Fouling em permutadores de calor na refinaria de Sines: diagnóstico e recomendações

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Divergent Reactions to Globalization: Labor Unions and the Nafta and the EU Enlargement Process

The 1990s witnessed the launching of two ambitious trade regionalization plans, the Nafta and EU enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. In contrast to previous projects for the creation or expansion of regional trade blocs, these two projects concerned states at dramatically different levels of economic development: The Nafta involved the very wealthy economies of Canada and the USA and the significantly poorer economy of Mexico, whereas EU enlargement involved the very wealthy economy of the 15 member-state European Union and the significantly poorer economies of former Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Ultimately, the Nafta and EU enlargement are responses to the challenges of globalization. Paradoxically, however, they have been met with radically different societal reactions in the wealthy partners that participated in the launching of these processes. This paper focuses on the reaction by labor unions on both sides of the Atlantic. I conclude that while labor relations and welfare institutions constrained the trade policy choices made by labor unions in the United States and Europe, they do not tell the whole story. It would seem that United States labor unions were more sensitive to the potential risks for workers associated to the liberalization of trade than were their European counterparts.

Labor Provisions from NAFTA to CAFTA: Standards That Work, or a Work in Progress?

The emerging U.S. approach linking free trade to domestic labor protections is a practical framework on which to base substantive and procedural rights. Nevertheless, much more can be done in future agreements to improve these safeguards for workers in a way that will maximize the gains from trade and reduce the most harmful effects of development. In order to improve future agreements, the U.S. should expand access to consultations within the dispute resolution mechanism, focus complaints on core rights such as organization and bargaining, encourage the development of small independent unions in corporatist cultures, and incorporate the ILO into the dispute settlement process. Finally, the civil law systems of Central America and the Anglo-American common law system may have fundamentally different understandings of the rule of law. This difference in understanding may pose a significant disadvantage for developing or civil law systems entering treaties with the U.S., and should be better understood by both sides in order to maintain the credibility of the law and the effectiveness of the treaty.

The NAFTA investment dispute settlement mechanism and the admissibility of amicus curiae briefs by NGOs

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Examples of chapter 11 NAFTA disputes, a trade-investment-environment experience

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Reworking the NAFTA: departures from traditional frameworks

This paper reviews the treatment of intellectual property rights in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and considers the welfare-theoretic bases for innovation transfer between member and nonmember states. Specifically, we consider the effects of new technology development from within the union and question whether it is efficient (in a welfare sense) to transfer that new technology to nonmember states. When the new technology contains stochastic components, the important issue of information exchange arises and we consider this question in a simple oligopoly model with Bayesian updating. In this context, it is natural to ask the optimal price at which such information should be transferred. Some simple, natural conjugate examples are used to motivate the key parameters upon which the answer is dependent

Echoes of 1992: the NAFTA negotiations and North America now

Two decades ago, Canada, Mexico, and the United States created a continental economy. The road to integration from the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement has not been a smooth one. Along the way, Mexico lived through a currency crisis, a democratic transition, and the rising challenge of Asian manufacturing. Canada stayed united despite surging Quebecois nationalism during the 1990s; since then, it has seen dramatic economic changes with the explosion of hydrocarbon production and a much stronger currency. The United States saw a stock-market bust, the shock of 9/11, and the near-collapse of its financial system. All of these events have transformed the relationships that emerged after NAFTA entered into force in 1994. Given the tremendous changes, one might be skeptical that the circumstances and details of the negotiation and ratification of NAFTA hold lessons for the future of North America. However, the road to NAFTA had its own difficulties, and many of the issues involved in the negotiations underpin today's challenges. NAFTA was conceived at a time of profound change in the international system. When Mexican leaders surveyed the world two decades ago, they saw emerging regional groupings in Europe, Asia, and South America. Faced with a lack of interest or compatibility, they instead doubled down on North America. How did Mexican leaders reconsider their national interests and redefine Mexico's role in the world in light of those transformations? Unpublished Mexican documents from SECOFI, the secretariate most involved in negotiating NAFTA, help illustrate Mexican thinking about its interests and role at that time. Combining those insights with analysis of newly available evidence from U.S. presidential archives, this paper sheds light on the negotiations that concluded two decades ago.

A análise dos efeitos da integração econômica tendo como paradigma a nova teoria do comércio : elementos para avaliação de custos e benefícios do caso brasileiro em relação ao Mercosul, NAFTA e suas outras alternativas potenciais de expansão (União Européia / América do Sul)

Trata do problema da integracao economica, tentando estabelecer uma relação dos elementos teóricos com o caso brasileiro. Realiza um survey da teoria da integração economica, ressaltando os novos elementos analiticos que emergem com o desenvol virnento da Nova Teoria do Comercio. Aborda o processo de formação do MERCOSUL e suas atuais tendencias, relacionando o com uma nova, estrategia de desenvolvimento econômico para o país. Analisa as possíveis vatagens para o Brasil de uma ampliação do Mercosul verso a uma integração com o NAFTA, contrapondo essa alternativa a um hipotético acordo com a União Européia.

As regras de origem na formação da zona de livre comércio da América do Norte (NAFTA)

O presente trabalho aborda, inicialmente, os fenômenos da globalização e integração regional. Trata dos entes supranacionais que regulam o comércio internacional e, finalmente, aborda o Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte (NAFTA), principalmente, suas regras de origem.

Beyond NAFTA: employment, growth, and income-distribution effects of a Western Hemisphere free trade area

Includes bibliography

The transformation of the North American apparel industry: is NAFTA a curse or a blessing?

Includes bibliography

Compras governamentais: políticas e procedimentos na Organização Mundial de Comércio, União Européia, NAFTA, Estados Unidos e Brasil

Incluye Bibliografía

Mexico: economic growth, exports and industrial performance after NAFTA

Includes bibliography

Cooperación ambiental en el NAFTA y perspectivas para el DR-CAFTA

Incluye Bibliografía