Études d'ingénierie du ribozyme VS de Neurospora

Les ribozymes sont des ARN catalytiques fréquemment exploités pour le développement d’outils biochimiques et d’agents thérapeutiques. Ils sont particulièrement intéressants pour effectuer l’inactivation de gènes, en permettant la dégradation d’ARNm ou d’ARN viraux associés à des maladies. Les ribozymes les plus utilisés en ce moment pour le développement d’agents thérapeutiques sont les ribozymes hammerhead et hairpin, qui permettent la reconnaissance spécifique d’ARN simple brin par la formation de structures secondaires stables. In vivo, la majorité des ARN adoptent des structures secondaires et tertiaires complexes et les régions simples brins sont parfois difficiles d’accès. Il serait intéressant de pouvoir cibler des ARN repliés et un motif d’ARN intéressant à cibler est la tige-boucle d’ARN qui peut être importante dans le repliement global des ARN et pour accomplir des fonctions biologiques. Le ribozyme VS de Neurospora fait la reconnaissance de son substrat replié en tigeboucle de façon spécifique par une interaction kissing-loop, mais il n’a jamais été exploité pour faire la reconnaissance d’un ARN cible très différent de son substrat naturel. Le but des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est de déterminer si le ribozyme VS possède l’adaptabilité nécessaire pour l’ingénierie de ribozymes qui clivent des ARN cibles différents du substrat naturel. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, le ribozyme VS a été modifié pour l’adapter à différents substrats et des études de cinétiques ont été réalisées pour évaluer l’impact de ces modifications sur l’activité de clivage du ribozyme. Dans un premier temps, le ribozyme a été modifié pour faire la reconnaissance et le clivage de substrats possédant différentes longueurs de tiges Ib. Le ribozyme a été adapté avec succès à ces substrats de différentes longueurs de tige Ib, avec une activité qui est similaire à celle du ribozyme avec un substrat sans modification. Dans un deuxième temps, c’est l’interaction kissing-loop I/V du ribozyme qui a été substituée de façon rationnelle, dans le but de savoir si un ribozyme VS mutant peut reconnaitre et cliver un substrat ayant une boucle différente de celle de son substrat naturel. L’interaction kissing-loop I/V a été substituée pour les interactions kissing-loop TAR/TAR* de l’ARN du VIH-1 et L22/L88 de l’ARN 23S de Deinococcus radiodurans. La réaction de iii clivage des ribozymes comportant ces nouvelles interactions kissing-loop est toujours observée, mais avec une activité diminuée. Finalement, la sélection in vitro (SELEX) de ribozymes a été effectuée pour permettre un clivage plus efficace d’un substrat mutant avec une nouvelle boucle. Le SELEX a permis la sélection d’un ribozyme qui clive un substrat avec une boucle terminale mutée pour celle de l’ARN TAR du VIH-1 et cela avec une activité de clivage très efficace. L’ensemble de ces études démontre que le ribozyme VS peut être modifié de diverses façons pour la reconnaissance spécifique de différents substrats, tout en conservant une bonne activité de clivage. Ces résultats montrent le grand potentiel d’ingénierie du ribozyme VS et sont prometteurs pour la poursuite d’études d’ingénierie du ribozyme VS, en vue du clivage d’ARN cibles repliés en tige-boucle complètement différents du substrat naturel du ribozyme VS.

Études d'ingénierie du ribozyme VS de Neurospora

Les ribozymes sont des ARN catalytiques fréquemment exploités pour le développement d’outils biochimiques et d’agents thérapeutiques. Ils sont particulièrement intéressants pour effectuer l’inactivation de gènes, en permettant la dégradation d’ARNm ou d’ARN viraux associés à des maladies. Les ribozymes les plus utilisés en ce moment pour le développement d’agents thérapeutiques sont les ribozymes hammerhead et hairpin, qui permettent la reconnaissance spécifique d’ARN simple brin par la formation de structures secondaires stables. In vivo, la majorité des ARN adoptent des structures secondaires et tertiaires complexes et les régions simples brins sont parfois difficiles d’accès. Il serait intéressant de pouvoir cibler des ARN repliés et un motif d’ARN intéressant à cibler est la tige-boucle d’ARN qui peut être importante dans le repliement global des ARN et pour accomplir des fonctions biologiques. Le ribozyme VS de Neurospora fait la reconnaissance de son substrat replié en tigeboucle de façon spécifique par une interaction kissing-loop, mais il n’a jamais été exploité pour faire la reconnaissance d’un ARN cible très différent de son substrat naturel. Le but des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est de déterminer si le ribozyme VS possède l’adaptabilité nécessaire pour l’ingénierie de ribozymes qui clivent des ARN cibles différents du substrat naturel. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, le ribozyme VS a été modifié pour l’adapter à différents substrats et des études de cinétiques ont été réalisées pour évaluer l’impact de ces modifications sur l’activité de clivage du ribozyme. Dans un premier temps, le ribozyme a été modifié pour faire la reconnaissance et le clivage de substrats possédant différentes longueurs de tiges Ib. Le ribozyme a été adapté avec succès à ces substrats de différentes longueurs de tige Ib, avec une activité qui est similaire à celle du ribozyme avec un substrat sans modification. Dans un deuxième temps, c’est l’interaction kissing-loop I/V du ribozyme qui a été substituée de façon rationnelle, dans le but de savoir si un ribozyme VS mutant peut reconnaitre et cliver un substrat ayant une boucle différente de celle de son substrat naturel. L’interaction kissing-loop I/V a été substituée pour les interactions kissing-loop TAR/TAR* de l’ARN du VIH-1 et L22/L88 de l’ARN 23S de Deinococcus radiodurans. La réaction de iii clivage des ribozymes comportant ces nouvelles interactions kissing-loop est toujours observée, mais avec une activité diminuée. Finalement, la sélection in vitro (SELEX) de ribozymes a été effectuée pour permettre un clivage plus efficace d’un substrat mutant avec une nouvelle boucle. Le SELEX a permis la sélection d’un ribozyme qui clive un substrat avec une boucle terminale mutée pour celle de l’ARN TAR du VIH-1 et cela avec une activité de clivage très efficace. L’ensemble de ces études démontre que le ribozyme VS peut être modifié de diverses façons pour la reconnaissance spécifique de différents substrats, tout en conservant une bonne activité de clivage. Ces résultats montrent le grand potentiel d’ingénierie du ribozyme VS et sont prometteurs pour la poursuite d’études d’ingénierie du ribozyme VS, en vue du clivage d’ARN cibles repliés en tige-boucle complètement différents du substrat naturel du ribozyme VS.

Engineering precision RNA molecular switches

Ligand-specific molecular switches composed of RNA were created by coupling preexisting catalytic and receptor domains via structural bridges. Binding of ligand to the receptor triggers a conformational change within the bridge, and this structural reorganization dictates the activity of the adjoining ribozyme. The modular nature of these tripartite constructs makes possible the rapid construction of precision RNA molecular switches that trigger only in the presence of their corresponding ligand. By using similar enzyme engineering strategies, new RNA switches can be made to operate as designer molecular sensors or as a new class of genetic control elements.

Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome

The construction of cDNA clones encoding large-size RNA molecules of biological interest, like coronavirus genomes, which are among the largest mature RNA molecules known to biology, has been hampered by the instability of those cDNAs in bacteria. Herein, we show that the application of two strategies, cloning of the cDNAs into a bacterial artificial chromosome and nuclear expression of RNAs that are typically produced within the cytoplasm, is useful for the engineering of large RNA molecules. A cDNA encoding an infectious coronavirus RNA genome has been cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome. The rescued coronavirus conserved all of the genetic markers introduced throughout the sequence and showed a standard mRNA pattern and the antigenic characteristics expected for the synthetic virus. The cDNA was transcribed within the nucleus, and the RNA translocated to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the recovered virus had essentially the same sequence as the original one, and no splicing was observed. The cDNA was derived from an attenuated isolate that replicates exclusively in the respiratory tract of swine. During the engineering of the infectious cDNA, the spike gene of the virus was replaced by the spike gene of an enteric isolate. The synthetic virus replicated abundantly in the enteric tract and was fully virulent, demonstrating that the tropism and virulence of the recovered coronavirus can be modified. This demonstration opens up the possibility of employing this infectious cDNA as a vector for vaccine development in human, porcine, canine, and feline species susceptible to group 1 coronaviruses.

Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications.

The negative-strand RNA viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pathogens, including influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, respiratory syncytial, Ebola, and hantaviruses. The development of new strategies to genetically manipulate the genomes of negative-strand RNA viruses has provided us with new tools to study the structure-function relationships of the viral components and their contributions to the pathogenicity of these viruses. It is also now possible to envision rational approaches--based on genetic engineering techniques--to design live attenuated vaccines against some of these viral agents. In addition, the use of different negative-strand RNA viruses as vectors to efficiently express foreign polypeptides has also become feasible, and these novel vectors have potential applications in disease prevention as well as in gene therapy.

Subtropical towers typology design : RNA showground case study

The QUT Team developed an idea for a new residential housing typology that is appropriate for sites where the best views are in the opposing direction to the preferable climatic orientation. The interlocking configuration creates a double height external living space in every apartment, creating further opportunities for cross ventilation and natural daylight. Unlike conventional double loaded housing typologies, the interlocking configuration only requires a continuous public circulation corridor every second level. The cores that service this corridor are separated to either end of the tower and open areas. The configuration of the interlocking apartments creates an interesting composition of solid and void when viewed externally. This undulating facade petternation assists in articulating the large building mass. The project was evaluated by independent consultants and found to be cost effective, and at the same time delivering energy efficient high density liveability. The project was presented to a meeting of the Australian Council on Tall Buildings seminar on 15 September 2010.

A two-metal ion mechanism operates in the hammerhead ribozyme-mediated cleavage of an RNA substrate

Evidence for a two-metal ion mechanism for cleavage of the HH16 hammerhead ribozyme is provided by monitoring the rate of cleavage of the RNA substrate as a function of La3+ concentration in the presence of a constant concentration of Mg2+. We show that a bell-shaped curve of cleavage activation is obtained as La3+ is added in micromolar concentrations in the presence of 8 mM Mg2+, with a maximal rate of cleavage being attained in the presence of 3 microM La3+. These results show that two-metal ion binding sites on the ribozyme regulate the rate of the cleavage reaction and, on the basis of earlier estimates of the Kd values for Mg2+ of 3.5 mM and > 50 mM, that these sites bind La3+ with estimated Kd values of 0.9 and > 37.5 microM, respectively. Furthermore, given the very different effects of these metal ions at the two binding sites, with displacement of Mg2+ by La3+ at the stronger (relative to Mg2+) binding site activating catalysis and displacement of Mg2+ by La3+ at the weaker (relative to Mg2+) (relative to Mg2+) binding site inhibiting catalysis, we show that the metal ions at these two sites play very different roles. We argue that the metal ion at binding site 1 coordinates the attacking 2'-oxygen species in the reaction and lowers the pKa of the attached proton, thereby increasing the concentration of the attacking alkoxide nucleophile in an equilibrium process. In contrast, the role of the metal ion at binding site 2 is to catalyze the reaction by absorbing the negative charge that accumulates at the leaving 5'-oxygen in the transition state. We suggest structural reasons why the Mg(2+)-La3+ ion combination is particularly suited to demonstrating these different roles of the two-metal ions in the ribozyme cleavage reaction.

The adenine-rich tract in the 5ʹ-end of the hepatitis C virus ORF encodes a peptide regulating the binding of the C protein to RNA

Hepatitis C virus (HCV ) core (C) protein is thought to bind to viral RNA before it undergoes oligomerization leading to RNA encapsidation. Details of these events are so far unknown. The 5ʹ-terminal C protein coding sequence that includes an adenine (A)-rich tract is a part of an internal ribosome entry site(IRES). This nucleotide sequence but not the corresponding protein sequence is needed for proper initiation of translation of viral RNA by an IRES-dependent mechanism. In this study, we examined the importance of this sequence for the ability of the C protein to bind to viral RNA. Serially truncated C proteins with deletions from 10 up to 45 N-terminal amino acids were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and tested for binding to viral RNA by a gel shift assay. The results showed that truncation of the C protein from its N-terminus by more than 10 amino acids abolished almost completely its expression in E. coli. The latter could be restored by adding a tag to the N-terminus of the protein. The tagged proteins truncated by 15 or more amino acids showed an anomalous migration in SDS-PAGE. Truncation by more than 20 amino acids resulted in a complete loss of ability of tagged C protein to bind to viral RNA. These results provide clues to the early events in the C protein - RNA interactions leading to C protein oligomerization, RNA encapsidation and virion assembly.

Do RNA viruses require genome cyclisation for replication?

Complementary sequences at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the dengue virus RNA genome are essential for viral replication, and are believed to cyclise the genome through long-range base pairing in cis. Although consistent with evidence in the literature, this view neglects possible biologically active multimeric forms that are equally consistent with the data. Here, we propose alternative multimeric structures, and suggest that multigenome noncovalent concatemers are more likely to exist under cellular conditions than single cyclised monomers. Concatemers provide a plausible mechanism for the dengue virus to overcome the single-stranded (+)-sense RNA virus dilemma, and can potentially assist genome transport from the virus-induced vesicles into the cytosol.

Advanced Engineering of Lipid Metabolism in Nicotiana benthamiana Using a Draft Genome and the V2 Viral Silencing-Suppressor Protein

The transient leaf assay in Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used in plant sciences, with one application being the rapid assembly of complex multigene pathways that produce new fatty acid profiles. This rapid and facile assay would be further improved if it were possible to simultaneously overexpress transgenes while accurately silencing endogenes. Here, we report a draft genome resource for N. benthamiana spanning over 75% of the 3.1 Gb haploid genome. This resource revealed a two-member NbFAD2 family, NbFAD2.1 and NbFAD2.2, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed their expression in leaves. FAD2 activities were silenced using hairpin RNAi as monitored by qRT-PCR and biochemical assays. Silencing of endogenous FAD2 activities was combined with overexpression of transgenes via the use of the alternative viral silencing-suppressor protein, V2, from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. We show that V2 permits maximal overexpression of transgenes but, crucially, also allows hairpin RNAi to operate unimpeded. To illustrate the efficacy of the V2-based leaf assay system, endogenous lipids were shunted from the desaturation of 18:1 to elongation reactions beginning with 18:1 as substrate. These V2-based leaf assays produced ~50% more elongated fatty acid products than p19-based assays. Analyses of small RNA populations generated from hairpin RNAi against NbFAD2 confirm that the siRNA population is dominated by 21 and 22 nt species derived from the hairpin. Collectively, these new tools expand the range of uses and possibilities for metabolic engineering in transient leaf assays. © 2012 Naim et al.

De Novo Transcriptome Sequence Assembly and Analysis of RNA Silencing Genes of Nicotiana benthamiana

Background: Nicotiana benthamiana has been widely used for transient gene expression assays and as a model plant in the study of plant-microbe interactions, lipid engineering and RNA silencing pathways. Assembling the sequence of its transcriptome provides information that, in conjunction with the genome sequence, will facilitate gaining insight into the plant's capacity for high-level transient transgene expression, generation of mobile gene silencing signals, and hyper-susceptibility to viral infection. Methodology/Results: RNA-seq libraries from 9 different tissues were deep sequenced and assembled, de novo, into a representation of the transcriptome. The assembly, of16GB of sequence, yielded 237,340 contigs, clustering into 119,014 transcripts (unigenes). Between 80 and 85% of reads from all tissues could be mapped back to the full transcriptome. Approximately 63% of the unigenes exhibited a match to the Solgenomics tomato predicted proteins database. Approximately 94% of the Solgenomics N. benthamiana unigene set (16,024 sequences) matched our unigene set (119,014 sequences). Using homology searches we identified 31 homologues that are involved in RNAi-associated pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana, and show that they possess the domains characteristic of these proteins. Of these genes, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene, Rdr1, is transcribed but has a 72 nt insertion in exon1 that would cause premature termination of translation. Dicer-like 3 (DCL3) appears to lack both the DEAD helicase motif and second dsRNA binding motif, and DCL2 and AGO4b have unexpectedly high levels of transcription. Conclusions: The assembled and annotated representation of the transcriptome and list of RNAi-associated sequences are accessible at www.benthgenome.com alongside a draft genome assembly. These genomic resources will be very useful for further study of the developmental, metabolic and defense pathways of N. benthamiana and in understanding the mechanisms behind the features which have made it such a well-used model plant. © 2013 Nakasugi et al.

On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites

Viroids and most viral satellites have small, noncoding, and highly structured RNA genomes. How they cause disease symptoms without encoding proteins and why they have characteristic secondary structures are two longstanding questions. Recent studies have shown that both viroids and satellites are capable of inducing RNA silencing, suggesting a possible role of this mechanism in the pathology and evolution of these subviral RNAs. Here we show that preventing RNA silencing in tobacco, using a silencing suppressor, greatly reduces the symptoms caused by the Y satellite of cucumber mosaic virus. Furthermore, tomato plants expressing hairpin RNA, derived from potato spindle tuber viroid, developed symptoms similar to those of potato spindle tuber viroid infection. These results provide evidence suggesting that viroids and satellites cause disease symptoms by directing RNA silencing against physiologically important host genes. We also show that viroid and satellite RNAs are significantly resistant to RNA silencing-mediated degradation, suggesting that RNA silencing is an important selection pressure shaping the evolution of the secondary structures of these pathogens.

Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA

Many examples of extreme virus resistance and posttranscriptional gene silencing of endogenous or reporter genes have been described in transgenic plants containing sense or antisense transgenes. In these cases of either cosuppression or antisense suppression, there appears to be induction of a surveillance system within the plant that specifically degrades both the transgene and target RNAs. We show that transforming plants with virus or reporter gene constructs that produce RNAs capable of duplex formation confer virus immunity or gene silencing on the plants. This was accomplished by using transcripts from one sense gene and one antisense gene colocated in the plant genome, a single transcript that has self-complementarity, or sense and antisense transcripts from genes brought together by crossing. A model is presented that is consistent with our data and those of other workers, describing the processes of induction and execution of posttranscriptional gene silencing.