Mechanisms for the release of dopamine from turtle retina

The retinal circuitry underlying the release of dopamine was examined in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, using neurochemical release studies, anatomical techniques, and biochemistry. There was a dose- and calcium-dependent release of dopamine from turtle retinas incubated in $\sp3$H-dopamine after perfusion of the GABA antagonist bicuculline. This indicated that dopamine release was tonically inhibited by GABA. Other putative retinal transmitters were examined. Glutamate antagonists selective for hyperpolarizing bipolar cells, such as 2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), caused dose- and calcium-dependent release of dopamine from the retina. In contrast, release was not observed after perfusion with 4-aminophosphonobutyric acid, a specific antagonist of depolarizing bipolar cells. This indicated that depolarizing bipolar cells were not involved in retinal circuitry underlying the release of dopamine in the turtle retina. The release produced by PDA was blocked by bicuculline, indicating a polysynaptic mechanism of release. None of the other agents tested, which included carbachol, strychnine, dopamine uptake inhibitors, serotonin, tryptamine, muscimol, melatonin, or dopamine itself produced release.^ The cells capable of the release of dopamine were identified using both uptake autoradiography and immunocytochemical localization with dopamine antisera. The simplest circuitry based on these findings is signal transmission from photoreceptors to hyperpolarizing bipolar cells then to GABAergic cells, and finally to dopaminergic amacrine cells. ^

Seasonal changes in the diel surfacing behaviour of the bimodally respiring turtle Rheodytes leukops

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship existed between the diel surfacing trends of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle Rheodytes leukops and daily fluctuations in specific biotic and abiotic factors: The, diel surfacing behaviour of adult R. leukops was recorded over four consecutive seasons (Austral autumn 2000 - summer 2001) within Marlborough Creek, central Queensland, Australia, using pressure-sensitive time-depth recorders. Additionally, diurnal variations in water temperature and aquatic Po-2 level, as well as the turtle's behavioural state (i.e., active versus resting), were monitored. In autumn and summer, surfacing frequency increased significantly during the daylight hours, with peak levels normally occurring around dawn (0500-0700) and. dusk (1700-1900). However, no consistent diel surfacing trend was recorded, for the turtles in winter or spring, owing to considerable variation among individual R. leukops. Diurnal surfacing trends recorded for R. leukops in, autumn and summer are attributed to periods of increased activity (possibly associated with foraging) during the daylight hours and not to daily variations in water temperature or aquatic Po-2 level. Turtles generally remained at a depth greater than 1 m throughout the day, where the effect of diel fluctuations in water temperature, (

Blood-respiratory and acid-base changes during extended diving in the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle Rheodytes leukops

Changes in blood-gas, acid-base, and plasma-ion status were investigated in the bimodally respiring turtle, Rheodytes leukops, during prolonged dives of up to 12 h. Given that R. leukops routinely submerges for several hours, the objective of this study was to determine whether voluntarily diving turtles remain aerobic and simultaneously avoid hypercapnic conditions over increasing dive lengths. Blood PO2, PCO2, and pH, as well as plasma concentrations of lactate, glucose, Na+, K+, Cl-, total Ca, and total Mg were determined in venous blood collected from the occipital sinus. Blood PO2 declined significantly with dive length; however, oxy-haemoglobin saturation remained greater than 30% for all R. leukops sampled. No changes were observed in blood PCO2, pH, [HCO3-], or plasma glucose, with increasing dive length. Despite repeated dives lasting more than 2 h, plasma lactate remained less than 3 mmol l(-1) for all R. leukops sampled, indicating the absence of anaerobiosis. Compensatory acid-base adjustments associated with anaerobiosis (e.g. declining [Cl-], increasing total [Ca] and [Mg]) were likewise absent, with plasma-ion concentrations remaining stable with increasing dive length. Results indicate that R. leukops utilises aquatic respiration to remain aerobic during prolonged dives, thus effectively avoiding the development of a metabolic and respiratory acidosis.

A penectomia como técnica de controlo reprodutivo da espécie invasora Trachemys scripta em contexto zoológico

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Thesaurus litteraturae mycologicae et lichenologicae ratione habita praecipue omnium quae adhuc scripta sunt de mycologia applicata quem congesserunt G. Lindau et P. Sydow.

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Thesaurus litteraturae mycologicae et lichenologicae ratione habita praecipue omnium quae adhuc scripta sunt de mycologia applicata quem congesserunt G. Lindau et P. Sydow.

4

1.° Opus cujus titulus est : quadripartitum numerorum, sive de arithmetica libri quatuor ; authore Magistro Joanne de Muris, Canonico Parisiensi. — 2.° Ejusdem epistola versibus scripta ad Philippum de Vitriaco, Episcopum Meldensem, de numerorum fractionibus.

Colbertinus

1.° Valerii Catulli, Veronensis, epigrammatum variorumque carminum liber. — 2.° Priapeia. — 3.° Galli, Forliviensis, carmen de senectute. — 3.° Probae Falconiae centones Virgiliani. — 4.° Arati phaenomena, graecè, manu Joannis Rosi, Cretensis, anno 1488. scripta.

Puteanus

Ratherii,... Opera omnia, juxta editionem Veronensem, anno 1765, curantibus Petro et Hieronymo fratribus Balleriniis,... datam, ad prelum revocata, Accedunt Liutprandi Cremonensis necnon Folquini S. Bertini monachi, Gunzonis diaconi Novariensis, Richardi abbatis Floriacensis, Adalberti Metensis Scholastici Scripta vel scriptorum fragmenta quae exstant. Accurante J.-P. Migne,...

Comprend : Scripta quae extant

Scripta varia

Ordonnances et pièces diverses relatives au gouvernement du royaume, aux rapports de Philippe le Bel avec le Saint Siège, au grand schisme etc. F. 1, De origine singularum gentium,F. 104v, Notes sur divers événements du règne de Charles VI,F. 120, Glosa abbatis Joachim super libro Cirilli, F. 131v, Visio Johannis heremite, F. 137, Pavo, F. 140, Vincentii Ferrarii epistola de Antichristo, F. 167, Ordre de procéder en la ville et viconté de Paris, F. 194, Stilus curie parlamenti, editus per G. de Brolio, F. 255, Divers arrêts du Parlement,

Scripta diversa super scientiam mathematicam et physicam

1.° Practica geometriae, ordinata per Magistrum Dominicum de Mastinario Clanaxio. — 2.° Tractatus brevis et utilis de proportionalitate motuum coelestium : authore Nicolao Oresme, Normanno. — 3.° Anonymi fragmentum de quadratura circuli. — 4.° Euclidis liber de speculis : initium desideratur. — 5.° Ejusdem perspectiva. — 6.° Anonymi liber de crepusculis. — 7.° Liber Jordanis de triangulis. — 8.° Ejusdem liber de ponderibus. — 9.° Libri duo de musica. — 10.° Joannis de Lineriis canones primi mobilis. — 11.° Canones minutiarum, sive fractionum arithmetica. — 12.° Magistri Leonis, Hebraei, tractatus de harmonicis numeris. — 13.° Ars novae musicae. — 14.° Ars cujusvis compositionis de motetis, compilata à Philippo de Vitry, Magistro in musica. — 15.° Magister Leo, Judaeus, Prognosticatio super conjunctione Saturni, Jovis et Martis. — 16.° Johannes de Muris Prognosticatio super eodem argumento. — 17.° Firminus de Bellavalle Prognosticatio de eodem argumento. — 18.° Planisphaerium Nicolai Jude. — 19.° Tractatus brevis de compositione et usu cylindri. — 20.° Epistola Petri Peregrini de Maricourt ad Sigermum de Foucaucourt, de magnete : ibi reperias delineationem veteris pyxidis nauticae. — 21.° Compositio tabulae quae saphea dicitur, sive astrolabium Arzachelis. — 22.° Tractatus de optica, dioptrica et catoptrica. — 23.° Canones astrolabii. — 24.° Variae receptae medicinales. — 25.° Plantarum usitatarum nomina, ordine alphabetico disposita. — 26.° Anonymi fragmentum de visione. — 27.° Propositiones notabiles octo librorum Aristotelis de physica auscultatione. — 28.° Dicta super libros de coelo et mundo Aristotelis. Decimo quarto saeculo videtur exaratus.

Scripta diversa super rhetoricam et grammaticam. Carmina.

Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae regiae. Pars tertia. Tomus tertius (-quartus), Parisiis : ex typographia regia, 1744 : "1.° Anonymi grammatica, in qua de verborum conjugatione. — 2.° Bedae, Presbyteri, de arte metrica liber ad Gutbertum. — 3.° Ejusdem de schematibus et tropis liber ad eundem. — 4.° Claudii Marii Victoris Massiliensis, de Genesi libri tres : carmine heroïco ; porro hi libri iidem prorsus cum illis qui commentariorum in Genesim in editis titulum prae se ferunt : praemittitur Victoris precatio ad Deum, oratione soluta. — 5.° Sancti Paulini carmina ad Ausonium. — 6.° Ausonii, qui in hoc codice sanctus appellatur, carmina ad Paulinum. — 7.° Anonymi carmen in laudem sancti Joannis Baptistae. — 8.° Anonymi carmen cujus is est titulus : laudes Domini cum miraculo quod accidit in Aedrico. — 9.° Anonymi carmen in laudem Christi Domini ; incipit : Jam mihi polliceor. — 10.° Bebiani carmen de uxore sua morti proxima, è variis versuum generibus contextum ; incipit : ô vir beatus cui remissa iniquitas. — 11.° Drepanii Flori Diaconi Lugdunensis, carmen de cereo paschali. — 12.° Hymnus in solemnitate S. Michaëlis, Archangeli. — 13.° Drepanii Flori, Diaconi Lugdunensis, epistola ad Modoinum, Episcopum Augustodunensem. — 14.° Servii Honorati de ultimarum syllabarum natura liber ad Aquilinum. — 15.° Anonymi grammatica. — 16.° Epigrammata quorumdam psalmorum, sive potiùs, psalmi XXII. XXVI. XXVII. versibus haeroïcis expositi ; authore Drepanio Floro. — 17.° Canticum trium puerorum, versibus heroïcis : eodem authore. — 18.° Anonymi cohortatio ad Wlfinum, Aurelianensem Grammaticum. — 19.° Sedulii carmen elegiacum de incarnatione Christi. Saeculo nono videtur exaratus."

Scripta varia

Fragment d'une chronique rédigée en partie d'après Sigebert, de 991 à 1099 ; -- F. 97, Collection de lettres du XIIe siècle dont plusieurs se rattachent à l'histoire de Saint-Victor ; -- F. 159, Sur Otton, évêque de Padoue ; -- F. 164, Sur les maires du Palais ; -- F. 165, Chronique des rois de France de 985 à 1437 ; -- F. 172, Lettres du XIIIe siècle dont beaucoup sont de Clément IV, avec des statuas synodaux ; -- F. 266, Liste des évêques ayant siégé au concile de Latran en 1179 ; -- F. 270, Raimundus arbor philosophie amoris ; -- F. 297, Epitome super cognitione sui auctore Petro Seguier ; -- F. 368, Chronique de Normandie. Copiés sur le ms. Latin 14663, f. 168v.F. 392, Fragment de la chronique de Girard de Frachet.