Tropomyosin Tm5NM1 spatially restricts src kinase activity through perturbation of rab11 vesicle trafficking

In order for cells to stop moving, they must synchronously stabilize actin filaments and their associated focal adhesions. How these two structures are coordinated in time and space is not known. We show here that the actin association protein Tm5NM1, which induces stable actin filaments, concurrently suppresses the trafficking of focal-adhesion-regulatory molecules. Using combinations of fluorescent biosensors and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we demonstrate that Tm5NM1 reduces the level of delivery of Src kinase to focal adhesions, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of adhesion-resident Src substrates. Live imaging of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes that carry Src to focal adhesions reveals disruption of this pathway. We propose that tropomyosin synchronizes adhesion dynamics with the cytoskeleton by regulating actin-dependent trafficking of essential focal-adhesion molecules.

La petite GTPase Rab11 et ses interacteurs orchestrent la migration cellulaire collective et la cytocinèse chez la Drosophile

Le trafic vésiculaire permet un échange coordonné de molécules entre les différents organites de la cellule et dépend largement des petites GTPases de la famille des Rabs dont le nombre varie entre 27 chez la Drosophile et 70 chez l’Homme. Un des prochains défis consiste donc à élucider les mécanismes cellulaires qui coordonnent l’activité de ces Rabs, laquelle garantit un transport vésiculaire ordonné au sein de la cellule. Les Rabs agissent comme des interrupteurs moléculaires grâce à leur capacité à cycler entre un état actif et inactif. L’activité des Rabs est contrôlée par des protéines régulatrices puis des effecteurs en aval coordonnent leurs différentes fonctions. La petite GTPase Rab11 est essentielle au développement de plusieurs organismes incluant la Drosophile, C. elegans et la souris puisqu’elle se retrouve au cœur de différentes voies de transport. D’ailleurs, le trafic de molécules dépendant de Rab11 est perturbé dans plusieurs pathologies. Malgré son rôle central dans le trafic vésiculaire, la régulation de Rab11 reste peu comprise in vivo. Cette thèse se penche sur les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant les fonctions de Rab11 et de ses effecteurs lors de la migration cellulaire collective et lors de la cytocinèse. Nous avons identifié Evi5 comme un nouvel acteur clé de la migration cellulaire collective, et nous montrons qu’elle possède une activité Rab11-GAP essentielle pour maintenir les récepteurs de guidance actifs de façon polarisée au front de migration. Nous avons ensuite déterminé que Rab11 régule la communication cellulaire lors de la migration collective par l’entremise de son interaction avec la Moésine. Une question reste toutefois en suspens : sachant que Rab11 compte plus de 13 effecteurs, quels sont les mécanismes assurant la spécificité de l’interaction entre cette GTPase et un effecteur particulier? Une partie de la réponse provient peut-être de nos observations que les membres des Rab11-FIPs de classe I, une famille d’effecteurs de Rab11, interagissent avec les protéines d’échafaudage 14-3-3. Chez la Drosophile, Rip11 est le seul représentant des Rab11-FIPs de classe I et nous montrons que Rip11 aurait des fonctions inattendues durant la cytocinèse qui seraient coordonnées par 14-3-3. Nos recherches permettent de dresser un portrait plus authentique des mécanismes moléculaires régulant les différentes fonctions de Rab11 et de ses effecteurs in vivo.

Rab11 Is Required for Trans-Golgi Network–to–Plasma Membrane Transport and a Preferential Target for GDP Dissociation Inhibitor

The rab11 GTPase has been localized to both the Golgi and recycling endosomes; however, its Golgi-associated function has remained obscure. In this study, rab11 function in exocytic transport was analyzed by using two independent means to perturb its activity. First, expression of the dominant interfering rab11S25N mutant protein led to a significant inhibition of the cell surface transport of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein and caused VSV G protein to accumulate in the Golgi. On the other hand, the expression of wild-type rab11 or the activating rab11Q70L mutant had no adverse effect on VSV G transport. Next, the membrane association of rab11, which is crucial for its function, was perturbed by modest increases in GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) levels. This led to selective inhibition of the trans-Golgi network to cell surface delivery, whereas endoplasmic reticulum–to–Golgi and intra-Golgi transport were largely unaffected. The transport inhibition was reversed specifically by coexpression of wild-type rab11 with GDI. Under the same conditions two other exocytic rab proteins, rab2 and rab8, remained membrane bound, and the transport steps regulated by these rab proteins were unaffected. Neither mutant rab11S25N nor GDI overexpression had any impact on the cell surface delivery of influenza hemagglutinin. These data show that functional rab11 is critical for the export of a basolateral marker but not an apical marker from the trans-Golgi network and pinpoint rab11 as a sensitive target for inhibition by excess GDI.

Hydrolysis of GTP on rab11 is required for the direct delivery of transferrin from the pericentriolar recycling compartment to the cell surface but not from sorting endosomes

Rab11 is a small GTP-binding protein that in cultured mammalian cells has been shown to be concentrated in the pericentriolar endosomal recycling compartment and to play a key role in passage of the recycling transferrin receptor through that compartment [Ullrich, O., Reinsch, S., Urbé, S., Zerial, M. & Parton, R. G. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 135, 913–924]. To obtain insights into the site(s) of action of rab11 within the recycling pathway, we have now compared the effects on recycling at 37°C of overexpression of wild-type rab11 and various mutant forms of this protein in cells that had been loaded with transferrin at either 37°C or 16°C. We show that incubation at 16°C blocks passage of endocytosed transferrin into the recycling compartment and that, whereas the rab11 dominant negative mutant form (S25N) inhibits transferrin recycling after interiorization at either temperature, the wild-type rab11 and constitutively active mutant (Q70L) have no inhibitory effect on the recycling of molecules that were interiorized at 16°C. This differential inhibitory effect shows that two distinct pathways for recycling are followed by the bulk of the transferrin molecules interiorized at the two different temperatures. The incapacity of the constitutively active form of rab11 (Q70L) to inhibit recycling of molecules interiorized at 16°C is consistent with their recycling taking place directly from sorting endosomes, in a process that does not require hydrolysis of GTP on rab11. The fact that the dominant negative (S25N) form of rab11 inhibits recycling of molecules interiorized at both temperatures indicates that activation of rab11 by GTP is required for exit of transferrin from sorting endosomes, regardless of whether this exit is toward the recycling compartment or directly to the plasma membrane.

Influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins modulate host recycling by competing with Rab11 effectors

Influenza A virus assembly is an unclear process, whereby individual virion components form an infectious particle. The segmented nature of the influenza A genome imposes a problem to assembly because it requires packaging of eight distinct RNA particles (vRNPs). It also allows genome mixing from distinct parental strains, events associated with influenza pandemic outbreaks. It is important to public health to understand how segmented genomes assemble, a process that is dependent on the transport of components to assembly sites. Previously, it has been shown that vRNPs are carried by recycling endosome vesicles, resulting in a change of Rab11 distribution. Here, we describe that vRNP binding to recycling endosomes impairs recycling endosome function, by competing for Rab11 binding with family-interacting proteins, and that there is a causal relationship between Rab11 ability to recruit family-interacting proteins and Rab11 redistribution. This competition reduces recycling sorting at an unclear step, resulting in clustering of single- and double-membraned vesicles. These morphological changes in Rab11 membranes are indicative of alterations in protein and lipid homeostasis during infection. Vesicular clustering creates hotspots of the vRNPs that need to interact to form an infectious particle.

Rab11 in recycling endosomes regulates the sorting and basolateral transport of E-cadherin

E-cadherin plays an essential role in cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion; however, the pathway for delivery of E-cadherin to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells has not been fully characterized. We first traced the post-Golgi, exocytic transport of GFP-tagged E-cadherin (Ecad-GFP) in unpolarized cells. In live cells, Ecad-GFP was found to exit the Golgi complex in pleiomorphic tubulovesicular carriers, which, instead of moving directly to the cell surface, most frequently fused with an intermediate compartment, subsequently identified as a Rab11-positive recycling endosome. In MDCK cells, basolateral targeting of E-cadherin relies on a dileucine motif. Both E-cadherin and a targeting mutant, Delta S1-E-cadherin, colocalized with Rab11 and fused with the recycling endosome before diverging to basolateral or apical membranes, respectively. In polarized and unpolarized cells, coexpression of Rab11 mutants disrupted the cell surface delivery of E-cadherin and caused its mistargeting to the apical membrane, whereas apical Delta S1-E-cadherin was unaffected. We thus demonstrate a novel pathway for Rab11 dependent, dileucine-mediated, mu 1B-independent sorting and basolateral trafficking, exemplified by E-cadherin. The recycling endosome is identified as an intermediate compartment for the post-Golgi trafficking and exocytosis of E-cadherin, with a potentially important role in establishing and maintaining cadherin-based adhesion.

An investigation of the functional role of GRAB in the context of Rab3, Rab8 and Rab11

Rab GTPases are the largest family of the Ras superfamily and are key regulators of membrane trafficking within the cell. There are over 60 members of the Rab family which localise to specific membrane compartments and interact with effector proteins to regulate membrane trafficking processes, such as vesicle formation, vesicle trafficking within the cell and fusion with an acceptor compartment. Multiple effector proteins have been identified for many Rabs, some of which can interact with more than one Rab to link their function at a specific membrane location or to link them together in a Rab activation cascade. Rabin8 is one such protein which is an effector for Rab11a and a Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) for Rab8a. Rabin8 participates in a conserved Rab activation cascade which is critical in the formation of primary cilia. Data presented in this thesis has shown that GRAB interacts with Rab3a, Rab8a, Rab11a and Rab11b in a nucleotide dependent manner. Furthermore, the minimal interacting regionbetween these proteins has been investigated. The functional outcome of GRAB knockdown has also been examined and data in this thesis highlights the phenotypic outcome.

Clustering of Rab11 vesicles in influenza A virus infected cells creates hotspots containing the 8 viral ribonucleoproteins

Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causative of yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. The ability to replicate within the host cell is a determinant of virulence, amplifying viral numbers for host-to-host transmission. This process requires multiple rounds of entering permissive cells, replication, and virion assembly at the plasma membrane, the site of viral budding and release. The assembly of influenza A virus involves packaging of several viral (and host) proteins and of a segmented genome, composed of 8 distinct RNAs in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The selective assembly of the 8-segment core remains one of the most interesting unresolved problems in virology. The recycling endosome regulatory GTPase Rab11 was shown to contribute to the process, by transporting vRNPs to the periphery, giving rise to enlarged cytosolic puncta rich in Rab11 and the 8 vRNPs. We recently reported that vRNP hotspots were formed of clustered vesicles harbouring protruding electron-dense structures that resembled vRNPs. Mechanistically, vRNP hotspots were formed as vRNPs outcompeted the cognate effectors of Rab11, the Rab11-Family-Interacting-Proteins (FIPs) for binding, and as a consequence impair recycling sorting at an unknown step. Here, we speculate on the impact that such impairment might have in host immunity, membrane architecture and viral assembly.

Cholesterol regulates Syntaxin 6 trafficking at trans-Golgi network endosomal boundaries.

Inhibition of cholesterol export from late endosomes causes cellular cholesterol imbalance, including cholesterol depletion in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) mutant cell lines and human NPC1 mutant fibroblasts, we show that altered cholesterol levels at the TGN/endosome boundaries trigger Syntaxin 6 (Stx6) accumulation into VAMP3, transferrin, and Rab11-positive recycling endosomes (REs). This increases Stx6/VAMP3 interaction and interferes with the recycling of αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins and cell migration, possibly in a Stx6-dependent manner. In NPC1 mutant cells, restoration of cholesterol levels in the TGN, but not inhibition of VAMP3, restores the steady-state localization of Stx6 in the TGN. Furthermore, elevation of RE cholesterol is associated with increased amounts of Stx6 in RE. Hence, the fine-tuning of cholesterol levels at the TGN-RE boundaries together with a subset of cholesterol-sensitive SNARE proteins may play a regulatory role in cell migration and invasion.

Rab8 and Rab8-interacting proteins as players in cell polarization

Rab8 and its interacting proteins as regulators of cell polarization During the development of a multi-cellular organism, progenitor cells have to divide and migrate appropriately as well as organize their differentiation with one another, in order to produce a viable embryo. To divide, differentiate and migrate cells have to undergo polarization, a process where internal and external components such as actin, microtubules and adhesion receptors are reorganized to produce a cell that is asymmetric, with functionally different surfaces. Also in the adult organism there is a continuous need for these processes, as cells need to migrate in response to tissue damage and to fight infection. Improper regulation of cell proliferation and migration can conversely lead to disease such as cancer. GTP-binding proteins function as molecular switches by cycling between a GTP-bound (active) conformation and a GDP-bound (inactive) conformation. The Ras super-family of small GTPases are found in all eukaryotic cells. They can be functionally divided into five subfamilies. The Ras family members mainly regulate gene expression, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Ras was in fact the first human oncogene to be characterized, and as much as 30% of all human tumors may be directly or indirectly caused by mutations of Ras molecules The Rho family members mainly regulate cytoskeletal reorganization. Arf proteins are known to regulate vesicle budding and Rab proteins regulate vesicular transport. Ran regulates nuclear transport as well as microtubule organization during mitosis. The focus of the thesis of Katarina Hattula, is on Rab8, a small GTPase of the Rab family. Activated Rab8 has previously been shown to induce the formation of new surface extensions, reorganizing both actin and microtubules, and to have a role in directed membrane transport to cell surfaces. However, the exact membrane route it regulates has remained elusive. In the thesis three novel interactors of Rab8 are presented. Rabin8 is a Rab8-specific GEF that localizes to vesicles where it presumably recruits and activates its target Rab8. Its expression in cells leads to remodelling of actin and the formation of polarized cell surface domains. Optineurin, known to be associated with a leading cause of blindness in humans (open-angle glaucoma), is shown to interact specifically with GTP-bound Rab8. Rab8 binds to an amino-terminal region and interestingly, the Huntingtin protein binds a carboxy-terminal region of optineurin. (Aberrant Huntingtin protein is known to be the cause Huntington s disease in humans.) Co-expression of Huntingtin and optineurin enhanced the recruitment of Huntingtin to Rab8-positive vesicular structures. Furthermore, optineurin promoted cell polarization in a similar way to Rab8. A third novel interactor of Rab8 presented in this thesis is JFC1, a member of the synaptogamin-like protein (Slp) family. JFC1 interacts with Rab8 specifically in its GTP-bound form, co-localizes with endogenous Rab8 on tubular and vesicular structures, and is probably involved in controlling Rab8 membrane dynamics. Rab8 is in this thesis work clearly shown to have a strong effect on cell shape. Blocking Rab8 activity by expression of Rab8 RNAi, or by expressing the dominant negative Rab8 (T22N) mutant leads to loss of cell polarity. Conversely, cells expressing the constitutively active Rab8 (Q67L) mutant exhibit a strongly polarized phenotype. Experiments in live cells show that Rab8 is associated with macropinosomes generated at ruffling areas of the membrane. These macropinosomes fuse with or transform into tubules that move toward the cell centre, from where they are recycled back to the leading edge to participate in protrusion formation. The biogenesis of these tubules is shown to be dependent on both actin and microtubule dynamics. The Rab8-specific membrane route studied contained several markers known to be internalized and recycled (1 integrin, transferrin, transferrin receptor, cholera toxin B subunit (CTxB), and major histocompatibility complex class I protein (MHCI)). Co-expression studies revealed that Rab8 localization overlaps with that of Rab11 and Arf6. Rab8 is furthermore clearly functionally linked to Arf6. The data presented in this thesis strongly suggests a role for Rab8 as a regulator for a recycling compartment, which is involved in providing structural and regulatory components to the leading edge to participate in protrusion formation.

Ras 超家族蛋白的起源演化研究

Ras 超家族蛋白是真核生物中普遍存在的一类小分子GTP 结合蛋白。它们 具有高度保守的GTP 结合结构域，根据序列结构和细胞功能被分为七个家族： Sar1、Arf、SRβ、Ran、Rab、Rho 和Ras。这些蛋白分别行使着真核生物特有的 细胞功能，诸如运输小泡的形成和转运（Sar1、Arf、Rab），胞质骨架的建成（Rho）， 细胞核-胞质运输及核膜重建（Ran）等，其起源演化和真核细胞的起源密切相关。 本文利用生物信息学手段和分子生物学实验调查研究了原核生物和原生生物中 Ras 超家族蛋白同源物的存在情况，并进行了分子系统分析，对Ras 超家族蛋白 的起源演化问题进行了较为深入、系统的探讨。获得了以下结果和结论： 1）通过原核生物基因组的搜索和序列结构分析，在一些真细菌中首次鉴定 出了高度相似于真核生物Ras 超家族蛋白的原核生物同源物，且实验证明它们的 基因具有表达活性；在原细菌中的产甲烷菌和热原体中也发现有序列分歧较大的 同源物。并在更多的真细菌种类中鉴定出了更多的前人已报道的另一种小分子 GTP 结合蛋白—MglA。序列比对分析表明MglA 蛋白具有自己独特的序列特征， 与真核生物的Ras 超家族蛋白序列差异较大。进一步的分子系统分析显示：真核 生物Ras 超家族蛋白的七个家族中，Ran、Rab、Rho 和Ras 等四个家族聚在一 起，上述我们所鉴定的真细菌的Ras 超家族蛋白同源物则紧聚在其外围；真核生 物的另三个家族（Sar1、Arf、SRβ）聚成另一枝，并接着与产甲烷原细菌的的同 源物及真细菌的MglA 蛋白聚在一起。这些结果表明：Ras 超家族蛋白不是前人 所认为的为真核生物所特有，实际上在一些原核生物中就已产生；真核生物Ras 超家族蛋白的祖先也不太可能是前人所认为的为真细菌的MglA；真核生物Ras 超家族蛋白的七个家族可能有两种不同的起源：Ran、Rab、Rho 和Ras 等可能 来源于蓝细菌或蛋白菌，或二者的共同祖先，而Sar1、Arf 和SRβ 可能来源于产 甲烷原细菌，这也可能反映了真核细胞“融合起源”的历史。 2）通过搜索一些较为低等的单细胞真核生物——原生生物基因组中Ras 超 家族蛋白，并结合一系列其他处在不同进化地位真核生物的Ras 超家族蛋白进行 分析，发现Sar1、Arf、Rab 和Ran 家族的蛋白在真核生物中普遍存在，而SRβ、 Rho 和Ras 家族蛋白在有些真核生物中未找到。根据各家族蛋白在真核生物中的分布情况推测在真核生物的最近共同祖先中存在的Ras 超家族蛋白可能有下列 两种情况：（1）最近的共同祖先已经具有了所有七个家族的蛋白，并且至少有 11 个成员：1 个Sar1、1 个SRβ、3 个Arf（Arf1、Arl1、Arl2）、3 个Rab（Rab1、 Rab6、Rab11）、1 个Ran、1 个Rho（Rac）和1 个Ras（RheB）。因而，部分真 核生物中缺少SRβ、Rho 和Ras 家族蛋白很可能是因基因丢失所致。植物中Ras 家族蛋白的缺少应该是由于在进化早期，其祖先绿藻丢失了单个Ras 家族蛋白基 因所致；（2）根据Cavalier-Smith 的真核生物划分为单鞭毛（变形虫类、真菌和 后生动物）和双鞭毛（藻类、植物和除变形虫外的原生动物）两大类的分类观点， 真核生物最近的共同祖先可能只具有除Ras 家族而外的六个家族的成员，而Ras 家族蛋白则是在此两大类群分化以后在单鞭毛类生物中才产生的，多数双鞭毛类 生物如原生动物、绿藻和植物中没有Ras 的情况应该是一种祖征，而个别双鞭毛 类生物如红藻具有的Ras 家族蛋白则很可能是从单鞭毛类生物那里水平基因转 移而来的。至于SRβ 和Rho 家族蛋白在部分物种中的缺少，则还是可能因为基 因丢失所致。此外，变形虫类生物中大量的Ras 超家族蛋白提示基因组的大小或 进化地位的高低并不是Ras 超家族蛋白成员多少的决定性因素，而细胞相应生理 活动的需求才是家族成员增多的关键。

The identification and characterisation of Rab4 interacting proteins

Rab4 is a member of the Rab superfamily of small GTPases. It is localized to the early sorting endosome and plays a role in regulating the transport from this compartment to the recycling and degradative pathways. In order to further our understanding of the role Rab4 plays in endocytosis, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed to identify putative Rab4 effectors. A constitutively active mutant of Rab4, Rab4Q67L, when used as bait to screen a HeLa cDNA library, identified a novel 80kDa protein that interacted with Rab4-GTP. This protein was called Rab Coupling Protein (RCP). RCP interacts preferentially with the GTP-bound form of Rab4. Subsequent work demonstrated that RCP also interacts with Rab11, and that this interaction is not nucleotide-depenedent. RCP is predominantly membrane-bound and localised to the perinuclear recycling compartment. Expression of a truncation mutant of RCP, that contains the Rab binding domain, in HeLa cells, results in the formation of an extensive tubular network that can be labelled with transferrin. These tubules are derived from the recycling compartment since they are inaccessible to transferrin when the ligand is internalised at 18oC. The truncation mutant-induced morphology can be rescued by overexpression of active Rab11, but not active Rab4. This suggests that RCP functions between Rab4 and Rab11 in the receptor recycling pathway, and may act as a ‘molecular bridge’ between these two sequentially acting small GTPases. Quantitative assays demonstrated that overexpression of the truncation mutant results in a dramatic inhibition in the rate of receptor recycling. Database analysis revealed that RCP belongs to a family of Rab interacting proteins, each characterised by a carboxy-terminal coiled-coil domain and an amino-terminal phospholipid-binding domain. KIAA0941, an RCP homologue, interacts with Rab11, but not with Rab4. Overexpression of its Rab binding domain also results in a tubular network, however, this tubulation cannot be rescued by active Rab11.

Implication de la prostaglandine D2 dans le contrôle du métabolisme osseux chez l'homme

Les prostaglandines sont des médiateurs lipidiques impliqués dans de nombreux processus physiologiques et pathologiques. De récentes évidences dans la littérature ainsi que de notre laboratoire ont fait ressortir le fait que la PGD2 pourrait être impliquée dans le contrôle du métabolisme osseux. Mes travaux de doctorat ont été effectués selon cette hypothèse et ont déterminé l’effet de la PGD2 sur la différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses et des précurseurs ostéoclastiques, en plus d’étudier le rôle de cette prostaglandine dans la réparation des fractures chez l’homme. De plus, j’ai étudié l’internalisation et la désensibilisation des récepteurs de la PGD2, DP et CRTH2. D’un point de vue moléculaire, mes résultats démontrent un patron d’internalisation et désensibilisation différent pour les 2 récepteurs de la PGD2. Bien que la cinétique d’internalisation de ces récepteurs soit la même, l’internalisation de DP est régulée par les arrestines 2 et 3, la GRK2 et la PKC, alors que l’arrestine 3, les GRK2, 5 et 6, PKC et PKA régulent celle de CRTH2. L’internalisation de DP et CRTH2 est réduite par la co-expression de Rab4 et Rab11 respectivement, ce qui suggère des systèmes de recyclage différents. En analysant la signalisation de ces récepteurs, nous avons découvert que la GRK2 régule la signalisation de DP, alors que les 3 GRKs étudiées, soient les GRK2, 5 et 6 régulent la signalisation de CRTH2. Nous avons également démontré que les récepteurs de la PGD2 ont des effets différents sur la différenciation des CSMs humaines. En effet, la différenciation adipocytaire est augmentée de façon significative par la PGD2 et cet effet est dû à l’activation du récepteur PPAR-γ par un métabolite de la PGD2. L’activation du récepteur DP diminue l’adipogenèse alors que CRTH2 n’y joue pas de rôle significatif. Cependant, CRTH2 augmente significativement la différenciation des CSM en ostéoblastes, alors que l’activation de DP l’inhibe. Mes travaux ont montré que la PGD2 module l’ostéoclastogenèse et la résorption osseuse en abaissant l’expression de gènes impliqués dans celles-ci. En effet, les gènes NFATC1, RANK et CathK sont fortement régulés à la baisse par l’activation des récepteurs de la PGD2. Pour terminer, nous avons identifié l’axe de la PGD2 comme étant important lors du remodelage osseux chez l’homme. En comparant une cohorte de patients ayant une fracture osseuse à des contrôles, nous avons découvert que la production de PGD2 et l’expression d’une de ses synthétases sont significativement plus élevées que chez les contrôles. Parallèlement, la production de PGE2 ne diffère pas entre les groupes indiquant que l’augmentation de PGD2 n’est pas due à l’inflammation non spécifique causée par la fracture. De plus, l’augmentation de synthèse de PGD2 corrèle avec l’augmentation de la BAP, un marqueur clinique de formation osseuse. J’ai donc démontré que la PGD2, par l’entremise de l’activation de CRTH2, est un médiateur lipidique important pour la physiologie osseuse et que son activation pourrait favoriser l’anabolisme osseux.

Implication de l'endosome de recyclage dans la migration cellulaire in vivo

Au cours de l’ovogenèse chez la mouche du vinaigre: Drosophila melanogaster, un groupe de cellules folliculaires appelées cellules de bord, migrent à travers les cellules nourricières pour atteindre l’ovocyte. Cet événement, nécessitant la transition épithélio- mésenchymateuse (TEM), la réorientation, puis l’arrêt, ressemble à la formation de métastases. L’endocytose est un régulateur clé de plusieurs événements polarisés, y compris la migration cellulaire. En effet, différentes protéines impliquées dans la migration, comme les intégrines et les E-cadhérines (cadhérines épithéliales), sont régulées par transport à travers les endosomes. De même, l’endocytose restreint au front de migration l’activité des récepteurs tyrosine kinases (RTKs) qui guident les cellules de bord dans leur mouvement. Cependant les mécanismes moléculaires de cette restriction spatiale de l’activité des RTKs demeurent largement inconnus. Nous avons testé l’implication du trafic vésiculaire à travers la machinerie d’endocytose, dans la migration dirigée des cellules de bord, car ce système est facilement accessible pour l’expression de protéines et l’analyse de mutants. Nous avons commencé par confirmer une observation précédente du rôle de l’endosome précoce dans la migration des cellules de bord. Ensuite, nous avons identifié l’endosome de recyclage (ER) comme un régulateur clé de cette migration. En effet, nous avons démontré que l’expression dans les cellules de bord d’une forme dominante négative de Rab11, la petite GTPase régulant le transport vésiculaire à travers l’ER, bloque la migration ou entraîne de sévères défauts de migration dans environ 80% des chambres d’œufs examinées. De plus, nous observons par immunofluorescence une relocalisation de l’activité des RTKs alors que d’autres protéines de migration ne sont pas affectées par Rab11 dominant négatif. Ce résultat a été par la suite confirmé par une interaction génétique entre Rab11 et les RTKs. D’autre part, nous avons montré que le complexe exocyste, un effecteur de Rab11, est impliqué dans la migration des cellules de bord. Nous avons trouvé par microscopie confocale en tissu fixé et par microscopie en temps réel que Sec15, un composant de ce complexe, est polarisé, de façon Rab11- dépendante, dans des vésicules qui s’accumulent au front de migration tout au long du mouvement des cellules de bord. De plus, la perte de l’activité de Sec15 perturbe à son tour la migration. Ainsi, toutes ces données démontrent le rôle fondamental d’un cycle d’endo- exocytose dans le maintien des RTKs actifs au niveau du front de migration des cellules de bord le long de leur mouvement.

Androgen deprivation from pre-puberty to peripuberty interferes in proteins expression in pubertal and adult rat epididymis

Few studies have focused on experimental testosterone deprivation in immature animals. Therefore, this study used sexually immature rats aiming to evaluate the testes and epididymis histology and proteins expression in these organs on PND50 and 75, after premature antiandrogen exposure, from PND21 to 44. Although the androgen deprivation from pre-puberty up to peripuberty did not alter the histological organization of the testes and epididymis either at puberty or at adulthood, the treatment impaired the expression of specific proteins in epididymal tissue at puberty and adulthood (androgen receptor, calmodulin, Rab11A). These changes may be related to impaired epididymal function, sperm quality and fertility capacity as observed in a previous study. Further studies are necessary to better investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the impairment on reproductive competence of male rats after precocious hormonal injury. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.