p < 0.05) compared to the other two patterns. Conclusions: The stimuli used in the colored dummy face paradigm combined color and facial expressions. This had a significant advantage in terms of the evoked P300 and N400 amplitudes and resulted in high classification accuracies and information transfer rates. It was compared with colored ball and gray dummy face stimuli.

Constraining the aerosol influence on cloud fraction

Aerosol-cloud interactions have the potential to modify many different cloud properties. There is significant uncertainty in the strength of these aerosol-cloud interactions in analyses of observational data, partly due to the difficulty in separating aerosol effects on clouds from correlations generated by local meteorology. The relationship between aerosol and cloud fraction (CF) is particularly important to determine, due to the strong correlation of CF to other cloud properties and its large impact on radiation. It has also been one of the hardest to quantify from satellites due to the strong meteorological covariations involved. This work presents a new method to analyze the relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and CF. By including information about the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), the impact of the meteorological covariations is significantly reduced. This method shows that much of the AOD-CF correlation is explained by relationships other than that mediated by CDNC. By accounting for these, the strength of the global mean AOD-CF relationship is reduced by around 80%. This suggests that the majority of the AOD-CF relationship is due to meteorological covariations, especially in the shallow cumulus regime. Requiring CDNC to mediate the AOD-CF relationship implies an effective anthropogenic radiative forcing from an aerosol influence on liquid CF of −0.48 W m−2 (−0.1 to −0.64 W m−2), although some uncertainty remains due to possible biases in the CDNC retrievals in broken cloud scenes.

Effects of discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation on the quality of bovine spermatozoa evaluated with computer-assisted semen analysis and fluorescent probes association

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of bovine frozen-thawed sperm cells after Percoll gradient centrifugation. Frozen semen doses were obtained from six bulls of different breeds, including three taurine and three Zebu animals. Four ejaculates per bull were evaluated before and after discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted semen analysis and the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes, as well as mitochondrial function, were evaluated using a combination of fluorescent probes propidium iodide, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide. The procedure of Percoll gradient centrifugation increased the percentage of total and progressive sperm motility, beat frequency, rectilinear motility, linearity and rapidly moving cells. In addition, the percentage of cells with intact plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential was increased in post-centrifugation samples. However, the percentage of sperm cells with intact acrosomal membrane was markedly reduced. The method used selected the motile cells with intact plasma membrane and higher mitochondrial functionality in frozen-thawed bull semen, but processing, centrifugation and/or the Percoll medium caused damage to the acrosomal membrane.

Demanda energética de sistemas de manejo do solo na cultura da soja (Glycine max L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Uma investigação do minos e sua aplicação ao problema de fluxo de potência ótimo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation on the quality of bovine spermatozoa evaluated with computer-assisted semen analysis and fluorescent probes association

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of bovine frozen-thawed sperm cells after Percoll gradient centrifugation. Frozen semen doses were obtained from six bulls of different breeds, including three taurine and three Zebu animals. Four ejaculates per bull were evaluated before and after discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted semen analysis and the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes, as well as mitochondrial function, were evaluated using a combination of fluorescent probes propidium iodide, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide. The procedure of Percoll gradient centrifugation increased the percentage of total and progressive sperm motility, beat frequency, rectilinear motility, linearity and rapidly moving cells. In addition, the percentage of cells with intact plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential was increased in post-centrifugation samples. However, the percentage of sperm cells with intact acrosomal membrane was markedly reduced. The method used selected the motile cells with intact plasma membrane and higher mitochondrial functionality in frozen-thawed bull semen, but processing, centrifugation and/or the Percoll medium caused damage to the acrosomal membrane.