Resíduos vegetais na superfície e carbono orgânico do solo e suas relações com a densidade máxima obtida no ensaio proctor

A susceptibilidade do solo à compactação, avaliada pelo ensaio Proctor, torna-se menor à medida que cresce a quantidade de material orgânico existente. Em geral, para um mesmo nível de energia, quanto maior o teor de matéria orgânica do solo, menor é o valor de densidade máxima obtido e maior é o teor de água necessário para atingi-lo. As características da palha, como sua baixa densidade, elasticidade e susceptibilidade à deformação, tornam-na potencialmente capaz de atenuar as cargas aplicadas sobre o solo. O presente trabalho foi realizado para estudar o efeito da matéria orgânica do solo no comportamento da curva de compactação e avaliar a capacidade dos resíduos vegetais em dissipar a energia compactante. Amostras superficiais (0-0,05 m) de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo arênico, de textura franco-arenosa, e de um Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico, de textura argilosa, ambos com variações nos teores de matéria orgânica, foram submetidas ao ensaio Proctor Normal, determinando-se a densidade máxima e a umidade crítica para compactação. Determinaram-se, também, os limites de liquidez e de plasticidade e o teor de carbono orgânico. Para avaliar a capacidade da palha em dissipar a energia de compactação, amostras do Argissolo foram compactadas com a aplicação de uma camada de palha sobre o solo, dentro do cilindro do aparelho de Proctor, em quantidades correspondentes a 2, 4, 8 e 12 Mg ha-1 de matéria seca. O acúmulo de matéria orgânica nos solos, proporcionado por diferentes sistemas de manejo, reduziu a densidade máxima e aumentou a umidade crítica para compactação do solo, significando que o solo torna-se mais resistente à compactação. A magnitude desses efeitos, contudo, foi dependente da granulometria do solo. A palha na superfície do solo, durante a realização do ensaio Proctor, dissipou até 30 % da energia de compactação utilizada, com redução da densidade obtida, confirmando a hipótese de que a palha existente sobre o solo é capaz de absorver parte da energia de compactação produzida pelo trânsito de máquinas e animais.

Pedotransfer functions to estimate proctor test parameters under different tillage systems

The Proctor test is time-consuming and requires sampling of several kilograms of soil. Proctor test parameters were predicted in Mollisols, Entisols and Vertisols of the Pampean region of Argentina under different management systems. They were estimated from a minimum number of readily available soil properties (soil texture, total organic C) and management (training data set; n = 73). The results were used to generate a soil compaction susceptibility model, which was subsequently validated using a second group of independent data (test data set; n = 24). Soil maximum bulk density was estimated as follows: Maximum bulk density (Mg m-3) = 1.4756 - 0.00599 total organic C (g kg-1) + 0.0000275 sand (g kg-1) + 0.0539 management. Management was equal to 0 for uncropped and untilled soils and 1 for conventionally tilled soils. The established models predicted the Proctor test parameters reasonably well, based on readily available soil properties. Tillage systems induced changes in the maximum bulk density regardless of total organic matter content or soil texture. The lower maximum apparent bulk density values under no-tillage require a revision of the relative compaction thresholds for different no-tillage crops.

Letter from David Todd to Colonel Proctor, Commanding Officer of the 41st Regiment- 9 Feb 1812

Transcript (spelling and grammar retained): “Col Proctor Sir I hope your goodness will excuse the Liberty I have taken of Enclosing a Letter for my nephew Mr. Hailes to your care, and begging the favor of you to forward it to him, - not knowing myself at what Post he is – With Great Respect I am Sir Your Most Obed Serv David Todd”

Reports of the Rector and the Proctor for the session ... University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Description based on: 1901-1902; title from cover.

Simulated effects of an artificial-recharge experiment near Proctor, Logan County, Colorado /

Bibliography: p. 13.

Características físicas e mecânicas de misturas de solo, cimento e casca de arroz

The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.

Atributos mecânicos e erosão por salpicamento em amostras de latossolo vermelho-amarelo sob efeito de vinhaça

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the splash erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity.

Fossil groups in the Millennium simulation Their environment and its evolution

Context. Fossil systems are defined to be X- ray bright galaxy groups ( or clusters) with a two- magnitude difference between their two brightest galaxies within half the projected virial radius, and represent an interesting extreme of the population of galaxy agglomerations. However, the physical conditions and processes leading to their formation are still poorly constrained. Aims. We compare the outskirts of fossil systems with that of normal groups to understand whether environmental conditions play a significant role in their formation. We study the groups of galaxies in both, numerical simulations and observations. Methods. We use a variety of statistical tools including the spatial cross- correlation function and the local density parameter Delta(5) to probe differences in the density and structure of the environments of "" normal"" and "" fossil"" systems in the Millennium simulation. Results. We find that the number density of galaxies surrounding fossil systems evolves from greater than that observed around normal systems at z = 0.69, to lower than the normal systems by z = 0. Both fossil and normal systems exhibit an increment in their otherwise radially declining local density measure (Delta(5)) at distances of order 2.5 r(vir) from the system centre. We show that this increment is more noticeable for fossil systems than normal systems and demonstrate that this difference is linked to the earlier formation epoch of fossil groups. Despite the importance of the assembly time, we show that the environment is different for fossil and non- fossil systems with similar masses and formation times along their evolution. We also confirm that the physical characteristics identified in the Millennium simulation can also be detected in SDSS observations. Conclusions. Our results confirm the commonly held belief that fossil systems assembled earlier than normal systems but also show that the surroundings of fossil groups could be responsible for the formation of their large magnitude gap.

DERIVING METALLICITIES FROM THE INTEGRATED SPECTRA OF EXTRAGALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS USING THE NEAR-INFRARED CALCIUM TRIPLET

The Ca II triplet (CaT) feature in the near-infrared has been employed as a metallicity indicator for individual stars as well as integrated light of Galactic globular clusters (GCs) and galaxies with varying degrees of success, and sometimes puzzling results. Using the DEIMOS multi-object spectrograph on Keck we obtain a sample of 144 integrated light spectra of GCs around the brightest group galaxy NGC 1407 to test whether the CaT index can be used as ametallicity indicator for extragalactic GCs. Different sets of single stellar population models make different predictions for the behavior of the CaT as a function of metallicity. In this work, the metallicities of the GCs around NGC 1407 are obtained from CaT index values using an empirical conversion. The measured CaT/metallicity distributions show unexpected features, the most remarkable being that the brightest red and blue GCs have similar CaT values despite their large difference in mean color. Suggested explanations for this behavior in the NGC 1407 GC system are (1) the CaT may be affected by a population of hot blue stars, (2) the CaT may saturate earlier than predicted by the models, and/or (3) color may not trace metallicity linearly. Until these possibilities are understood, the use of the CaT as a metallicity indicator for the integrated spectra of extragalactic GCs will remain problematic.

Dual C3a/C5a receptor agonism by a C5a C-terminal analogue decapeptide

No abstract

A cyclic peptide, C5a receptor antagonist analogue confers increased potency in a model of inflammatory bowel disease in rats

No abstract