Longitudinal associations between children's phonological processing abilities, ADHD-like behaviour ratings and early reading develpment

The current study examined the contribution of phonological processing abilities and ADHD-like behaviours to first-grade word reading ability. 136 children were tested at the beginning and end of first grade. At both times, teachers rated children on hyperactive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviour. Children were given tests of letter knowledge at T1 and tests of word reading, phonological sensitivity, phonological memory, rapid automatised naming, and vocabulary at T1 and T2. Regression analyses revealed that, of the behavioural measures, inattention made the strongest contribution to T2 reading, even after controlling for the effects of T1 reading, hyperactivity, and oppositional behaviour. Hyperactivity did not explain variance in T2 reading once the effect of inattention was controlled. Inattention predicted 4.7% independent variance in T2 word reading ability, even after the effects of T1 reading, vocabulary, and phonological processing were controlled. Although phonological processing predicted 9.3% independent variance in T2 word reading, even after the effects of reading, vocabulary, and inattention were controlled, the effects of phonological processing may have been partly mediated by inattention. This research indicates that inattention contributes to the prediction of early reading development in unselected populations, and that this influence is independent of other key cognitive predictors of reading ability.

Central Auditory Processing Outcome After Stroke In Children.

To investigate central auditory processing in children with unilateral stroke and to verify whether the hemisphere affected by the lesion influenced auditory competence. 23 children (13 male) between 7 and 16 years old were evaluated through speech-in-noise tests (auditory closure); dichotic digit test and staggered spondaic word test (selective attention); pitch pattern and duration pattern sequence tests (temporal processing) and their results were compared with control children. Auditory competence was established according to the performance in auditory analysis ability. Was verified similar performance between groups in auditory closure ability and pronounced deficits in selective attention and temporal processing abilities. Most children with stroke showed an impaired auditory ability in a moderate degree. Children with stroke showed deficits in auditory processing and the degree of impairment was not related to the hemisphere affected by the lesion.

Polarity-Dependent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Central Auditory Processing

Given the polarity dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in facilitating or inhibiting neuronal processing, and tDCS effects on pitch perception, we tested the effects of tDCS on temporal aspects of auditory processing. We aimed to change baseline activity of the auditory cortex using tDCS as to modulate temporal aspects of auditory processing in healthy subjects without hearing impairment. Eleven subjects received 2mA bilateral anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS over auditory cortex in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Subjects were evaluated by the Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT), a test measuring temporal processing abilities in the auditory domain, before and during the stimulation. Statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of time vs. tDCS condition for 4000 Hz and for clicks. Post-hoc tests showed significant differences according to stimulation polarity on RGDT performance: anodal improved 22.5% and cathodal decreased 54.5% subjects' performance, as compared to baseline. For clicks, anodal also increased performance in 29.4% when compared to baseline. tDCS presented polarity-dependent effects on the activity of the auditory cortex, which results in a positive or negative impact in a temporal resolution task performance. These results encourage further studies exploring tDCS in central auditory processing disorders.

Anatomical correlates of dynamic auditory processing:relationship to literacy during early adolescence

Adults show great variation in their auditory skills, such as being able to discriminate between foreign speech-sounds. Previous research has demonstrated that structural features of auditory cortex can predict auditory abilities; here we are interested in the maturation of 2-Hz frequency-modulation (FM) detection, a task thought to tap into mechanisms underlying language abilities. We hypothesized that an individual's FM threshold will correlate with gray-matter density in left Heschl's gyrus, and that this function-structure relationship will change through adolescence. To test this hypothesis, we collected anatomical magnetic resonance imaging data from participants who were tested and scanned at three time points: at 10, 11.5 and 13 years of age. Participants judged which of two tones contained FM; the modulation depth was adjusted using an adaptive staircase procedure and their threshold was calculated based on the geometric mean of the last eight reversals. Using voxel-based morphometry, we found that FM threshold was significantly correlated with gray-matter density in left Heschl's gyrus at the age of 10 years, but that this correlation weakened with age. While there were no differences between girls and boys at Times 1 and 2, at Time 3 there was a relationship between gray-matter density in left Heschl's gyrus in boys but not in girls. Taken together, our results confirm that the structure of the auditory cortex can predict temporal processing abilities, namely that gray-matter density in left Heschl's gyrus can predict 2-Hz FM detection threshold. This ability is dependent on the processing of sounds changing over time, a skill believed necessary for speech processing. We tested this assumption and found that FM threshold significantly correlated with spelling abilities at Time 1, but that this correlation was found only in boys. This correlation decreased at Time 2, and at Time 3 we found a significant correlation between reading and FM threshold, but again, only in boys. We examined the sex differences in both the imaging and behavioral data taking into account pubertal stages, and found that the correlation between FM threshold and spelling was strongest pre-pubertally, and the correlation between FM threshold and gray-matter density in left Heschl's gyrus was strongest mid-pubertally.

An investigation into the effects of processing instruction on the acquisition of English relative clauses by Syrian learners

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Processing Instruction (VanPatten, 1996, 2007), as an input-based model for teaching second language grammar, on Syrian learners’ processing abilities. The present research investigated the effects of Processing Instruction on the acquisition of English relative clauses by Syrian learners in the form of a quasi-experimental design. Three separate groups were involved in the research (Processing Instruction, Traditional Instruction and a Control Group). For assessment, a pre-test, a direct post-test and a delayed post-test were used as main tools for eliciting data. A questionnaire was also distributed to participants in the Processing Instruction group to give them the opportunity to give feedback in relation to the treatment they received in comparison with the Traditional Instruction they are used to. Four hypotheses were formulated on the possible effectivity of Processing Instruction on Syrian learners’ linguistic system. It was hypothesised that Processing Instruction would improve learners’ processing abilities leading to an improvement in learners’ linguistic system. This was expected to lead to a better performance when it comes to the comprehension and production of English relative clauses. The main source of data was analysed statistically using the ANOVA test. Cohen’s d calculations were also used to support the ANOVA test. Cohen’s d showed the magnitude of effects of the three treatments. Results of the analysis showed that both Processing Instruction and Traditional Instruction groups had improved after treatment. However, the Processing Instruction Group significantly outperformed the other two groups in the comprehension of relative clauses. The analysis concluded that Processing Instruction is a useful tool for instructing relative clauses to Syrian learners. This was enhanced by participants’ responses to the questionnaire as they were in favour of Processing Instruction, rather than Traditional Instruction. This research has theoretical and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, the study showed support for the Input hypothesis. That is, it was shown that Processing Instruction had a positive effect on input processing as it affected learners’ linguistic system. This was reflected in learners’ performance where learners were able to produce a structure which they had not been asked to produce. Pedagogically, the present research showed that Processing Instruction is a useful tool for teaching English grammar in the context where the experiment was carried out, as it had a large effect on learners’ performance.

Phonological sensitivity as a proximal contributor to phonological recoding skills in children's reading

Because it permits self-teaching, phonological recoding (the efficient translation of letters or letter groups into sound) is arguably the key skill acquired in learning to read an alphabetic writing system. Deficits in this skill are the most common source of children's reading difficulties. In addition, poor readers tend to perform at a lower level than good readers on a wide variety of phonological processing tasks. These findings have been widely interpreted as implying a latent phonological processing ability as a distal cause of variation in reading skill. Clearly, such an interpretation does not imply that all phonological processing skills contribute directly to the phonological recoding process. This paper outlines a series of studies conducted at the University of Queensland. This work consistently suggests that children's phonological sensitivity contributes more directly than other phonological processing abilities to the development of phonological recoding skills.

Nonword repetition and young children's receptive vocabulary: A longitudinal study

A longitudinal study investigated the claim that phonological memory contributes to vocabulary acquisition in young children. In the first phase, children were given tests of receptive vocabulary, receptive grammar, nonword repetition, phonological sensitivity (or awareness), and performance IQ. In the second phase, children were given the nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary tests. In Session 1, both nonword repetition and phonological sensitivity accounted for variation in receptive vocabulary and grammar after performance IQ effects were controlled. When phonological sensitivity was also controlled, nonword repetition did not account for significant additional variation in receptive vocabulary and grammar, When performance IQ and autoregression effects were controlled, all Session I verbal ability measures predicted Session 2 vocabulary, but only Session 1 vocabulary predicted Session 2 nonword repetition. When phonological sensitivity was also controlled. Session 1 nonword repetition (leniently scored) predicted Session 2 vocabulary. Overall, these findings show qualified support for the claim that the capacity component of nonword repetition contributes directly to vocabulary in young children. They suggest that the association between nonword repetition and vocabulary in young children may, to a substantial extent, reflect a latent phonological processing ability that is also manifest in phonological sensitivity.

Reflections on onset-rime and phoneme sensitivity as predictors of beginning word reading

Rival claims have been made concerning the importance of rime sensitivity as a predictor of early word reading skill. Hulme et al. (2002) suggested that phoneme sensitivity is more strongly predictive of word reading ability than is onset-rime sensitivity. An examination of two independent data sets suggests that, although onset-rime sensitivity typically predicts school entrants' later word reading skill, phoneme sensitivity does predict more variation. However, multiple regression analyses do not reveal the level of phonological sensitivity that children need in order to understand alphabetic reading instruction. This issue is crucial to the detection of children at risk for reading failure and for the design of intervention programs for these children. A different analytic strategy is described for addressing this issue. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

A Wireless EEG Acquisition Platform based on Embedded Systems

This paper proposes a wireless EEG acquisition platform based on Open Multimedia Architecture Platform (OMAP) embedded system. A high-impedance active dry electrode was tested for improving the scalp- electrode interface. It was used the sigma-delta ADS1298 analog-to-digital converter, and developed a “kernelspace” character driver to manage the communications between the converter unit and the OMAP’s ARM core. The acquired EEG signal data is processed by a “userspace” application, which accesses the driver’s memory, saves the data to a SD-card and transmits them through a wireless TCP/IP-socket to a PC. The electrodes were tested through the alpha wave replacement phenomenon. The experimental results presented the expected alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) reactiveness to the eyes opening task. The driver spends about 725 μs to acquire and store the data samples. The application takes about 244 μs to get the data from the driver and 1.4 ms to save it in the SD-card. A WiFi throughput of 12.8Mbps was measured which results in a transmission time of 5 ms for 512 kb of data. The embedded system consumes about 200 mAh when wireless off and 400 mAh when it is on. The system exhibits a reliable performance to record EEG signals and transmit them wirelessly. Besides the microcontroller-based architectures, the proposed platform demonstrates that powerful ARM processors running embedded operating systems can be programmed with real-time constrains at the kernel level in order to control hardware, while maintaining their parallel processing abilities in high level software applications.

Bases cérébrales de la perception auditive simple et complexe dans l’autisme

La perception est décrite comme l’ensemble des processus permettant au cerveau de recueillir et de traiter l’information sensorielle. Un traitement perceptif atypique se retrouve souvent associé au phénotype autistique habituellement décrit en termes de déficits des habilités sociales et de communication ainsi que par des comportements stéréotypés et intérêts restreints. Les particularités perceptives des autistes se manifestent à différents niveaux de traitement de l’information; les autistes obtiennent des performances supérieures à celles des non autistes pour discriminer des stimuli simples, comme des sons purs, ou encore pour des tâches de plus haut niveau comme la détection de formes enchevêtrées dans une figure complexe. Spécifiquement pour le traitement perceptif de bas niveau, on rapporte une dissociation de performance en vision. En effet, les autistes obtiennent des performances supérieures pour discriminer les stimuli définis par la luminance et inférieures pour les stimuli définis par la texture en comparaison à des non autistes. Ce pattern dichotomique a mené à l’élaboration d’une hypothèse suggérant que l’étendue (ou complexité) du réseau de régions corticales impliquées dans le traitement des stimuli pourrait sous-tendre ces différences comportementales. En effet, les autistes obtiennent des performances supérieures pour traiter les stimuli visuels entièrement décodés au niveau d’une seule région corticale (simples) et inférieures pour les stimuli dont l’analyse requiert l’implication de plusieurs régions corticales (complexes). Un traitement perceptif atypique représente une caractéristique générale associée au phénotype autistique, avec de particularités rapportées tant dans la modalité visuelle qu’auditive. Étant donné les parallèles entre ces deux modalités sensorielles, cette thèse vise à vérifier si l’hypothèse proposée pour expliquer certaines particularités du traitement de l’information visuelle peut possiblement aussi caractériser le traitement de l’information auditive dans l’autisme. Le premier article (Chapitre 2) expose le niveau de performance des autistes, parfois supérieur, parfois inférieur à celui des non autistes lors du traitement de l’information auditive et suggère que la complexité du matériel auditif à traiter pourrait être en lien avec certaines des différences observées. Le deuxième article (Chapitre 3) présente une méta-analyse quantitative investiguant la représentation au niveau cortical de la complexité acoustique chez les non autistes. Ce travail confirme l’organisation fonctionnelle hiérarchique du cortex auditif et permet d’identifier, comme en vision, des stimuli auditifs pouvant être définis comme simples et complexes selon l’étendue du réseau de régions corticales requises pour les traiter. Le troisième article (Chapitre 4) vérifie l’extension des prédictions de l’hypothèse proposée en vision au traitement de l’information auditive. Spécifiquement, ce projet compare les activations cérébrales sous-tendant le traitement des sons simples et complexes chez des autistes et des non autistes. Tel qu’attendu, les autistes montrent un patron d’activité atypique en réponse aux stimuli complexes, c’est-à-dire ceux dont le traitement nécessitent l’implication de plusieurs régions corticales. En bref, l’ensemble des résultats suggèrent que les prédictions de l’hypothèse formulée en vision peuvent aussi s’appliquer en audition et possiblement expliquer certaines particularités du traitement de l’information auditive dans l’autisme. Ce travail met en lumière des différences fondamentales du traitement perceptif contribuant à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’acquisition de l’information dans cette population.

Utilisation normale du mode et du tempo par les amusiques adultes, lors de jugements émotionnels

Notre aptitude à déterminer si un extrait de musique est gai ou triste réside dans notre capacité à extraire les caractéristiques émotionnelles de la musique. Une de ces caractéristiques, le mode, est liée aux hauteurs musicales et une autre, le tempo, est temporelle (Hevner, 1937; 1935). Une perception déficitaire de l’une de ces caractéristiques (ex. les hauteurs) devrait affecter l’expérience émotionnelle. L’amusie congénitale est caractérisée par un traitement anormal des hauteurs (Peretz, 2008). Toutefois, peu de données ont été accumulées sur les réponses émotionnelles des amusiques face à la perception du mode. La perception émotionnelle liée à celui-ci pourrait être préservée, chez les amusiques en raison de leur perception implicite des hauteurs (Peretz, et coll., 2009). Dans un premier temps, cette étude cherchera à déterminer dans quelle mesure les amusiques adultes utilisent le mode relativement au tempo dans la distinction d’une pièce gaie, d’une triste. Dans cette optique, onze amusiques et leurs contrôles appariés ont jugé des extraits de musique classique gais et tristes, dans leur forme originale et dans deux versions modifiées : (1) mode inversé (transcrit dans le mode opposé mineur ↔ majeur) et (2) tempo neutralisé (réglé à une valeur médiane), où le mode émerge comme caractéristique dominante. Les participants devaient juger si les extraits étaient gais ou tristes sur une échelle de 10-points, pendant que leurs réponses électromyographiques (zygomatique et corrugateur) étaient enregistrées. Les participants ont par la suite été réinvités au laboratoire pour réaliser une tâche non émotionnelle de discrimination des modes (majeur, mineur), dans laquelle des paires de stimuli composés de versions plus courtes des extraits originaux et leur version au mode inversé leur étaient présentées. Les participants (14; 7 amusiques) devaient juger si les paires étaient identiques (même stimulus, même mode) ou différentes (même stimulus, modes différents). Dans cette dernière tâche, les amusiques ont eu plus de difficulté que leurs contrôles à discriminer les modes, mais les amusiques comme leurs contrôles se sont montrés sensibles aux manipulations du mode et du tempo, dans la tâche émotionnelle. Ces résultats supportés par des réponses EMG normales présupposent des habiletés préservées ou implicites de traitement tonal dans l’amusie congénitale.

Relations entre morphologie, vocabulaire et compréhension écrite en français langue seconde

La présente étude vise à étayer l’état des connaissances liées aux relations entre les compétences en compréhension écrite, le vocabulaire et les capacités en traitement graphomorphologique d’étudiants collégiaux du français langue seconde de niveau intermédiaire et intermédiaire avancé. Bon nombre de ces étudiants présentent des problèmes de compréhension écrite, problèmes qui sont abordés dans la présente recherche sous l’angle des connaissances lexicales et du traitement graphomorphologique, soit la capacité de coordonner les informations de nature orthographique, phonologique et sémantique au cours de la lecture. Les résultats montrent que les étudiants possèdent de faibles connaissances lexicales, ce qui pourrait expliquer en partie les problèmes de compréhension écrite qu’ils présentent. Par ailleurs, même si les étudiants de niveau intermédiaire avancé affichent une meilleure compétence en compréhension écrite et de meilleures connaissances en vocabulaire que les étudiants de niveau intermédiaire, leurs capacités en matière de traitement graphomorphologique sont de même niveau. Enfin, les liens entre les trois variables semblent plus forts pour les étudiants de niveau intermédiaire que pour ceux de niveau intermédiaire avancé, ce qui pourrait laisser penser que le traitement graphomorphologique jouerait un rôle plus important pour les apprenants moins avancés d’une langue seconde.

Visual speech perception: a comparison between younger and older adults

This paper examines the visual speech processing abilities of older adults and the age-related effects on speechreading abilities.

Processamento auditivo na perda auditiva unilateral: relato de caso

A perda auditiva unilateral representa grande risco para o atraso acadêmico, a comunicação, o desenvolvimento social e também para o processamento auditivo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as habilidades auditivas de localização, fechamento, figura-fundo, resolução temporal e ordenação temporal simples de um sujeito do gênero masculino, 17 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral de grau profundo, de causa idiopática, sem outros comprometimentos. O processo de avaliação constituiu da aplicação de um questionário, da realização da avaliação audiológica clínica convencional (audiometria tonal, logoaudiometria e imitanciometria) e de testes de processamento auditivo monóticos (SSI ipsilateral, Teste de fala filtrada) e dióticos (Localização sonora, Memória auditiva para sons verbais, Memória auditiva para sons não verbais, AFT-R). Apenas o teste de Localização sonora apresentou resultados alterados. Não foram relatadas queixas relacionadas à habilidade de localização sonora, atenção, discriminação e compreensão auditiva. No caso em estudo, a perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral de grau profundo não pareceu restringir o desenvolvimento das habilidades do processamento auditivo avaliadas, exceto no que se refere à localização da fonte sonora.

The phonological and visual basis of developmental dyslexia in Brazilian Portuguese reading children

Evidence from opaque languages suggests that visual attention processing abilities in addition to phonological skills may act as cognitive underpinnings of developmental dyslexia. We explored the role of these two cognitive abilities on reading fluency in Brazilian Portuguese, a more transparent orthography than French or English. Sixty-six children with developmental dyslexia and normal Brazilian Portuguese children participated. They were administered three tasks of phonological skills (phoneme identification, phoneme, and syllable blending) and three visual tasks (a letter global report task and two non-verbal tasks of visual closure and visual constancy). Results show that Brazilian Portuguese children with developmental dyslexia are impaired not only in phonological processing but further in visual processing. The phonological and visual processing abilities significantly and independently contribute to reading fluency in the whole population. Last, different cognitively homogeneous subtypes can be identified in the Brazilian Portuguese population of children with developmental dyslexia. Two subsets of children with developmental dyslexia were identified as having a single cognitive disorder, phonological or visual; another group exhibited a double deficit and a few children showed no visual or phonological disorder. Thus the current findings extend previous data from more opaque orthographies as French and English, in showing the importance of investigating visual processing skills in addition to phonological skills in children with developmental dyslexia whatever their language orthography transparency.