8 resultados para Proalcool


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The National Alcohol Program - ProAlcool, created by the government of Brazil in 1975 resulted less dependency on fossil fuels. The addition of 25% ethanol to gasoline reduced the import of 550 million barrels oil and also reduced the emission CO(2) by 110 million tons. Today, 44% of the Brazilian energy matrix is renewable and 13.5% is derived from sugarcane. Brazil has a land area of 851 million hectares, of which 54% are preserved, including the Amazon forest (350 million hectares). From the land available for agriculture (340 million hectares), only 0.9% is occupied by sugarcane as energy crop, showing a great expansion potential. Studies have shown that in the coming years, ethanol yield per hectare of sugarcane, which presently is 6000 L/ha, could reach 10,000 L/ha, if 50% of the produced bagasse would be converted to ethanol. This article describes the efforts of different Brazilian institutions and research groups on second generation bioethanol production, especially from sugarcane bagasse. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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O presente trabalho apresentou inicialmente uma visão geral do setor sucroalcooleiro, pois considerou-se importante inteirar o leitor sobre o contexto que envolve o carro a álcool. O PROÁLCOOL mereceu uma análise mais detalhada por ter sido ele o programa que viabilizou, nos anos 80, altos níveis de comercialização deste tipo de veículo. A segunda parte de nosso estudo é composta pelo estudo econométrico das variáveis: preço álcool (na bomba), preço gasolina (na bomba), diferença de alíquota de IPI entre carros a álcool e à gasolina, crise de abastecimento e tendência. Tal estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência destas variáveis na demanda de carros a álcool. Através dele constatou-se que embora vários autores defendam que o importante é a diferença percentual entre os preços gasolina/álcool, isso não se confirmou. Embora as variáveis tenham demonstrado influência sobre a demanda de carros a álcool hidratado, a perda da confiança do consumidor no veículo movido a este combustível, devido às crises de abastecimento, demonstrou ser o motivo principal para a não retomada do crescimento das vendas dos veículos a álcool. Faz-se necessário, portanto, medidas que garantam o abastecimento para que dessa forma haja uma reconquista da confiança do consumidor.

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Incluye Bibliografía

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From the agri-food crisis of 2007/2008, we live an intensifying period in the global land rush. The land grabbing is analyzed as a process that occurs on a global scale, especially to countries in Africa and Latin America, the main targets of the current global competition for land, because beyond the earth have low prices and the legislation be flexible, low and ineffective supervision of the state (especially in the issue of environmental and labor laws), also have vast tracts of arable land, with fertile soils and high availability of water resources (the latter element has become relevant in that case analysis). In addressing the land foreignization in the XXI century it is necessary to speak about the issue of biofuels and bioenergy, since it is these that define the current phase of land foreignization in Brazil. In the 1970s occurred the first incentive to produce ethanol in the sugarcane cultivation, with the policy of the National Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL). From the 2000s this interest again sharpened up and foreign capital began to see in Brazil a great opportunity for a production facility and purchase of old agro-processing plants that were implanted in PROALCOOL period but who were disabled. This is the case of Umoe Bioenergy, Norwegian company that in 2006 started its production in the municipalities of Narandiba and Sandhurst, located in the Pontal do Paranapanema region that, in turn, is the region of São Paulo with larger agrarian conflicts, settlements land reform, land grabbing and high poverty rates...

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The cane sugar is important since the early days in the history of the country, following the discovery of Brazil since the colonial period, therefore, the culture has an important role in the Brazilian economy, being one of the main products. In the 1970s with the advent of the economic crisis, geopolitical and the possibility of depletion of oil, countries dependent on imported fuel, sought new energy alternatives. In Brazil, it was decreed in 1975 the creation of the National Alcohol Program - PROALCOOL, who had several years of rising, the increase of distilleries and marketing of cars powered with ethanol blend. Due to the decrease in the price of oil the importance of the program significantly reduced, returning to peak only in 1979, ie, the second phase of the program. Conceived as one of the vectors of the national response to the crisis in oil prices '70s, the program persisted at times rising in others not reaching for more than three decades. Brazil is the second largest ethanol producer, second only to the U.S., where the raw material comes from corn, which becomes a bottleneck biodiesel production because it competes with food production. New technologies developed to increase ethanol production combined with sustainability and economic viability are being held, the principal is the second generation ethanol, known as cellulosic ethanol, ethanol plus third and fourth generation.

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O modelo brasileiro de utilização de recursos provenientes de biomassa pode ser considerado como referência na utilização em substituição da matriz energética. Dentre eles o etanol vem se destacando como uma fonte de bioenergia cada vez mais utilizada, principalmente na frota de veículos, tal incentivo vem sendo sedimentado ao longo de quase quatro décadas desde a primeira crise do petróleo com a implantação do PROALCOOL até o desenvolvimento e a aplicação da tecnologia de carros bicombustíveis conhecidos como veículos flex, que hoje representam aproximadamente 90% dos automóveis vendidos. O presente trabalho buscará identificar a existência de uma relação entre os indicadores de produção de automóveis, o aumento de produção de etanol e as variáveis macroeconômicas pelos índices de INCC, IPCA e IGP-M que são amplamente conhecidos e reconhecidos pelo governo, empresários e população. Foi utilizada a técnica multivariada de regressão e correlação com auxilio do oftware SPSS. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma correlação entre os índices macroeconômicos mais baixos e o aumento da produção de automóveis e de etanol.