Uso de saponina de quilaia (Quillaja saponaria Molina) em juvenis de pacu

Pós-graduação em Aquicultura - FCAV

Saponins from Quillaja saponaria Molina: Isolation, Characterization and Ability to Form Immuno Stimulatory Complexes (ISCOMs)

ISCOMs have received much attention as vaccine adjuvants due to their immunostimulatory effects. They are colloidal particles typically comprised of phospholipids, cholesterol and Quil A, a crude mixture of saponins extracted from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina. We have previously shown that ISCOMs can be prepared by ether injection wherein an ether solution of phospholipids and cholesterol in a mass ratio of 5:2 is injected into a solution of Quil A at a mass ratio of 7 lipids: 3 Quil A. The aim of this study was firstly to isolate and characterise discrete fractions of Quil A and secondly to investigate which of these fractions were able to form ISCOMs by the method of ether injection. Six fractions of Quil A were isolated by semi-preparative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and characterised by analytical HPLC, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the qualitative Liebermann- Burchard and Molisch tests for triterpenoids and carbohydrates respectively. ISCOMs were subsequently prepared from the isolated fractions by the method of ether injection and the resulting preparations characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular weights of the major compounds in the fractions ranged from ∼1200 to ∼2300 Da; all fractions tested positive for triterpenoids and saccharides and four of the fractions were identified as QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21 by analysis (LC-MS and analytical HPLC). Injection of ether solutions of lipids into aqueous solutions of QS-17, QS-18 or QS-21 all resulted in homogeneous ISCOM dispersions. The combination of lipids and QS-7 by ether injection produced lamellae and liposomes as the prominent structures and a minor amount of ISCOMs. The remaining two hydrophilic, low molecular weight fractions of Quil A did not produce ISCOMs, instead liposomes and helical structures predominated in the samples.

Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune((R)) vaccine

In order to assess the immunotherapeutic potential on canine visceral leishmaniasis of the Leishmune (R) vaccine, formulated with an increased adjuvant concentration (1 mg of saponin rather than 0.5 mg), 24 mongrel dogs were infected with Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine was injected on month 6, 7 and 8 after infection, when animals were seropositive and symptomatic. The control group were injected with a saline solution. Leishmune (R)-treated dogs showed significantly higher levels of anti-FML IgG antibodies (ANOVA; p < 0.0001), a higher and stable IgG2 and a decreasing IgG I response, pointing to a TH1 T cell mediated response. The vaccine had the following effects: it led to more positive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against Leishmania lysate in vaccinated dogs (75%) than in controls (50%), to a decreased average of CD4+ Leishmania-specific lymphocytes in saline controls (32.13%) that fell outside the 95% confidence interval of the vaccinees (41.62%, CI95% 43.93-49.80) and an increased average of the clinical scores from the saline controls (17.83) that falls outside the 95% confidence interval for the Leishmune (R) immumotherapy-treated dogs (15.75, CI95% 13.97-17.53). All dogs that received the vaccine were clustered, and showed lower clinical scores and normal CD4+ counts, whereas 42% of the untreated dogs showed very diminished CD4+ and higher clinical score. The increase in clinical signs of the saline treated group was correlated with an increase in anti-FML antibodies (p < 0.0001), the parasitological evidence (p = 0.038) and a decrease in Leishinania-specific CD4+ lymphocyte proportions (p = 0.035). These results confirm the immunotherapeutic potential of the enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine. The vaccine reduced the clinical symptoms and evidence of parasite, modulating the outcome of the infection and the dog's potential infectiosity to phlebotomines. The enriched-Leishmune (R) vaccine was subjected to a safety analysis and found to be well tolerated and safe. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vaccine-induced Th1-type responses are dominant over Th2-type responses in the short term whereas pre-existing Th2 responses are dominant in the longer term

The effect of adjuvant on induction of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and immunoglobulin G (IgG)(2a) antibody was studied in C57BL/6 J mice immunized with various adjuvants and E7 protein. Quil-A adjuvant, but not complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Algammulin, induced a T-helper 1 (Th1)-type response to E7, which was characterized by CTL activity against a tumour cell line transfected with E7 protein and by E7-specific IgG(2a). All tested adjuvants elicited comparable levels of E7-specific IgG(1). The longest duration and greatest magnitude of CTL response was seen following two immunizations with the highest dose of E7 and Quil-A. Simultaneous immunization with a Th1 and a T helper 2 (Th2)-promoting adjuvant gave a Th1-type response. However, E7 and Quil-A were unable to induce a Th1-type response (as measured by the inability to generate anti-E7 IgG(2a) antibody) in animals with a pre-existing Th2-type response to E7. These results suggest that saponin adjuvants may be suitable for immunotherapy in humans where a Th1-type response is sought, provided that there is no pre existing Th2-type response to the antigen.

Biological and morphometric aspects and rearing of Syssphinx molina (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), a defoliator of parica tree

The objective of this research was to describe the biological and morphometric aspects of the parica tree defoliator, Syssphinx molina (Cramer), and make recommendations about the insect rearing. The life cycle was 62.9 days with mean periods for the egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal stages of 5.6, 31.1, 2.2 and 16.6 days respectively. The pupal viability was 60.5% for females and 48.6% for males. The sexual ratio was 0.5 with mean production of 182.3 ± 2.2 eggs per female and egg viability of 24.3%. The mean longevity was 7.9 ± 2 and 8.1 ± 3 days for females and males respectively. Other parameters were also observed and compared with description of other Saturniidae species.

The Juglandaceae of Guatemala / Louis O. Williams and Antonio Molina R.

v.32:no.13(1970)

Two new Nicaraguan Juglandaceae [by] Antonio Molina R.

v.31:no.16(1968)

Algunos aspectos biológico-pesqueros del recurso erizo Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782)

Dispone de información para el manejo del recurso erizo, considerando su alto valor comercial. Presenta aspectos de su biología, pesquería, tallas de los ejemplares e información sobre la población desovante.

Estimación poblacional del camarón Cryphiops caementarius Molina 1782 (Natantia, Palaemonidar) en los ríos Ocoña, Majes - Camaná y Tambo. Junio 1996

Presenta los resultados de la prospección ejecutada en los ríos Ocoña, Majes - Camaná y Tambo (Departamento de Arequipa), entre el 31 de mayo y el 20 de junio de 1996, con el objetivo de evaluar el estado actual de las poblaciones de camarón de río, Cryphiops caementarius. A su vez, se analizó los principales factores abióticos de la calidad del agua, a fin de establecer su influencia en la distribución y abundancia del recurso.

Población de la "concha navaja" Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) en el litoral de la Región Ancash, Perú. Inicios del Otoño 2006

El estudio se llevó a cabo del 25 de marzo al 2 de abril del 2006, entre los paralelos 9"25'5 y 10"19'5, que limitan cinco áreas litorales de las provincias Huarmey y Casma: Bernardino, Punta Gorda, Punta Huaro, Punta Cruz del Cabo y Las Zorras. Se realizaron 128 estaciones biológicas y 53 estaciones oceanográficas, distribuidas en tres estratos de profundidad, según el área; las densidades y biomasas se evaluaron con el método del área barrida. Las tallas estuvieron comprendidas de 6 a 144 mm de longitud valvar; las tallas medias variaron según la localidad; los ejemplares >110 mm tuvieron mínima representatividad (O,O a 9,1%). Los cálculos de biomasa y densidad media fueron: 3,4 t y 30,53 ind./m2 para Bernardino; 0,9 t y 2,43 ind./m2 para el área Punta Gorda - Punta Huaro; 73,3 t y 66,44 ind./m2 para Punta Cruz del Cabo y 63,8 t y 101,51 ind./ m2 para Las Zorras. No existen registros de la explotación de los bancos evaluados.

Estudio de la biología reproductiva del "Cangrejo Peludo", Cancer setosus Molina, 1782 (crustacea: decapoda: cancridae) en la Zona de Pisco

Se ha estudiado el ciclo reproductivo de Cancer setosus en la zona de Pisco para lo cual se hicieron muestreos mensuales durante 12 meses. Se han realizado cortes histológicos de las gónadas tanto de hembras como de machos y se describió la escala de madurez macroscópica, para lo cual fue necesario describir la ovogénesis y la espermatogénesis. Por otro lado, se calculó la talla de primer desove para hembras mediante el procedimiento de la frecuencia acumulada al 50% o o.5 de la fracción desovante. El análisis del ciclo reproductivo mostró que esta especie se reproduce durante todo el año pero con dos períodos importantes uno en verano y otro en invierno. Se ha relacionado la influencia de la temperatura y la salinidad sobre la reproducción, siendo la temperatura el factor abiótico más importante encontrándose una relación directa en verano inversa en invierno, mientras que la salinidad no tiene aparentemente alguna relación.

Madurez gonadal en el "Erizo Rojo" Loxechinus Albus (Molina, 1782) (Echinoidea, Echinidae)

El ciclo reproductivo de Loxechinus albus "erizo rojo" (Molina,1782), fue estudiado durante los meses de setiembre y octubre de 1996 en la zona de Atico; y desde febrero de 1997 hasta febrero de 1998 en la zona de Pisco, para la cual se midieron un total de 2266 individuos para determinar las variaciones de la estructura de tallas de este recurso. Así mismo se utilizaron un total de 724 individuos para el muestreo biológico de los cuales 312 eran hembras y 306 fueron machos , siendo de estos 106 individuos indiferenciados; colectados al azar provenientes de los desembarques de la pesca artesanal de ambas zonas . Se propone una escala de madurez gonadal consistente en 5 estadios para cada sexo , la cual se interpretó sobre la base del análisis histólogico de las gónadas,las cuales fueron relacionadas con la temperatura superficial del mar; determinándose así la estación reproductiva con los distintos periodos de evacuación de gametos.