1000 resultados para REINSERCION - COLOMBIA
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La reintegración social y económica de grupos y personas armados al margen de la ley es un tema polémico en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional. Aquí se intenta demostrar la debilidad del modelo de cooperación internacional en Colombia y su incidencia en el Programa de Reintegración de grupos y personas armadas al margen de la ley, partiendo de la precariedad institucional del modelo de cooperación internacional vigente durante el periodo 2002-2006, caracterizado por la limitada existencia de escenarios de coordinación, así como por la incidencia de externalidades políticas, económicas y diplomáticas. Se logra, de esta manera, evidenciar la presencia de vacíos institucionales que no permiten que la cooperación internacional dirigida a los procesos de reintegración tengan un adecuado manejo, así como el sentimiento de desconfianza que hay por parte de la comunidad internacional hacia los programas de reintegración, debido a los problemas estructurales del programa en sí, a su limitada cobertura, a errores de diseño y a las limitaciones en su implementación. Lo anterior, ha traído como consecuencia la formación de nuevos grupos armados al margen de la ley en las zonas donde ocurrieron las desmovilizaciones; de igual manera, la falta de cumplimiento por parte del gobierno colombiano hacia las recomendaciones de la Alta Comisionada de Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos ha hecho que esta desconfianza siga latente en el escenario de cooperación internacional.
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La presente monografía analiza la efectividad en la ejecución de la Política Publica de Reintegración Social y Económica, y toma como caso de estudio a Bogotá, durante el periodo 2006 y 2008. Para lograrlo, en el primer capítulo establece los fundamentos teóricos sobre Política Pública, el proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración, y plantea un modelo de análisis para la política en estudio. En el segundo capítulo, realiza una contextualización del conflicto armado colombiano, de sus actores y las propuestas realizadas por los gobiernos para lograr la conciliación en el país. Así mismo, se analiza el cambio de reinserción a reintegración a través del estudio del Programa de Reincorporación a la Vida Civil y las críticas que llevaron a la creación de la Alta Consejería para la Reintegración. En el tercer capítulo presenta las condiciones determinantes en Bogotá para la reintegración, y expone así, la lucha armada en la ciudad, el Programa de Atención al Proceso de Desmovilización y Reintegración, las características especiales de los desmovilizados que llegan a la ciudad, y los elementos que definen a las comunidades de acogida. En el cuarto capítulo efectúa el análisis de la Política Pública de Reintegración Social y Económica en Bogotá (2006-2008) en cuanto a la estructuración del problema, los involucrados, la evaluación de los resultados y la efectividad de la reintegración.
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Desde el año 2004 la Organización de Estados Americanos, a través de su Misión de Acompañamiento al Proceso de Paz MAPP/OEA- en Colombia, estableció una cooperación técnica para hacer un seguimiento, acompañamiento y monitoreo al proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración DDR- de los miembros de los grupos armados ilegales del país, en particular de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (paramilitares) . Su trabajo ha permitido un conocimiento público del proceso con el grupo irregular y además está sirviendo como herramienta de aprendizaje para otros casos de DDR actuales y futuros.
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La presente monografía analiza el proceso de negociación entre el gobierno nacional y las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia y su incidencia en la reintegración de excombatientes, y tomo como caso de estudio a Medellín, durante el periodo 2006-20008. Para lograrlo en el primer capítulo se estudia el término negociación para conocer su significado y las implicaciones que tiene su utilización para después realizar una breve descripción del conflicto armado colombiano. Posteriormente se explica el caso concreto de Medellín, y se analizara el desarrollo la negociación en Colombia (2002-2005). En un segundo capítulo se examina la noción de reintegración contextualizándola en el caso de Medellín. Mientras que en el tercer capítulo, se identifica la relación de estos dos procesos y su incidencia en la reintegración de excombatientes en la ciudad de Medellín. Así, en primer lugar se expondrán las fallas de tipo estructural que impidieron una adecuada negociación entre el gobierno nacional y las AUC. Posteriormente se analizará el rol de la sociedad civil colombiana y la participación de la comunidad internacional en el proceso de negociación y en la posterior reinserción y reintegración de los excombatientes.
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Como solución al problema socio-económico de las poblaciones que tienden a la vulnerabilidad en Colombia, se plantea un modelo de empresa sustentable; se trata de partir de una inter-dependencia entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y la cadena de valor, logrando establecer enlaces de integración horizontal y vertical, para así ayudar a crear, fomentar y hacer crecer dentro de estas cadena, a microempresas conformadas por las minorías más vulnerables social y económicamente de nuestro país, aplicándolo en una primera instancia, como modelo piloto, a las personas en proceso de reintegración de los grupos armados ilegales, de manera que el modelo sea viable, soportable y equitativo, y genere cuenta de resultados a futuro para las organizaciones de tipo social, financiero y ambiental.
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For more than 60 years, Colombia has been suffering an internal conflict, full of a constant violence known today as terrorism. The actual government from President Alvaro Uribe Velez has been developing during his administration, strategies looking for better conditions for those who decide to give away the weapons over the process known as “Reinsercion” or “Reincorporacion” for all the terrorist groups in Colombia. During the investigation, specifically at the work field with the actors from the Reinsercion, through conversations during all the meetings done, where identified the internal and external variables from the surroundings that affected somehow the Reinsercion Process. 85% of the system variables are in the Zone of Conflict, where a big amount of them have some kind of influence over the others, but not all of them are in the zone of the strategic vari ables. This way, there are many front works, important decisions to be taken, awareness on the population to generate, so that all the steps that are to be done toward a solution, reach fruitful results. On the other hand, when analyzing the relation betwe en the actors, the terrorist groups have shown a strong level of convergence from the first moment on the investigation, it could be identify that through the strategic route, this actor confronts the objectives from the other actors of the system. Next, i t will be presented the 4 possible scenarios to happen in the process of Reinsercion in Colombia, and the one with more probability is describe. - Scenario 1: A new Horizon - Scenario 2: Unavoidable Renegotiations - Scenario 3: Everything keeps the same way As the group of experts expressed, this is the scenario with the mayor probability to happen, therefore, as people that have already given up the weapons, perceive the process as a strategy with a lots of difficulties because just a few of the promises that gave the government are really being accomplished. There hasn‟t been a real change in the political structure, and there may be 3 or 4 more governments more and the influence of the narcotrafic could maintain.
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Based on the results of comparative analyses of 1,039 specimens of several progenies of Anopheles nuneztovarifrom three localities in Colombia, eight costal wing spot patterns were observed. Patterns I and III were the most frequent: 77.96% and 11.36%, respectively. Using the diagnostic characters ratio of the length of the basal dark area of hind tarsomere II/length of hind tarsomere II, ratio of the length of the humeral pale spot/length of the pre-humeral dark spot, and the ratio of the length of the subcostal pale spot/length of the distal sector dark spot (DS-III2/Ta-III2, HP/PHD, SCP/DSD) approximately 5% of the adult females were misidentified as a species of Nyssorhynchus, different from An. nuneztovari. Approximately 5% of the specimens showed DS-III2/Ta-III2 ratio less than 0.25 (range 0.21 - 0.24), and among them 3.34% shared a HP/PHD ratio less than 1.50. Consequently, 1.52% of An. nuneztovari individuals can be misidentified as Anopheles oswaldoi. In those specimens with the DS-III2/Ta-III2 ratios higher than 0.25, 34.45% displayed SCP/DSD values greater than 0.50 and of these, 3.65% displayed HP/PHD values greater than 1.8. This combination of characters could lead one to misidentify samples of An. nuneztovari as Anopheles rangeli. Similarly, 2.43% of the females could be identified erroneously as either Anopheles aquasalis or Anopheles benarrochi. Individuals with a HP/PHD ratio greater than 2.0, could be misidentified as Anopheles trinkae, Anopheles strodei or Anopheles evansae. A distinct combination of diagnostic characters for An. nuneztovari from Colombia is proposed.
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Dengue type 3 genotype V viruses have been recently detected in Brazil and Colombia. In this study, we described another Brazilian isolate belonging to this genotype. Phylogenetic analysis including dengue type 3 viruses isolated worldwide showed that Brazilian and Colombian viruses were closely related to viruses isolated in Asia more than two decades ago. The characteristic evolutionary pattern of dengue type 3 virus cannot explain the close similarity of new circulating viruses with old viruses. Further studies are needed to confirm the origin of the new dengue type III genotype circulating in Brazil and Colombia.
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There are 3 strains of Encephalitozoon cuniculi that occur in mammals. Strain III is associated with clinical disease in dogs, although some can be asymptomatic carriers and excrete spores in their urine. Several cases of human E. cuniculi infection caused by strain III have been observed in immunocompromised patients, indicating that E. cuniculi should be considered a zoonotic agent. Encephalitozoon cuniculi can cause fatal disease in maternally-infected or young dogs. Clinical signs in these animals included blindness, encephalitis, retarded growth rate, and nephritis. Encephalitozoon cuniculi has also been associated with primary renal failure in adult dogs. The present study used the direct agglutination test (DAT, cut-off 1:50) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off 1:10) to examine the prevalence of antibodies to E. cuniculi in dogs from Brazil and Colombia. Using the DAG, 31 (27.4%) of 113 dogs from Brazil and 47 (18.5%) of 254 dogs from Colombia were seropositive. Nine (14.3%) of 63 dogs from Brazil and IS (35.3%) of the 51 dogs from Colombia were seropositive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. These results indicate that dogs from Brazil and Colombia are exposed to E. cuniculi.
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Crown rufolepidotus Caruzo & Riina (Euphorbiaceae s. str.), a new species from Colombia, is here described and illustrated. The new species is endemic to an area of lowland secondary forests in Antioquia. Morphological characters indicate that this species belongs to Croton sect. Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill. due to its arborescent habit, petiolar glands, 15 to 25 stamens, as well as the pistillate flowers with imbricate sepals and multifid styles.
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A new species of land planarian from Colombia, Gigantea maupoi sp. nov., is described herein. The penis papilla of the new species is provided with numerous accessory genital organs, or mgo. These mgo are of a unique morphology, consisting of a very strong barrel-shaped circular muscle coat and an underlying longitudinal one, both derived from the subepithelial musculature of the penis papilla. The central mass of each mgo contains secretions and 8-15 canalicula that open to the male atrium on the central region of the organ. Differences in structures constituting the mgo and details of the muscular systems and of the reproductive organs among the 11 Gigantea species from literature and from type material of G. bistriata (Hyman, 1962), G. chiriquii (Hyman, 1962), and G. sandersoni (Prudhoe, 1949) reexamined here show that the genus is heterogeneous.
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This paper offers some preliminary steps in the marriage of some of the theoretical foundations of new economic geography with spatial computable general equilibrium models. Modelling the spatial economy of Colombia using the traditional assumptions of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models makes little sense when one territorial unit, Bogota, accounts for over one quarter of GDP and where transportation costs are high and accessibility low compared to European or North American standards. Hence, handling market imperfections becomes imperative as does the need to address internal spatial issues from the perspective of Colombia`s increasing involvement with external markets. The paper builds on the Centro de Estudios de Economia Regional (CEER) model, a spatial CGE model of the Colombian economy; non-constant returns and non-iceberg transportation costs are introduced and some simulation exercises carried out. The results confirm the asymmetric impacts that trade liberalization has on a spatial economy in which one region, Bogota, is able to more fully exploit scale economies vis--vis the rest of Colombia. The analysis also reveals the importance of different hypotheses on factor mobility and the role of price effects to better understand the consequences of trade opening in a developing economy.
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Concern about the growing demand of food and fuel has focused the attention on countries with conditions to provide for global requirements. Also, the build-up of an environmental awareness has compelled several governments to implement programs for the addition of biofuels to oil derivatives. Considering their relevance as world and South American producers, this study makes a characterization of the sucro-energetic sectors of Brazil and Colombia, based on a view of agro-industrial systems, industrial organization and transaction cost economy. The approach followed considered of a secondary information survey and in-depth interviews. The main differences found are centered on institutional development level and production volumes. However, the use of the same raw material, sugarcane, trade opening policies, cultural approaches and regional integration, are factors that could generate links of commercial exchange and technological cooperation between the two countries.
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A second species of the genus Eratomyia Amorim & Rindal-E. risaralda, sp. n.-is described from Risaralda, Colombia, based on one male and three females. The female of Eratomyia is described for the first time. A number of striking modifications in the female terminalia shared with Chiletricha Chandler support the hypothesis that they are sister genera within the Rangomaramidae. The position of Chiletricha and Eratomyia within the Chiletrichinae is discussed.