A comparison of random sequence reads versus 16S rDNA sequences for estimating the biodiversity of a metagenomic library

The construction of metagenomic libraries has permitted the study of microorganisms resistant to isolation and the analysis of 16S rDNA sequences has been used for over two decades to examine bacterial biodiversity. Here, we show that the analysis of random sequence reads (RSRs) instead of 16S is a suitable shortcut to estimate the biodiversity of a bacterial community from metagenomic libraries. We generated 10,010 RSRs from a metagenomic library of microorganisms found in human faecal samples. Then searched them using the program BLASTN against a prokaryotic sequence database to assign a taxon to each RSR. The results were compared with those obtained by screening and analysing the clones containing 16S rDNA sequences in the whole library. We found that the biodiversity observed by RSR analysis is consistent with that obtained by 16S rDNA. We also show that RSRs are suitable to compare the biodiversity between different metagenomic libraries. RSRs can thus provide a good estimate of the biodiversity of a metagenomic library and, as an alternative to 16S, this approach is both faster and cheaper.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de berinjela osmocondicionadas submetidas à secagem

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de berinjela osmocondicionadas submetidas à secagem. Utilizaram-se sementes de berinjela, cultivar Embu, condicionadas em solução aerada de KNO3 (-0,8 MPa), a 25ºC, por 48 horas. As sementes foram submetidas aos seguintes procedimentos: redução do teor de água inicial (r), choque térmico (CT) e secagem lenta (SL) ou rápida (SR) por 48 horas. As combinações desses procedimentos constituíram os tratamentos: sementes condicionadas e sem secagem, SL, SR, CTSL, CTSR, rSL, rSR, rCTSL e rCTSR, além da testemunha (sementes sem condicionamento). As sementes condicionadas e as secas lentamente expressaram maior percentagem de germinação. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto à percentagem de emergência de plântulas. A testemunha levou mais tempo para alcançar a máxima emergência do que os demais tratamentos. As sementes submetidas ao choque térmico apresentaram maiores valores de condutividade elétrica do que as que não passaram por esse tratamento. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de berinjela obtida com o condicionamento é mantida após a secagem. A secagem de sementes de berinjela condicionadas deve ser realizada preferencialmente de forma lenta, com ou sem redução do teor de água inicial.

Resistance spectra of wheat cultivars and virulence diversity of Magnaporthe grisea isolates in Brazil

Seventy-two monoconidial isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were obtained from the States of Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná. The isolates were inoculated on seedlings of 20 wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars under greenhouse conditions. The virulence diversity of M. grisea was assessed based on compatible and incompatible reactions of leaf blast on wheat cultivars. Fifty-four distinct virulence patterns were identified on test cultivars among the isolates collected from the two wheat growing States. Sixteen of these isolates corresponding to 22.2% showed similar virulence pattern. None of the wheat cultivars was resistant to all isolates of M. grisea, but the cultivars differed in degree of resistance as measured by the relative spectrum of resistance (RSR) and disease index (DI). Among the cultivars the RSR ranged from 0 to 53.3% and DI from 0.4662 to 0.9662 (0 to 1 scale). The wheat cultivar BR18 exhibited a broad resistance spectrum in relation to the rest of the tested cultivars to the isolates of M. grisea, and can be used in wheat resistance breeding.

Vìcnij revolûcìoner

Soitinnus: sekakuoro, orkesteri.

Ukraïna ì Rosiâ

Soitinnus: sekakuoro, orkesteri.

Bìlorusʼka pìsnâ "Radzìma moâ daragaâ"

Soitinnus: sekakuoro.

Tulʼâk : Estonsʼkij narodnij tanecʼ [=Tuljak : virolainen kansantanssi]

Soitinnus: sekakuoro.

Verhovino, mì̀j ti kraû

Soitinnus: sekakuoro.