The Dorsolateral Periaqueductal Gray and Its Role in Mediating Fear Learning to Life Threatening Events

The dorsolateral column of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) integrates aversive emotional experiences and represents an important site responding to life threatening situations, such as hypoxia, cardiac pain and predator threats. Previous studies have shown that the dorsal PAG also supports fear learning; and we have currently explored how the dlPAG influences associative learning. We have first shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 100 pmol injection in the dlPAG works as a valuable unconditioned stimulus (US) for the acquisition of olfactory fear conditioning (OFC) using amyl acetate odor as conditioned stimulus (CS). Next, we revisited the ascending projections of the dlPAG to the thalamus and hypothalamus to reveal potential paths that could mediate associative learning during OFC. Accordingly, the most important ascending target of the dlPAG is the hypothalamic defensive circuit, and we were able to show that pharmacological inactivation using beta-adrenoceptor blockade of the dorsal premammillary nucleus, the main exit way for the hypothalamic defensive circuit to thalamo-cortical circuits involved in fear learning, impaired the acquisition of the OFC promoted by NMDA stimulation of the dlPAG. Moreover, our tracing study revealed multiple parallel paths from the dlPAG to several thalamic targets linked to cortical-hippocampal-amygdalar circuits involved in fear learning. Overall, the results point to a major role of the dlPAG in the mediation of aversive associative learning via ascending projections to the medial hypothalamic defensive circuit, and perhaps, to other thalamic targets, as well. These results provide interesting perspectives to understand how life threatening events impact on fear learning, and should be useful to understand pathological fear memory encoding in anxiety disorders.

Relationship between photoperiod, plasma concentration of ionic calcium and the histology of the prolactin-secreting cells of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland, the corpuscles of stannius and the ultimobranchial gland in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. /

The relationship between photoperiod, plasma concentration of ionic calcium and the histology of the prolactin-secreting cells of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland, the Corpuscles of Stannius and the Ultimobranchial gland were investigated. Neither the plasma concentration of ionic calcium nor histologically apparent prolactin cell activity could be correlated with photoperiod. Some evidence of a photoperiodic effect on both the Corpuscles of Stannius and the Ultimobranchial gland was obtained. The expected reciprocal relationship between the activity of these glands was not obvious at the histological level . Quantitative and qualitative analysis at the light microscope level revealed, however, that the hormone prolactin-secreting eta cells of the rostral pars distalis and the hypocalcin-secreting cells of the Corpuscles of Stannius may be arranged in a lamellar pattern comprized of synchronous bands of cells in like-phase of a secretory cycle consisting of four stages - synthesis, storage, release and reorganization. Such synchronized cell cycles in these glands have not heretofore been described in literature. It is suggested that the maintenance of at least 255? of the cells in any one phase of the cycle ensures a supply of the required hormone at all times.

Estudo da distribuição e dos territórios das artérias cerebrais rostral, média e caudal e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo em Didelphis albiventris (Gambá).

Estudaram-se as artérias cerebrais e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo de 30 Didelphis albiventris, 14 machos e 16 fêmeas, com o sistema arterial preenchido com Látex 603 pigmentado, e fixados em formol 20%. Sistematizaram-se as artérias e seus principais ramos, determinando a área territorial de irrigação, e as principais variações. A artéria cerebral rostral apresentou-se, à direita em 100% das peças e à esquerda esteve presente em 96,7% e ausente em 3,3% dos casos. Dividiu-se em ramo medial, tronco hemisférico rostral, e ramo lateral, artéria lateral do bulbo olfatório, presentes em 100% das amostras, bilateralmente. O tronco hemisférico rostral bifurcou-se em ramo rostral, artéria medial do bulbo olfatório, presente em todas as peças em ambos os antímeros, e ramo caudal, artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. Esta originou-se conforme o padrão em 90% dos casos à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda, nas amostras restantes teve origem de um ramo emitido pelo antímero oposto. A artéria cerebral média, presente em todos os casos nos dois antímeros, apresentou os seguintes ramos colaterais: ramos ventrorostrais presentes em 66,7% preparações; ramo ventrocaudal medial para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das amostras à direita e em 83,3% à esquerda; ramo ventrocaudal lateral para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das peças nos dois antímeros; Iº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 93,3% dos encéfalos à direita, e em 90% à esquerda; IIº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 36,6% das peças bilateralmente; ramo dorso-rostral presente à direita em 56,7% das amostras e à esquerda em 80% das preparações. A artéria cerebral média continua-se como ramo terminal em todos os casos, bilateralmente. A artéria cerebral caudal, presente bilateralmente em todas as peças, originou: ramo hemisférico tentorial em 83,3% dos casos à direita e em 80% à esquerda, este ramo originou-se da artéria comunicante caudal em 10% das peças nos dois antímeros ou ainda originou-se do tronco cerebral médio-rostral em 6,7% à direita e em 10% das preparações à esquerda; artéria tectal rostral à direita ímpar em 96,7% e dupla em 3,3% dos casos e à esquerda ímpar em 100% das peças. O ramo terminal da artéria cerebral caudal originou a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal em 93,3% das amostras à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda. A artéria cerebelar rostral originou-se como continuação natural do ramo terminal da artéria basilar em 93,3% dos casos, bilateralmente, percorrendo as faces rostral e dorsal dos hemisférios cerebelares , formando por sobre estes uma alça. Em 6,7% das amostras não formou uma alça. A artéria tectal caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 83,3% e dupla em 16,7% das peças, à esquerda ímpar em 86,7%, dupla em 10% e ausente em 3,3% das amostras. A artéria cerebelar média à direita mostrou-se dupla em 70% e ímpar em 30% das peças, à esquerda, dupla em 56,7% e ímpar em 43,3% dos achados. A artéria cerebelar caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 93,3% e dupla em 6,7% das peças e à esquerda ímpar em 86,7% e dupla em 13,3% das amostras.

Sistematização das artérias da base do encéfalo, rede admirável epidural rostral e caudal e suas fontes de suprimento em javali (Sus scrofa scrofa)

A. basilar ímpar e com diminuição de calibre, na altura da ponte (100%); A. cerebelar caudal D e E, ímpar (100%); A. cerebelar média D e E, ímpar (96,7%) e dupla (3,3%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral do javali foi fechado tanto rostral como caudalmente (100%). O encéfalo foi suprido principalmente pelas Aa. carótidas internas e seus ramos as Aa. occipitais e condilares, via RAER e RAEC, com uma pequena contribuição através de ramos das Aa. vertebral e espinhal ventral, especialmente para o rombencéfalo.

Ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia and hypercapnia-induced hyperpnea

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Opioid mu-receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia-induced hyperpnea in unanesthetized rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Central cholinergic blockade reduces the pressor response to L-glutamate into the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area

Injections of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate (L-glu) into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) directly activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). A previous study showed that lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle region in the forebrain reduced the pressor response to L-glu into the RVLM. In the present study we investigated the effects produced by injections of atropine (cholinergic antagonist) into the lateral ventricle (LV) on the pressor responses produced by L-ghl into the RVLM. Male Holtzman rats (280-320 g, n=5 to 12/group) with stainless steel cannulas implanted into the RVLM, LV or 4th ventricle (4th V) were used. MAP and heart rate (HR) were recorded in unanesthetized rats. After saline into the LV, injections of L-glu (5 nmol/100 nl) into the RVLM increased MAP (51 +/- 4 mm Hg) without changes in HR. Atropine (4 nmol/1 PI) injected into the LV reduced the pressor responses to L-glu into the RVLM (36 +/- 5 mm Hg), However, atropine at the same dose into the 4th V or directly into the RVLM did not modify the pressor responses to L-glu into the RVLM (45 +/- 2 and 49 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively, vs. control: 50 +/- 4mmHg). Central cholinergic blockade did not affect baro and chemoreflex nor the basal MAP and HR. The results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms probably from forebrain facilitate or modulate the pressor responses to L-glu into the RVLM. The mechanism is activated by acetylcholine in the forebrain, however, the neurotransmitter released in the RVLM to facilitate the effects of glutamate is not acetylcholine. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Importance of angiotensinergic mechanisms for the pressor response to L-glutamate into the rostral ventrolateral medulla

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Kidney-Induced Hypertension Depends on Superoxide Signaling in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Contribution of the rostral ventromedial medulla to post-anxiety induced hyperalgesia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ameloblastoma mandibular rostral em um cão

Odontogenics tumors are uncommon in the dog. Ameloblastoma is considered a benign, aggressive and non-inductive odontogenic neoplasia commonly located in the incisor teeth. Its conclusive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Due to the expansive nature of this neoplasia, its resection needs to have an adequate surgical margin so it will have excellent prognostics. A canine, male, Pekingese, 8 years old had an increased volume in the rostral region of the mandible, adhered, consistency moderately firm. Radiography revealed extensive mandibular bone lysis caused by the neoplasia. Biopsy identified the tumor as ameloblastoma. Combining data from the clinical, radiographic and histopatological study and after explain to the owner regarding the postoperative esthetic it was held a bilateral rostral mandibulectomy. The fragment removed was assessed radiographically and histopathologically for evidence of tumor at its edges. The patient is active and healthy without evidence of metastasis or recurrence. The radiographic and histopathologic evaluation of edges of the fragment showed no tumor evidence. The patient is active and healthy without evidence of metastasis or recurrence since January 2010 when mandibulectomy was performed.

Swimming Exercise Changes Hemodynamic Responses Evoked by Blockade of Excitatory Amino Receptors in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cardiovascular responses to injections of angiotensin II or carbachol into the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats with AV3V lesions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)