Central substance P NK(1) receptors are involved in fever induced by LPS but not by IL-1 beta and CCL3/MIP-1 alpha in rats

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that can modulate inflammatory mediator release through activation of NK(1) receptors (NK(1)R). Some studies have also suggested the involvement of SP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. However, the precise contribution of this neuropeptide to the pathways activated during fever is unknown. In this study we investigated the effect of a selective NK(1)R antagonist, SR140333B, on the febrile response induced by LPS and cytokines. Our results show that the systemic injection of SR140333B did not modify the fever induced by LPS at a dose that is able to reduce protein extravasation induced by SP in the skin. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular administration of 5R140333B significantly reduced the fever induced by peripheral injection of LPS. These data emphasize an important role for SP in the central nervous system during the febrile response to LPS, and are reinforced by the fact that intracerebroventricular injection of SP also induced fever in a dose-dependent manner in captopril-treated rats. Considering that the febrile response can result from the generation of several endogenous pyrogens, among them interleukin (IL)-1 beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (CCL3/MIP-1 alpha), we also examined the effect of SR140333B on the fever induced by these cytokines which act through prostaglandin-dependent and independent mechanisms, respectively. Surprisingly, SR140333B did not modify the febrile response to IL-1 beta or CCL3/MIP-1 alpha. Altogether these data suggest that the central action of SP is essential for LPS-, but not for IL-1 beta- or CCL3/MIP-1 alpha-induced fever. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Role for the Substance P/NK-1 Receptor Complex in Cell Proliferation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective: To investigate the presence and distribution of substance P (SP) and neurokinin I receptor (NK-IR) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their relationship with proliferation. Patients and Methods: Ninety OSCCs from 73 patients were immunohistochemically analyzed using monoclonal antibodies against SP, NK-IR and Ki-67 in a case and control study. Results: Seventy-one percent (n=49) of cases expressed SP on tumour cell membrane, 81.3% (n=69) in cytoplasm, 39.4% (n=28) in nucleus, 81.6% (n=71) in infiltrating lymphocytes, and 58.1% (n=43) in peritumoural or intratumoural blood vessels; 14% (n=12) of cases expressed NK-1R on tumour cell membrane, 50% (n=43) in cytoplasm, 48.3% (n=42) in infiltrating lymphocytes and 22.5% (n=18) in tumour blood vessels. All cases expressed Ki-67, which was expressed in >25% of tumour cells in 79.8% of cases (n=63). Direct significant associations were observed in SP expression between different tissue levels (p<0.01), between SP and NK-IR tumour cell membrane expression (p<0.01), and between joint,SP and NK-IR expression in tumour cell cytoplasm and a higher expression of Ki-67 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The ubiquitous presence of SP strongly suggests a role for SP/NK-1R complex in tumour development and progression and possibly for NK-IR antagonists, such as L-773060, in the management of patients with oral cancer.

Bedeutung der Expression der G-Protein-gekoppelten-Rezeptoren BRS 3, CCKA, CXCR 4, GHRH, GRPR, NK 1, NMBR, NT 2, PAC 1, VPAC 1 und VPAC 2 bei kolorektalen Tumoren in Abhängigkeit von Tumorstadium und Differenzierungsgrad

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2012

Blockade of NK-1 receptors in the lateral commissural nucleus tractus solitarii of awake rats had no effect on the cardiovascular responses to chemoreflex activation

The neurotransmission of the chemoreflex in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), particularly of the sympatho-excitatory component, is not completely understood. There is evidence that substance P may play a role in the neurotransmission of the chemoreflex in the NTS. Microinjection of substance P (50 pmol/50 nl, N = 12, and 5 nmol/50 nl, N = 8) into the commissural NTS of unanesthetized rats produced a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (101 ± 1 vs 108 ± 2 and 107 ± 3 vs 115 ± 4 mmHg, respectively) and no significant changes in heart rate (328 ± 11 vs 347 ± 15 and 332 ± 7 vs 349 ± 13 bpm, respectively) 2 min after microinjection. Previous treatment with WIN, an NK-1 receptor antagonist (2.5 nmol/50 nl), microinjected into the NTS of a specific group of rats, blocked the pressor (11 ± 5 vs 1 ± 2 mmHg) and tachycardic (31 ± 6 vs 4 ± 3 bpm) responses to substance P (50 pmol/50 nl, N = 5) observed 10 min after microinjection. Bilateral microinjection of WIN into the lateral commissural NTS (N = 8) had no significant effect on the pressor (50 ± 4 vs 42 ± 6 mmHg) or bradycardic (-230 ± 16 vs -220 ± 36 bpm) responses to chemoreflex activation with potassium cyanide (iv). These data indicate that the activation of NK-1 receptors by substance P in the NTS produces an increase in baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate. However, the data obtained with WIN suggest that substance P and NK-1 receptors do not play a major role in the neurotransmission of the chemoreflex in the lateral commissural NTS.

Évaluation pré-clinique et clinique de deux nouvelles stratégies dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires : activité anti-thrombotique de l'inhibition du récepteur P2Y1 et activité anti-inflammatoire de l'inhibition du récepteur PAR-1.

Alors que la plaquette a un rôle prépondérant dans le maintient de l'hémostase, son implication dans la formation de la thrombose est également incontestée. Il existe à présent des traitements antiplaquettaires mais ceux-ci présentent quelques failles. Le but de ma maîtrise a donc été de caractériser de nouvelles voies d'inhibition de l'activité plaquettaire. Les deux études qui ont été réalisées concernent l'inhibition de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G, soit le récepteur à l'ADP P2Y1 et le récepteur à la thrombine PAR-1. Dans un premier temps, l'étude du récepteur P2Y1 suggère que l'inhibition de celui-ci seul ou en combinaison avec l'inhibition du récepteur P2Y12 présente un potentiel thérapeutique chez des patients coronariens stables. Dans un deuxième temps, l'étude d'un nouvel antiplaquettaire qui est présentement en phase III de son développement clinique, soit le SCH 530348, a été effectuée. Étant un antagoniste du récepteur PAR-1, le SCH 530348 a des effets qui se répercutent à la fois chez la plaquette et les leucocytes qui possèdent eux aussi ce récepteur. Cette deuxième étude suggère que complémentairement à son effet chez la plaquette, cet inhibiteur diminue les marqueurs de l'inflammation systémique.

Participation of peripheral tachykinin NK(1) receptors in the carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular disorders represent one of the major challenges in dentistry therapeutics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the time course of carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate the role of tachykinin NK(1) receptors. Inflammation was induced by a single intra-articular (i.art.) injection of carrageenan into the left TMJ (control group received sterile saline). Inflammatory parameters such as plasma extravasation, leukocyte influx and mechanical allodynia (measured as the head-withdrawal force threshold) and TNF alpha and IL-1 beta concentrations were measured in the TMJ lavages at selected time-points. The carrageenan-induced responses were also evaluated after treatment with the NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333. The i.art. injection of carrageenan into the TMJ caused a time-dependent plasma extravasation associated with mechanical allodynia, and a marked neutrophil accumulation between 4 and 24 h. Treatment with SR140333 substantially inhibited the increase in plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx at 4 and 24 h, as well as the production of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta into the joint cavity, but failed to affect changes in head-withdrawal threshold. The results obtained from the present TMJ-arthritis model provide, for the first time, information regarding the time course of this experimental inflammatory process. In addition, our data show that peripheral NK(1) receptors mediate the production of both TNF alpha and IL-1 beta in the TMJ as well as some of the inflammatory signs, such as plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx, but not the nociceptive component. 2008 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The peptide binding site of the substance P (NK-1) receptor localized by a photoreactive analogue of substance P: presence of a disulfide bond.

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that mediates multiple physiological responses including transmission of painful stimuli and inflammation via an interaction with a receptor of known primary sequence. To identify the regions of the SP receptor, also termed the NK-1 receptor, involved in peptide recognition, we are using analogues of SP containing the photoreactive amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (Bpa). In the present study, we used radioiodinated Bpa8-SP to covalently label with high efficiency the rat SP receptor expressed in a transfected mammalian cell line. To identify the amino acid residue that serves as the site of covalent attachment, a membrane preparation of labeled receptor was subjected to partial enzymatic cleavage by trypsin. A major digestion product of 22 kDa was identified. Upon reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol the mass of this product decreased to 14 kDa. The 22-kDa tryptic fragment was purified in excellent yield by preparative SDS/PAGE under nonreducing conditions. Subcleavage with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and endoproteinase ArgC yielded fragments of 8.2 and 9.0 kDa, respectively. Upon reductive cleavage, the V8 protease fragment decreased to 3.0 kDa while the endoproteinase ArgC fragment decreased to 3.2 kDa. Taking into consideration enzyme specificity, molecular size, determination of the presence or absence of N-glycosylation sites, and recognition by antibodies to specific sequences of the SP receptor, the V8 protease fragment is Thr-173 to Glu-183, while the endoproteinase ArgC fragment is Val-178 to Arg-190. These two fragments share the common sequence Val-Val-Cys-Met-Ile-Glu (residues 178-183). The site of covalent attachment of radioiodinated Bpa8-SP is thus restricted to a residue within this overlap sequence. The data presented here also establish that the cysteine residue in this sequence Cys-180, which is positioned in the middle of the second extracellular loop, participates in a disulfide bond that links the first and second extracellular loops of the receptor.

Contribution of tachykinin and kinin receptors in central autonomic control of blood pressure and behavioural activity in hypertensive rats

This work aims at studing the role of tachykinin NK-3 receptor (R) and kinin B1R in central autonomic regulation of blood pressure (BP) and to determine whether the B1R is overexpressed and functional in rat models of hypertension by measuring the effect of a B1R agonist on behavioural activity. Assumptions: (1) NK-3R located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and has a tonic activity in hypertension; (2) B1R is overexpressed in the brain of hypertensive rats and has a tonic activity, which contributes to hypertension via a dopamine mechanism; (3) the inhibition of NK-3R and B1R with selective antagonists, reduces central dopaminergic hyperactivity and reverses hypertension. A model of genetic hypertension and a model of experimental hypertension were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 16 weeks) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats infused for 14 days with angiotensin II (Ang II) (200 ng / kg / min, subcutaneous (s.c.) with Alzet mini pump). The age-matched untreated WKY rats served as common controls. In the first study (article # 1), the cardiovascular response in SHR was evaluated following intracebroventricular (i.c.v.) and/or intra-VTA injection of an agonist (senktide) and antagonists (SB222200 and R-820) of NK-3R. These responses have also been characterized using selective dopamine antagonists DA-D1R (SCH23390), DA-D2R (raclopride) or non-selective dopamine DA-D2R (haloperidol). Also the VTA has been destroyed by ibotenic acid. The pressor response induced by senktide and the anti-hypertensive response induced by SB222200 or R-820 were more pronounced by intra-VTA. These responses were prevented by pre-treatment with raclopride and haloperidol. The lesion of the VTA has prevented the pressor response relayed by senktide (i.c.v.) and the anti-hypertensive effect of R-820 (i.c.v.). In addition, SB222200 (intra-VTA) prevented the pressor response of senktide (i.c.v.) and conversely, senktide (i.c.v.) prevented the antihypertensive effect of SB222200 (intra-VTA). The second study (article # 2) showed that the B1R antagonist (SSR240612) administered by gavage or i.c.v. reverses hypertension in both models. This anti-hypertensive effect was prevented by raclopride and haloperidol. In contrast, the two B1R antagonists (R-715 and R-954) injected s.c., which do not cross the blood-brain barrier reduced weakly blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In the third study (article # 3), the i.c.v. injection of a selective kinin B1R agonist Sar[DPhe8][des-Arg9]BK caused behavioural responses in SHR and Ang II-treated rats and had no effect in control WKY rats . The responses elicited by B1R agonist were blocked by an antagonist of NK-1 (RP67580), an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptor (DL-AP5), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (L -NNA) as well as raclopride and SCH23390.The responses were modestly affected by the inhibitor of inducible NOS (iNOS). The B1R mRNA (measured by RT-PCR) was significantly increased in the hypothalamus, the VTA and the nucleus accumbens of hypertensive animals (SHR and treated with Ang II) compared with control rats. These neuropharmacological studies suggest that: (1) the NK-3R from the VTA is involved in the maintenance of hypertension in SHR by increasing DA transmission in the midbrain; (2) the B1R in SHR and Ang II-treated rats contributes to hypertension via a central mechanism involving DA-D2R; (3) the central B1R increases locomotor activity and nocifensive behaviours via the release of substance P (NK-1), DA and nitric oxide in both rat models of hypertension. Thus, the brain tachykinin NK-3R and kinin B1R represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension. The modulation of the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic pathway by these receptors suggests their involvement in other physiological functions (pleasure, motor activity, coordination of the response to stress) and pathophysiology (anxiety, depression).

Étude de l'activation des basophiles par le système tachykinergique

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle des tachykinines dans la modulation de l'apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ induite par l'activation de Fas

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle des tachykinines dans la modulation de l'apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ induite par l'activation de Fas

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Role of neurokinin-1 expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia

We assessed the role of NK-1 receptors (NK1R) expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) on cardiorespiratory responses to hypercapnia. To this end, we injected substance P-saporin conjugate (SP-SAP) to kill NK-1 immunoreactive (NK1R-ir) neurons or SAP alone as a control. Immunohistochemistry for NK1R, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-ir) and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD-ir) were performed to verify if NK1R-expressing neurons, catecholaminergic and/or GABAergic neurons were eliminated. A reduced NK1R-ir in the LC (72%) showed the effectiveness of the lesion. SP-SAP lesion also caused a reduction of TH-ir (66%) and GABAergic neurons (70%). LC SP-SAP lesion decreased by 30% the ventilatory response to 7% CO(2) and increased the heart rate (fH) during hypercapnia but did not affect MAP. The present data suggest that different populations of neurons (noradrenergic, GABAergic, and possibly others) in the LC express NK1R modulating differentially the hypercapnic ventilatory response, since catecholaminergic neurons are excitatory and GABAergic ones are inhibitory. Additionally, NK1R-ir neurons in the LC, probably GABAergic ones, seem to modulate fH during CO(2) exposure, once our previous data demonstrated that catecholaminergic lesion does not affect this variable. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Substance P and NK-1R expression in oral precancerous epithelium

The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence and distribution of substance P and neurokinin 1 receptor in oral premalignant epithelium and their relation with the presence of dysplasia, and to analyze whether the expression of substance P can be considered an early oncogenic event in oral carcinogenesis. Substance P and neurokinin I receptor expression was immunohistochemically studied in 83 oral carcinomas and adjacent nontumor epithelia. The presence and degree of epithelial dysplasia was assessed according to WHO criteria. The nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane expression of substance P and the cytoplasmic and membrane expression of neurokinin 1 receptor were assessed in tumor and adjacent non-tumor epithelium. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of substance P in non-tumor epithelium was significantly associated with the presence of epithelial dysplasia (p<0.001) and carcinoma in. situ (p=0.021). Nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane expressions of substance P in non-tumor epithelium were significantly (p<0.001) associated with its expression in the corresponding tumor. These findings suggest that substance P plays a role in early oral carcinogenesis by promoting the proliferation and growth of premalignant fields.

Développement de modulateurs allostériques peptidiques inhibiteurs de l’activité des récepteurs de l’interleukine 1 et de la vasopressine

L’approche Module X a été créée dans le but de concevoir de petits peptides modulateurs ayant des propriétés allostériques. Module X reproduit de petites parties des portions extracellulaires flexibles des récepteurs. Ces petits peptides vont interagir en s’interposant entre deux sous unités ou entre deux régions de la même sous-unité qui interagissent par des liens hydrogènes, des ponts salins ou des liens disulfure. Ces régions sont spécialement choisies à l’extérieur du domaine de liaison du ligand orthostérique et sont situées dans les régions inter domaines, la portion juxta membranaire ou dans les boucles. Étant donné que les boucles sont exposées durant les changements de conformation, une séquence peptidique reproduisant certaines régions de ces boucles pourrait s’insérer à un endroit approprié dans la structure où se lier à son partenaire de signalisation dans le complexe protéique, ce qui aurait comme effet de déplacer l’équilibre de l’ensemble vers un état particulier et modulerait ainsi la signalisation. De cette façon, certaines voies de signalisation pourraient être partiellement inhibées tandis que d’autres voies ne seraient pas touchées puisque le ligand orthostérique pourrait toujours se lier au récepteur. Dans une première étude, nous avons conçu des peptides inhibiteurs du récepteur de l’interleukine 1 (IL-1R/IL-1RAcP) plus précisément en reproduisant des régions flexibles de la protéine accessoire, sous-unité signalisatrice du récepteur. IL-1 est un médiateur majeur de l’inflammation, mais le seul antagoniste disponible est l’analogue naturel de IL-1, IL-1Ra qui compétitionne avec IL-1 pour le site de liaison sur le récepteur. Nous avons conçu plusieurs peptides à partir des boucles de la protéine accessoire. Un de ces peptides, rytvela (101.10) a démontré des propriétés de non-compétitivité et de sélectivité fonctionnelle caractéristiques des modulateurs allostériques. 101.10 bloque la prolifération des thymocytes et la synthèse de PGE2 avec un IC50 de 1 nM mais une efficacité de 100 % et 45 % respectivement et ne déplace pas IL-1 radioactif dans des essais de radioliaisons. De plus, 101.10 n’a qu’un effet minime sur l’affinité de IL-1 pour son récepteur. 101.10 démontre, de plus, une activité inhibitrice in vivo dans des modèles d’inflammation de l’intestin chez le rat (efficacité supérieure aux corticostéroïdes et à IL-1Ra) et de dermatite chez la souris de même que dans un modèle d’hyperthermie induite par IL-1. La deuxième étude démontre que Module X peut être utilisé pour concevoir des inhibiteurs pour une autre grande famille de récepteurs : les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G. La vasopressine joue un rôle important dans l’équilibre hydro-osmotique et un moindre rôle dans la vasomotricité. Six peptides ont été conçus à partir de régions juxta membranaires du récepteur de la vasopressine V2R. Le peptide le plus actif, VRQ397 (IC50 = 0,69 nM dans un modèle de vasorelaxation du crémastère), a démontré de la sélectivité fonctionnelle en inhibant la synthèse de prostacycline mais sans inhiber l’activation de la protéine Gs et la génération d’ AMP cyclique. Le peptide VRQ397 ne pouvait déplacer le ligand naturel AVP marqué radioactivement; de même VRQ397 radioactif ne se liait que sur V2R et non pas sur d’autres récepteurs de la même famille tel que V1R (récepteur de la vasopressine de type I). Ces études décrivent la caractérisation de petits peptides modulateurs de la signalisation de IL-1R et V2R et présentant des propriétés de modulateurs allostériques.