易门三家厂铜矿床的成矿年龄、物质来源及成因：兼论“康滇地轴“新元古代铜成矿作用与Rodinia大陆裂解的关系

引言杨子地块西部的"康滇地轴",是我国重要的铜多金属成矿带之一(冉崇英等,1990;黎功举等,1995;李朝阳等,2002),产出了拉拉、东川、易门、大红山等大型-超大型矿床.由于长期缺少高精度年代学和有效的同位素示踪数据的支持,对这些矿床的成因仍存在较大争议.本文应用40Ar-39Ar快中子活化法测定易门铜矿床矿石的形成年龄,通过矿石的Os、Sr同位素示踪成矿物质来源,进而讨论了矿床成因.并在此基础上结合前人研究成果,提出"康滇地轴"新元古代铜成矿作用可能与Rodinia大陆裂解有关。

磷矿的形成与Rodinia超大陆裂解、生物爆发的关系-以贵州瓮安、开阳、织金磷矿床为例

贵州省分布有两期大型磷矿：震旦纪陡山沱期和早寒武纪梅树村时期。在这两期磷矿中分别发育有瓮安生物群和小壳动物梅树村生物群，这两个生物群代表了生命早期演化过程中的两次爆发事件。由此推测磷矿的形成可能与生物的爆发存在某种联系。另外，已有研究表明，磷矿层下伏的南沱冰碳岩和上覆的灯影帽碳酸盐的形成都与晚元古代末的Rodini。超大陆裂解相关，那么沉积于它们之间的磷矿也可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解相关联。研究磷矿形成、Rodinia超大陆裂解及生物爆发三者之间的关系对揭示磷矿的物质来源、成矿环境、构造条件、成因机制等有重要的理论意义；对解决全球范围晚元古代地层、几次生物爆发事件和．冰川事件的对比问题等有极其重要的理论和实际意义。本文以晚元古代陡山沱期（瓮安、开阳）和早寒武纪（织金）磷矿床为研究对象，借鉴岩相学、古生物学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、有机地球化学及Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素定年等方法，讨论磷矿的形成与Rodini。超大陆裂解、生物爆发之间的关系。论文主要获得了以下几个方面的认识：研究了三个矿床的主要地质特征，表明寒武纪织金磷矿床的磷品位低于陡山沱期磷矿床。瓮安、织金磷矿床形成于氧化带环境，而开阳磷矿床形成于亚氧化带环境。确定了三个矿床的成矿时代。同位素年代学得出陡山沱组磷矿床形成年龄为583±19Ma（Sm-Nd法）、588±8.6Ma和582±7.7Ma（Rb-Sr法），寒武纪磷矿床的形成年龄为542±23Ma（Sm-Nd法）和541±12Ma（Rb-Sr法）。震旦纪陡山沱期和寒武纪梅树村期磷矿床的形成时代与华南地块从Rodinia超大陆中裂解漂移出来的时间（600Ma～550Ma、540Ma）相耦合，为Rodinia超大陆裂解事件与磷矿床的形成存在密切成因联系提供了年代学方面的证据。对三个磷矿床进行的大量地质地球化学研究表明：Rodinia超大陆裂解为磷矿的形成提供了热液源和慢源成矿物质，并造成了大规模的低温热液成矿作用。研究了发育于陡山沱组和寒武纪含磷地层中的瓮安生物群和梅树村小壳生物群爆发的原因，表明Rodini。超大陆裂解造成了两次生物大爆发。超大陆裂解引发地球化学异常，导致了生物的大发展。讨论了地层中生物与磷的关系。地质证据、伴生微量元素证据、磷灰石矿物地球化学证据及有机地球化学证据表明，生物有机质直接或间接地参与了成磷作用。其中生物直接参与成磷作用主要发生在成矿过程的磷质吸取阶段，同时也见于地球化学富集阶段还原型细菌活跃的成岩带中；有机质间接成磷作用主要发生在磷块岩成矿过程的地球化学富集阶段和物理富集阶段。总结了磷矿的形成与Rodinia超大陆裂解、生物爆发之间的关系，Rodinia超大陆裂解为磷矿的形成提供了热液源和慢源的成矿物质；同时引发了生物的大爆发，而生物大爆发则促进了成矿物质的超常聚集和大规模成矿。

THE RIO APA CRATON IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL (BRAZIL) AND NORTHERN PARAGUAY: GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, CORRELATIONS AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RODINIA AND GONDWANA

The Rio Apa cratonic fragment crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil and in northeastern Paraguay. It comprises Paleo-Mesoproterozoic medium grade metamorphic rocks, intruded by granitic rocks, and is covered by the Neoproterozoic deposits of the Corumbi and Itapocurni Groups. Eastward it is bound by the southern portion of the Paraguay belt. In this work, more than 100 isotopic determinations, including U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole-rock determinations, as well as K-Ar and Ar-Ar mineral ages, were reassessed in order to obtain a complete picture of its regional geological history. The tectonic evolution of the Rio Apa Craton starts with the formation of a series of magmatic arc complexes. The oldest U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age comes from a banded gneiss collected in the northern part of the region, with an age of 1950 +/- 23 Ma. The large granitic intrusion of the Alumiador Batholith yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1839 +/- 33 Ma, and from the southeastern part of the area two orthogneisses gave zircon U-Pb ages of 1774 +/- 26 Ma and 1721 +/- 25 Ma. These may be coeval with the Alto Terere metamorphic rocks of the northeastern corner, intruded in their turn by the Baia das Garcas granitic rocks, one of them yielding a zircon U-Pb age of 1754 +/- 49 Ma. The original magmatic protoliths of these rocks involved some crustal component, as indicated by the Sm-Nd TDm model ages, between 1.9 and 2.5 Ga. Regional Sr isotopic homogenization, associated with tectonic deformation and medium-grade metamorphism occurred at approximately 1670 Ma, as suggested by Rb-Sr whole rock reference isochrons. Finally, at 1300 Ma ago, the Ar work indicates that the Rio Apa Craton was affected by widespread regional heating, when the temperature probably exceeded 350 degrees C. Geographic distribution, age and isotopic signature of the fithotectonic units suggest the existence of a major suture separating two different tectonic domains, juxtaposed at about 1670 Ma. From that time on, the unified Rio Apa continental block behaved as one coherent and stable tectonic unit. It correlates well with the SW corner of the Amazonian Craton, where the medium-grade rocks of the Juruena-Rio Negro tectonic province, with ages between 1600 and 1780 Ma, were reworked at about 1300 Ma. Looking at the largest scale, the Rio Apa Craton is probably attached to the larger Amazonian Craton, and the actual configuration of southwestern South America is possibly due to a complex arrangement of allochthonous blocks such as the Arequipa, Antofalla and Pampia, with different sizes, that may have originated as disrupted parts of either Laurentia or Amazonia, and were trapped during later collisions of these continental masses.

Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study with emphasis on the Precambrian intrusions and impact structures in Fennoscandia and South Africa

The importance of supercontinents in our understanding of the geological evolution of the planet Earth has been recently emphasized. The role of paleomagnetism in reconstructing lithospheric blocks in their ancient paleopositions is vital. Paleomagnetism is the only quantitative tool for providing ancient latitudes and azimuthal orientations of continents. It also yields information of content of the geomagnetic field in the past. In order to obtain a continuous record on the positions of continents, dated intrusive rocks are required in temporal progression. This is not always possible due to pulse-like occurrences of dykes. In this work we demonstrate that studies of meteorite impact-related rocks may fill some gaps in the paleomagnetic record. This dissertation is based on paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data obtained from samples of the Jänisjärvi impact structure (Russian Karelia, most recent 40Ar-39Ar age of 682 Ma), the Salla diabase dyke (North Finland, U-Pb 1122 Ma), the Valaam monzodioritic sill (Russian Karelia, U-Pb 1458 Ma), and the Vredefort impact structure (South Africa, 2023 Ma). The paleomagnetic study of Jänisjärvi samples was made in order to obtain a pole for Baltica, which lacks paleomagnetic data from 750 to ca. 600 Ma. The position of Baltica at ca. 700 Ma is relevant in order to verify whether the supercontinent Rodinia was already fragmented. The paleomagnetic study of the Salla dyke was conducted to examine the position of Baltica at the onset of supercontinent Rodinia's formation. The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) from Salla dyke provides hints that the Mesoproterozoic Baltica - Laurentia unity in the Hudsonland (Columbia, Nuna) supercontinent assembly may have lasted until 1.12 Ga. Moreover, the new VGP of Salla dyke provides new constraint on the timing of the rotation of Baltica relative to Laurentia (e.g. Gower et al., 1990). A paleomagnetic study of the Valaam sill was carried out in order to shed light into the question of existence of Baltica-Laurentia unity in the supercontinent Hudsonland. Combined with results from dyke complex of the Lake Ladoga region (Schehrbakova et al., 2008) a new robust paleomagnetic pole for Baltica is obtained. This pole places Baltica on a latitude of 10°. This low latitude location is supported also by Mesoproterozoic 1.5 1.3 Ga red-bed sedimentation (for example the Satakunta sandstone). The Vredefort impactite samples provide a well dated (2.02 Ga) pole for the Kaapvaal Craton. Rock magnetic data reveal unusually high Koenigsberger ratios (Q values) in all studied lithologies of the Vredefort dome. The high Q values are now first time also seen in samples from the Johannesburg Dome (ca. 120 km away) where there is no impact evidence. Thus, a direct causative link of high Q values to the Vredefort impact event can be ruled out.

Fast and efficient automatic memory management for GPUs using compiler-assisted runtime coherence scheme

Exploiting the performance potential of GPUs requires managing the data transfers to and from them efficiently which is an error-prone and tedious task. In this paper, we develop a software coherence mechanism to fully automate all data transfers between the CPU and GPU without any assistance from the programmer. Our mechanism uses compiler analysis to identify potential stale accesses and uses a runtime to initiate transfers as necessary. This allows us to avoid redundant transfers that are exhibited by all other existing automatic memory management proposals. We integrate our automatic memory manager into the X10 compiler and runtime, and find that it not only results in smaller and simpler programs, but also eliminates redundant memory transfers. Tested on eight programs ported from the Rodinia benchmark suite it achieves (i) a 1.06x speedup over hand-tuned manual memory management, and (ii) a 1.29x speedup over another recently proposed compiler--runtime automatic memory management system. Compared to other existing runtime-only and compiler-only proposals, it also transfers 2.2x to 13.3x less data on average.

A Rodinian suture in western India: New insights on India-Madagascar correlations

We report detailed evidence for a new paleo-suture zone (the Kumta suture) on the western margin of southern India. The c. 15-km-wide, westward dipping suture zone contains garnet-biotite, fuchsite-haematite, chlorite-quartz, quartz-phengite schists, biotite augen gneiss, marble and amphibolite. The isochemical phase diagram estimations and the high-Si phengite composition of quartz-phengite schist suggest a near-peak condition of c. 18 kbar at c. 550 degrees C, followed by near-isothermal decompression. The detrital SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages from quartz-phengite schist give four age populations ranging from 3280 to 2993 Ma. Phengite from quartz-phengite schist and biotite from garnet-biotite schist have K-Ar metamorphic ages of ca. 1326 and ca. 1385 Ma respectively. Electron microprobe-CHIME ages of in situ zircons in quartz-phengite schist (ca. 3750 Ma and ca. 1697 Ma) are consistent with the above results. The Bondla ultramafic-gabbro complex in the west of the Kumta suture compositionally represents an arc with K-Ar biotite ages from gabbro in the range 1644-1536 Ma. On the eastern side of the suture are weakly deformed and unmetamorphosed shallow westward-dipping sedimentary rocks of the Sirsi shelf, which has the following upward stratigraphy: pebbly quartzite/sandstone, turbidite, magnetite iron formation, and limestone; farther east the lower lying quartzite has an unconformable contact with ca. 2571 Ma quartzo-feldspathic gneisses of the Dharwar block with a ca. 1733 Ma biotite cooling age. To the west of the suture is a c. 60-km-wide Karwar block mainly consisting of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and amphibolite. The TTGs have U-Pb zircon magmatic ages of ca. 3200 Ma with a rare inherited core age of ca. 3601 Ma. The K-Ar biotite cooling age from the TTGs (1746 Ma and 1796 Ma) and amphibolite (ca. 1697 Ma) represents late-stage uplift. Integration of geological, structural and geochronological data from western India and eastern Madagascar suggest diachronous ocean closure during the amalgamation of Rodinia; in the north at around ca. 1380 Ma, and a progression toward the south until ca. 750 Ma. Satellite imagery based regional structural lineaments suggests that the Betsimisaraka suture continues into western India as the Kumta suture and possibly farther south toward a suture in the Coorg area, representing in total a c. 1000 km long Rodinian suture. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caracterização do maciço Santa Clara no município de Cujubim (RO) com base em litogeoquímica, geocronologia e estudos isotópicos

A Suíte Intrusiva Santa Clara está inserida na Província Estanífera de Rondônia, na porção SW do Cráton Amazônico. Essa suíte intrusiva é composta pelos maciços Santa Clara, Oriente Velho, Oriente Novo, Manteiga-Sul, Manteiga-Norte, Jararaca, Carmelo, Primavera e das Antas. Os litotipos que perfazem a Suíte Santa Clara ocorrem hospedados nas rochas do Complexo Jamari, uma associação polideformada composta por gnaisses ortoderivados e paraderivados. Características observadas em campo e em análises petrográficas permitiram subdividir o Maciço Santa Clara em cinco fácies distintas: fácies porfirítica, fácies isotrópica, fácies fina, fácies piterlítica e fácies viborgítica. Os litotipos observados correspondem a hornblenda-biotita granitos e biotita granitos intermediários a ácidos, com composições médias semelhantes àquelas verificadas para sienogranitos e monzogranitos. Geoquimicamente, três magmas podem ser identificados. O magma menos evoluído corresponde às rochas das fácies porfirítica e equigranular, e o mais evoluído compreende as fácies de granulometria fina e piterlítica. A fácies viborgítica representa o terceiro líquido magmático, e aparentemente é diferente de todas as outras fácies em termos de aspectos de campo e geoquímica. A análise litogeoquímica indica que estes granitoides são subalcalinos, bastante empobrecidos em MgO e exibem caráter metaluminoso a fracamente peraluminoso. Os padrões de elementos-traços evidenciam que tais granitóides possuem alto conteúdo em elementos incompatíveis (Rb, Zr, Y, Ta, Ce) e ETR, com exceção do Eu. Além disso, também exibem leve enriquecimento em LILE, forte depleção em elementos como Sr e Ti, e leve empobrecimento de Ba, indicando que o fracionamento de minerais como plagioclásio e titanita foi importante na evolução do líquido magmático analisado. A anomalia negativa de Nb indica envolvimento de material crustal nos processos magmáticos que geraram estes granitoides. Os litotipos analisados possuem características típicas de granitos tipo-A ferroan, e as razões FeOt/MgO entre 4,27 e 26,22 sugerem tratar-se de uma série de granitos félsicos fracionados. Os padrões de ETR observados para os litotipos analisados exibem um considerável enriquecimento em ETRL, e anomalia negativa de Eu, sugerindo fracionamento de feldspato durante o processo de diferenciação do líquido magmático. Diagramas discriminantes de ambientes tectônicos sugerem que os litotipos do Maciço Intrusivo Santa Clara são típicos de ambiente intraplaca, do tipo-A2, isto é, associados a ambientes pós-colisionais/pós-orogênicos. As características isotópicas observadas para os granitoides do Maciço Santa Clara sugerem que os mesmos foram gerados a partir da fusão parcial de uma crosta inferior pré-existente. As idades U-Pb entre 1,07 e 1,06 Ga são compatíveis com um magmatismo ocorrido nos estágios finais da colagem do supercontinente Rodínia (1,2-1,0 Ga) e estágios finais do Ciclo Orogênico Sunsás-Aguapeí (1320-1100 Ma). Sugere-se ainda que na verdade o Maciço Santa Clara seja formado por uma coalescência das três intrusões graníticas que são representadas pelos três magmas anteriormente descritos.

中-新元古代海洋的硫和碳同位素的演化

Data on seawater carbon isotope in the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic is abundant. However, the sulfur isotopic age curve of seawater sulfates determined through the analysis of sulfur isotopic composition of marine evaporite is uncertain in the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic since evaporites are generally rare in Precambrian. The Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic Carbonate Formations preserve not only the carbon isotopic records, but also the sulfur isotopic records of coeval seawater in the Huabei Platform and the Yangtze Platform, China. Sulfur isotopic composition can be determined by the extraction of trace sulfate from carbonate samples. Successive measurements of sulfur and carbon isotopic compositions of carbonate samples from the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic strata in the Huabei Platform and the Yangtze Platform was accomplished through the extracting of trace sulfate from carbonates. Sulfur and carbon isotopic compositions of coeval seawater were obtained from analytical results of sulfur and carbon isotopes of the same sample without diagenetic alteration. The high-resolution age curve of sulfur isotope given in this paper may reflect the trend of variations in sulfur isotope composition of seawater sulfates during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. It can be correlated with the characteristics of variation in age curve of carbon isotope of coeval seawater carbonates. The δ34S values of seawater varied from +10.3-37.0‰ during the Mesoproterozoic, which took on oscillated variation on the whole. The δ34S values took on high values in the Mesoproterozoic Chuanlinggou stage, Tuanshanzi stage Tieling stage and in Neoproterozoic Jing'eryu stage. The average of those was about +30‰. The sulfates have low δ34S values in the Mesoproterozoic Yangzhuang stage and Hongshuizhuang stage, The average of those was all lower than +20‰. There occured large-amplitude changs in δ34S values of seawater during the Mesoproterozoic. Large-amplitude oscillate of 534S values occured in the intervals of 1600~1400Ma and 1300~1200Ma. The δ13C values of seawater are mostly negative in Changcheng stage of late Paleoproterozoic, -0 ± 1‰ range in Jixian stage of Mesoproterozoic , and the positive 2±2‰ commonly in early Neoproterozoic Jing'eryu stage. From 1000 Ma to 900 Ma, about 108 years interval of oceanic 513C record is shortage. At the end of Paleoproterozoic (1700 - 1600 Ma), the oceanic 813C values change from -3‰ to 0‰, but strongly oscillate near 1600 Ma. Two larger variations of seawater 513C values occur in the Mesoproterozoic: one is a cycle of about 4%o happens at ca. 1400 Ma; another is rise from >2‰ to>5‰ at ca. 1250 Ma and then become stable at the near 1000 Ma. There appears a large positive excursion over +20‰ in 534S value of ancient seawater sulfates in the early Doushantuo stage. Simultaneously, 8 C values of ancient seawater occur a positive excursion reaching 10‰. These allow δ4S values and 513C values to reach high values of+51.7‰ and +6.9‰, respectively. The range of variation in 834S values of seawater is relatively narrow and 513C values are quite high in the middle Doushantuo stage. Then, δ34S values of seawater become oscillating, the same happens in δ13C values. Negative excursions in 834S values and 813C values occur simultaneously at the end of the Doushantuo stage, and the minimum of δ34S values and δ13C values dropped to -11.3‰ and -5.7‰, respectively. The ancient seawater in the Dengying stage has high δS values and δ13C values. Most of the δ34S values of the trace sulfate samples varied between +23.6‰ and +37.9‰ except two boundaries of the Dengying Formation, and the S13C values of the carbonate samples of the Dengying Formation varied between +0.5‰ and +5.0‰. There appeared large negative excursion in 834S values and δ13C values of ancient seawater at the bounder of Precambrian-Cambrian. The isotopic characteristics of sulfur and carbon implicated that the organic productivity and isotopic fractionation caused by biology were low and the palaeoceanic environment was quite unstable during the Mesoproterozoic. The increase and subsequent oscillation of seawater δ13C value occurred from 1700 to 1600 Ma and near 1300 Ma may be responsible to the two global tectonic events happened at coeval time. The characteristics of variation in sulfur and carbon isotopes of ancient seawater imply strong changes in oceanic environment, which became beneficial to inhabitation and propagation of organism. The organic production and the burial rate of organic carbon once reached a quite high level during the Doushantuo stage. However, the state of environment became unstable that means the global climate and the environment possibly were fluctuating and reiterating after the global glaciation. The negative excursions of S34S values and δ13C values occurring at the end of the Doushantuo stage represent a global event, which might be relative to the oxidation of deep seawater. The isotopic characteristics of sulfur and carbon implicated that there were a high organic productivity and a high burial rate of organic carbon in the Dengying stage. It is obvious that the palaeoceanic environment in Dengying stage was stable corresponding and beneficial for biology to inhabit and propagate except for the two boundaries. The tendency of sulfur and carbon isotopic variations maybe resulted from the gradual oxygenation of ocean environment during the Dengying stage. It has been reported that the secular variations of the sulfur isotopic compositions in seawater was negative correlated with that of carbon isotopic compositions. However, our results show that it is not the case. They were negatively correlated in some intervals and positively in some other intervals of the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. The difference in correlation may be associated with the changes in conditions of redox in oceanic environment, e.g. sharp change of the oxidation-reduction interface. The strong changes in global environment may induce the abnormality to occur in the biogeo chemical S and C cycles in the ocean and accordingly sharp Variations in isotopic composition of seawater sulfur and carbon during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. Simultaneously, the global tectonism caused large changes of 87Sr/86Sr ratios. The leading factor that causes the variation in isotopic composition is different in the different intervals of the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. Thus, there may exist different models of the biogeochemical S and C cycles in the ocean during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic.

滇东南发现新元古代岩浆岩：SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学证据

滇东南老君山地区出露了一套穹隆状变形-变质岩系,新近完成的1：5万都龙幅、麻栗坡县幅区域地质矿产调查报告,将其分解为晚志留纪南温河花岗岩、新元古界新寨岩组和古元古界猛硐岩群.首次对猛硐岩群的石英角闪斜长片麻岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,结合阴极发光图像分析,获得两组岩浆锆石的结晶年龄分别为761±12Ma和829±10Ma,指示滇东南老君山地区存在新元古代岩浆活动,同时从同位素年代学上,表明猛硐岩群是一套前寒武纪的变质沉积-岩浆杂岩.此外,还获得一些年龄为≈1.83Ga的残留锆石,表明该区存在古元古代的结晶基底.石英角闪斜长片麻岩及共存的斜长角闪岩,它们的原岩具有大陆裂谷背景下玄武质-玄武安山质岩浆系列的地球化学特征,可能与新元古代Rodinia超大陆聚合-裂解过程中的岩浆活动有关,本区在新元古代可能位于南华裂谷与康滇裂谷的交汇部位。

云南武定迤腊厂铜矿含矿石英脉^40Ar-^39Ar年龄及其意义

对武定迤腊厂铜矿成矿期石英进行了^40Ar-^39Ar同位素年龄测定，得到马鞍形年龄谱，坪年龄为(784．25±0．95)Ms，等时线年龄为(783．93±8．59)Ma。地质特征研究表明：该矿床后期改造作用明显，并非同生沉积或成岩作用早期成矿，而与晋宁期Rodina大陆裂解有关。武定迤腊厂铜矿的形成可能是在Rodinia大陆裂解时，从深部带来大量成矿物质，改造成岩时期初始的矿化，形成矿床的叠加富集和最终定位，晋宁．澄江期是该矿床的主成矿期。

东川桃园式铜矿Ar-Ar同位素年龄及意义

通过对东川桃园铜矿与铜矿共生石英的^40Ar／^39Ar同位素年龄的测定，得到马鞍形年龄谱，其坪年龄为768．43Ma±0．58Ma．等时线年龄为770．00Ma±5．44Ma。该矿床后期改造作用明显，并非同生沉积或成岩作用早期成矿，而与晋宁期Rodina大陆裂解有关。东川铜矿的形成可能是在Rodinia大陆裂解时，从深部带来大量成矿物质改造成岩时期初始的矿化，形成矿床的叠加富集和最终定位．因此，晋宁-澄江期是东川铜矿的主成矿期。