Some new species of Caryospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from brazilian snakes, and a re-description of C. jararacae Carini, 1939

The mature ooxysts of six new species of Caryospora are described from the faeces of Brazilian snakes. They are differentiated from other species previously recorded from reptiles, largely on the size and shape of the oocyst and sporocyst, structure of the oocyst wall, and presence or absence of a polar body. C. paraensis n. sp., and C. carajasensis n. sp., are from the "false coral", Oxyrhopus petola digitalis; C. pseustesi n. sp., from the "egg-eater", Pseustes sulphureus sulphureus; C. epicratesi n. sp., from the "red boa", Epicrates cenchria cenchria; and C. micruri n. sp., and C. constancieae n. sp., from the "coral snake", Micrurus spixii spixii. A re-description is given of C. jararacae Carini, 1939, from the "jararaca" Bothrops atrox, embodying some additional morphological features.

Avaliação do período de florescimento das plantas apícolas no ano de 1960, através do polem contido nos méis e dos coletados pelas abelhas (Apis Mellifera L.)

Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados da análise polínica de 11 amostras de mel e de polem coletados pelas abelhas Apis mellifera L., durante o período de março de 1960, no Apiário da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Através dessa análise, pudemos comprovar e identificar como plantas nectaríferas e poliníferas as seguintes espécies: Eucalyptus sp., Dombeya sp., Agave sisalana, Vernonia sp., Montanoa bipinnatificada, Persea americana, Baccharis sp.. Citrus sp., e como plantas poliníferas as que seguem: Bidens piíosus, Cosmus sulphureus, Pirostegia venusta, Mel-linis minutiflora. Pudemos, assim, avaliar de modo indireto o período de florescimento das plantas apícolas nos arredores do apiário da Escola e comparar essa avaliação com as observações diretas de KERR & AMARAL (196°) sobre o período de florescimentos das plantas apícolas no planalto Paulista. Daí podermos afirmar ser a análise polínica dos méis e a análise dos polens coletados pelas abelhas um método prático de valor para estudos de fenologia das plantas apícolas. Poderemos assim aplicar a análise polínica em nossos futuros estudos sobre a fenologia das plantas apícolas em diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo.

Emergência de capim-carrapicho e picão-de-flor com diferentes profundidades de semeadura em duas épocas

With the purpose to study the emergence of Cenchrus echinatus L. and Cosmos sulphureus Cav. in response to time and depth of sowing, two experiments were conducted in uncontrolled environmental conditions in the months of June and September 2009. Cenchrus echinatus L. and Cosmos sulphureus Cav seeds were sown at different depths (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm). The experiments were conducted in pots, with five replications of 50 seeds per pot, followed by evaluation of the emergence percentage and emergence speed index (ESI). The highest percentage of emergency and higher EVR were observed up to 5 cm depth and the species Cosmos sulphureus Cav. was more sensitive to temperature variations due to the time of sowing of the species C. equinatus.

Ribonuclease production by Aspergillus species

Ribonuclease production by Aspergillus flavipes. A sulphureus and A. fischeri in semisynthetic medium, after 24-144 hours at 30 degrees C under shaking, was studied. After cultivation, the medium was separated from micelia by filtration and the resultant solution was used as enzymatic extract. The highest amount of biomass and RNase was obtained after 96 hours of cultivation. The enzymes produced by three species presented similar characteristics, with optimum temperature at 55 degrees C and two peaks of activity at pH 4.5 and 7.0. A. flavipes RNases were more sensitive to temperature: 50% of the initial activity was lost after 1 hour at 70 degrees C. After this heat treatment, RNase of A. sulphureus lost 30% of this activity and that of A. fischeri only 16%. The nucleotides released by enzimatic hydrolysis of RNA were separated by ion exchange chromatography in a AG-1X8-formiate column and identified by paper chromatography. This procedure indicated that the raw enzymatic extract of Aspergillus flavipes is able to hydrolyze RNA, releasing 3'-nucleotides monophosphate at pH 4.5 and 3' and 5'-nucleotides monophosphate at pH 7.0 and 8.5. This result suggests that this strain produces two different types of RNase, one acidic and other alcaline, with different specificities.

Plant species, biomass and environmental characteristics of relevés along the North America Arctic bioclimate gradient

Question: How do interactions between the physical environment and biotic properties of vegetation influence the formation of small patterned-ground features along the Arctic bioclimate gradient? Location: At 68° to 78°N: six locations along the Dalton Highway in arctic Alaska and three in Canada (Banks Island, Prince Patrick Island and Ellef Ringnes Island). Methods: We analysed floristic and structural vegetation, biomass and abiotic data (soil chemical and physical parameters, the n-factor [a soil thermal index] and spectral information [NDVI, LAI]) on 147 microhabitat releves of zonalpatterned-ground features. Using mapping, table analysis (JUICE) and ordination techniques (NMDS). Results: Table analysis using JUICE and the phi-coefficient to identify diagnostic species revealed clear groups of diagnostic plant taxa in four of the five zonal vegetation complexes. Plant communities and zonal complexes were generally well separated in the NMDS ordination. The Alaska and Canada communities were spatially separated in the ordination because of different glacial histories and location in separate floristic provinces, but there was no single controlling environmental gradient. Vegetation structure, particularly that of bryophytes and total biomass, strongly affected thermal properties of the soils. Patterned-ground complexes with the largest thermal differential between the patterned-ground features and the surrounding vegetation exhibited the clearest patterned-ground morphologies.