Análise técnica do uso de resíduos de poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) na indústria têxtil

O aumento no volume de rejeitos industriais e a contínua produção de resíduos de naturezas diversas causam muitas preocupações no âmbito ambiental. Neste contexto, o descarte de embalagens e garrafas de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) tem se tornado um grande problema por conta da pequena atenção que se dá à sua destinação final. Assim sendo, essa pesquisa propõe a análise técnica da utilização de resíduos de PET, oriundos de reciclagem primária, como matéria-prima para a indústria têxtil. Fios de PET reciclado foram comparados aos fios comerciais de poliéster através de diversos ensaios como, por exemplo, resistência à tração e ensaios para solidificação da cor. Ao mesmo tempo, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi usada para a investigação da morfologia dos fios e melhor interpretação dos resultados. Pôde ser verificado que os fios de PET reciclado apresentam satisfatório desempenho, embora a resistência mecânica e a solidez a cor à luz sejam inferiores àquelas dos fios convencionais de poliéster.

Determination of volatile organic compounds in recycled polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry to evaluate the efficiency of recycling processes

A method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in recycled polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene using headspace sampling by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection is presented. This method was used to evaluate the efficiency of cleaning processes for VOC removal from recycled PET. In addition, the method was also employed to evaluate the level of VOC contamination in multilayer packaging material containing recycled HDPE material. The optimisation of the extraction procedure for volatile compounds was performed and the best extraction conditions were found using a 75 mu m carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR-PDMS) fibre for 20 min at 60 degrees C. The validation parameters for the established method were linear range, linearity, sensitivity, precision (repeatability), accuracy (recovery) and detection and quantification limits. The results indicated that the method could easily be used in quality control for the production of recycled PET and HDPE. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudo morfológico da blenda polimérica poli(metacrilato de metila)/poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PMMA/PET)

Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de compósitos poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PET reciclado) com flocos de vidro.

The growing concern with the solid residues management, observed in the last decade, due to its huge amount and impact, has motivated the search for recycling processes, where these residues can be reprocessed to generate new products, enlarging the cycle of materials and energy which are present. Among the polymeric residues, there is poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PET is used in food packaging, preferably in the bottling of carbonated beverages. The reintegration of post-consumer PET in half can be considered a productive action mitigation of environmental impacts caused by these wastes and it is done through the preparation of several different products at the origin, i.e. food packaging, with recycling rates increasing to each year. This work focused on the development and characterization mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal and morphology of the pure recycled PET and recycled PET composites with glass flakes in the weight fraction of 5%, 10% and 20% processed in a single screw extruder, using the following analytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, Izod impact, Rockwell hardness, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate, burn rate, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of thermal analysis and mechanical properties leading to a positive evaluation, because in the thermograms the addition of glass flakes showed increasing behavior in the initial temperatures of thermal decomposition and melting crystalline, Furthermore was observed growing behavior in the mechanical performance of polymer composites, whose morphological structure was observed by SEM, verifying a good distribution of glass flakes, showing difference orientation in the center and in the surface layer of test body of composites with 10 and 20% of glass flakes. The results of DMTA Tg values of the composites obtained from the peak of tan ä showed little reductions due to poor interfacial adhesion between PET and recycled glass flakes.

Avaliação de concreto com adição de fibras de PET submetido a altas temperaturas

The concrete for centuries constituted an essential structural element in the construction industry due to its relative ease of forming, before the weather durability, low cost, its lower maintenance compared to other materials such as steel. However, when the concrete is exposed to high temperatures tends to lose its mechanical characteristics, and may even result in loss of section, which undermines the stability and mechanical strength of structural elements. The pathologies resulting from exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from cracks, pops up chipping explosives (spalling). Recently, the technology of concrete is closely related to the study of its microstructure. The use of fibers added to concrete has been revealed as a solution to increase the mechanical strength of the concrete, it acts directly on the distribution of efforts to act in the play within the microstructure. In this work we used recycled PET fibers embedded in concrete with 15x2mm fck = 30MPa, water/cement ratio of 0.46, in works made for verification of mechanical strength of this mixture submitted to high temperature. The specimens of concrete with addition of PET fibers were tested after exposure to temperatures: ambient (30ºC), 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 600°C and 900°C. It was found that the concrete loses significant strength when exposed to temperatures above 300°C, however the use of fiber PET may delay the risk of collapse of structures for the formation of a network of channels that facilitate the escape of vapor 'water, reducing the pore pressure inside the structural element

Estudo morfológico da blenda polimérica poli(metacrilato de metila)/poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PMMA/PET)

Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de compósitos poli(tereftalato de etileno) reciclado (PET reciclado) com flocos de vidro.

The growing concern with the solid residues management, observed in the last decade, due to its huge amount and impact, has motivated the search for recycling processes, where these residues can be reprocessed to generate new products, enlarging the cycle of materials and energy which are present. Among the polymeric residues, there is poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PET is used in food packaging, preferably in the bottling of carbonated beverages. The reintegration of post-consumer PET in half can be considered a productive action mitigation of environmental impacts caused by these wastes and it is done through the preparation of several different products at the origin, i.e. food packaging, with recycling rates increasing to each year. This work focused on the development and characterization mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal and morphology of the pure recycled PET and recycled PET composites with glass flakes in the weight fraction of 5%, 10% and 20% processed in a single screw extruder, using the following analytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, Izod impact, Rockwell hardness, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate, burn rate, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of thermal analysis and mechanical properties leading to a positive evaluation, because in the thermograms the addition of glass flakes showed increasing behavior in the initial temperatures of thermal decomposition and melting crystalline, Furthermore was observed growing behavior in the mechanical performance of polymer composites, whose morphological structure was observed by SEM, verifying a good distribution of glass flakes, showing difference orientation in the center and in the surface layer of test body of composites with 10 and 20% of glass flakes. The results of DMTA Tg values of the composites obtained from the peak of tan ä showed little reductions due to poor interfacial adhesion between PET and recycled glass flakes.

Gestão da inovação para a sustentabilidade ambiental: estudos de caso do desenvolvimento e difusão de produtos de consumo industrializados com materiais de fontes renováveis

O objetivo desta tese é identificar como ocorre a gestão da inovação de produto ambientalmente sustentável. Pelo método de estudo de caso e sob a perspectiva de três vertentes da teoria organizacional (estrutura do setor de negócios, visão baseada em recursos e visão relacional) foi realizada uma análise abrangente de como os condicionantes externos do ambiente competitivo, os condicionantes internos empresariais e os relacionamentos organizacionais impactaram no projeto de desenvolvimento e difusão de duas inovações de produto com atributos favoráveis à sustentabilidade ambiental: uma esponja de banho com fibras amazônicas e PET reciclado e um lava-louças líquido para o pronto-uso de fontes renováveis. Os dois casos apresentam marcantes diferenças em relação ao porte das empresas, às estruturas, competências e culturas organizacionais, à maturidade das respectivas plataformas tecnológicas de fontes renováveis e às abordagens utilizadas na gestão dos projetos de desenvolvimento de novo produto. Além disso, os dois casos são distintos na competitividade dos atributos de produto ambientais e funcionais em relação ao preço ante os produtos concorrentes. Apesar destas diferenças, construtos da visão relacional foram utilizados para identificar similaridades entre os dois estudos de caso na gestão da inovação. Redes informais internas realizaram uma inovação organizacional ao criarem um departamento de sustentabilidade, o qual realizou diagnósticos e recomendações para minimizar os riscos sócio-ambientais e regulatórios decorrentes do suprimento da fibra amazônica para a esponja de banho. E um relacionamento colaborativo complementou a inovação de produto e realizou inovações de marketing que proporcionaram o melhor desempenho na difusão do lava-louças pronto-uso de fontes renováveis no varejo. Portanto, apesar das diferenças nos condicionantes internos e externos, a gestão da inovação nos dois casos se utilizou de relacionamentos colaborativos a fim de gerar inovações empresariais que solucionaram as restrições ao processo de inovação de produto ambientalmente sustentável.

Non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of the interaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with alkyd varnish

The recycling of soft drink bottles poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been used as an additive in varnish containing alkyd resin. The PET, called to recycled PET (PET-R), was added to the varnish in increasing amounts. Samples of varnish containing PET-R (VPET-R) were used as a film onto slides and its thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetry (TG). Throughout the visual analysis and thermal behavior of VPET-R it is possible to identify that the maximum amount of PET-R added to the varnish without changing in the film properties was 2%.The kinetic parameters, such as activation energy (E) and the pre-exponential factor (A) were calculated by the isoconversional Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method for the samples containing 0.5 to 2.0% PET-R. A decrease in the values of E was verified for lower amounts of PET-R for the thermal decomposition reaction. A kinetic compensation effect (KCE) represented by the lnA=-13.42+0.23E equation was observed for all samples. The most suitable kinetic model to describe this decomposition process is the autocatalytic Sestak-Berggren, being the model applied to heterogeneous systems.

Investigação do potencial dos ensaios APULOT e pull-out para estimativa da resistência a compressão do concreto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Polyester derived from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for regenerative medicine

Despite advances in regenerative medicine, the cost of such therapies is beyond the reach of many patients globally in part due to the use of expensive biomedical polymers. Large volumes of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in municipal waste is a potential source of low cost polymers. A novel polyester was prepared by a catalyst-free, melt polycondensation reaction of bis(hydroxyethylene) terephthalate derived from PET post-consumer waste with other multi-functional monomers from renewable sources such as citric acid, sebacic acid and D-mannitol. The mechanical properties and degradation rate of the polyester can be tuned by varying the composition and the post-polymerization time. The polyester was found to be elastomeric, showed excellent cytocompatibility in vitro and elicited minimal immune response in vivo. Three-dimensional porous scaffolds facilitated osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. This class of polyester derived from low cost, recycled waste and renewable sources is a promising candidate for use in regenerative medicine.

Gestão de saúde, segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social em micro e pequenas empresas recicladoras de plásticos PEBD e PET no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A presente dissertação tem como tema a gestão de saúde, segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social em micro e pequenas empresas recicladoras de plásticos PEBD e PET no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A reciclagem de plástico contribui para minimizar os resíduos sólidos gerados pelos processos industriais. O objetivo geral deste estudo é verificar como as atividades de reciclagem impactam na saúde e na segurança do trabalhador e levantar algumas questões relacionadas com a responsabilidade sócio-ambiental, com destaque para o atendimento às normas regulamentadoras, legislação de saúde, segurança e meio ambiente aplicável e sistemas de gestão. Para atingir tal objetivo, a metodologia do presente estudo foi dividida em: pesquisa bibliográfica, elaborada através de consultas a livros, a artigos, a legislação e a bancos de dados de reconhecida credibilidade; elaboração de um questionário direcionado; visitas técnicas, e entrevistas com os encarregados ou donos das empresas, a fim de obter dados para avaliar as condições de trabalho relativas à saúde e segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social. Durante esta etapa foram visitadas quatro recicladoras de plástico, todas situadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sendo três do segmento de PEBD e uma de PET. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, numa avaliação global, apenas 24% dos itens avaliados foram atendidos na sua íntegra, o que demonstra um baixo índice de atendimento às questões relativas à saúde, segurança e meio ambiente e responsabilidade social. Nas avaliações individuais destes mesmos itens constatou-se que o atendimento foi de 38%, 10% e 54%, respectivamente. Enfim, o presente estudo mostra que há necessidade de maior atenção aos requisitos relativos à saúde e segurança do trabalhador, ao meio ambiente e às questões sociais, em função dos riscos do processo de produção do plástico reciclado