The influence of school smoking policy and school prevention programs on the smoking behaviour of high school students in Prince Edward Island, Canada

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of school smoking policy and school smoking prevention programs on the smoking behaviour of students in high schools in Prince Edward Island using the School Health Action Planning Evaluation System (SHAPES). A total sample included 13,131 observations of students in grades 10-12 in ten high schools in Prince Edward Island over three waves of data collection (1999, 2000, and 2001). Changes in prevalence of smoking and factors influencing smoking behaviour were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were used to examine how both school and student characteristics were associated with smoking behaviour (I, II, III, IV). Since students were located within schools, a basic 2-level nested structure was used in which individual students (level 1) were nested within schools (level 2). For grade 12 students, the combination of both school policies and programs was not associated with the risk of smoking and the presence of the new policy was not associated with decreased risk of smoking, unless there were clear rules in place (I). For the grade 10 study, (II) schools with both policies and programs were not associated with decreased risk of smoking. However, the smoking behaviour of older students (grade 12) at a school was associated with younger students’ (grade 10) smoking behaviour. Students first enrolled in a high school in grade 9, rather than grade 10, were at increased risk of occasional smoking. For students who transitioned from grade 10 to 12 (III), close friends smoking had a substantial influence on smoking behaviour for both males and females (III). Having one or more close friends who smoke (Odds Ratio (OR) = 37.46; 95% CI = 19.39 to 72.36), one or more smokers in the home (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.67 to 3.30) and seeing teachers and staff smoking on or near school property (OR=1.78; 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.80), were strongly associated with increased risk of smoking for grade 12 students. Smoking behaviour increased for both junior (Group 1) and senior (Group 2) students (IV). Group 1 students indicated a greater decrease in smoking behaviour and factors influencing smoking behaviour compared to those of Group 2. Students overestimating the percentage of youth their age who smoke was strongly associated with increased likelihood of smoking. Smoking rates showed a decreasing trend (1999, 2000, and 2001). However, policies and programs alone were not successful in influencing smoking behaviour of youth. Rather, factors within the students and schools contextual environment influenced smoking behaviour. Comprehensive approaches are required for school-based tobacco prevention interventions. Keywords: schools, policy, programs, smoking prevention, adolescents Subject Terms: school-based programming, public health, health promotion

Abbildungen zur naturgeschichte brasiliens : herausgegeben Von Maximilian, Prinzen Von Wied-Neuwied = Recueil de Planches coloriées d'animaux Du Brésil / publie par S.A.S. le Prince Maximilien de Wied-Neuwied

Abbildungen zur naturgeschichte brasiliens é uma magnífica obra publicada em fascículos, cada um deles contendo seis lâminas e seis folhas de texto. As estampas, coloridas, foram gravadas em metal e o texto explicativo apresenta-se em alemão e francês. As gravuras representam espécies da fauna brasileira identificadas pelo autor durante a expedição científica que, juntamente com os naturalistas Georg Freyreiss e Friedrich Sellow, empreendeu ao brasil entre 1815 e 1817. Segundo Borba de Moraes trata-se de edição "muito rara nos dias de hoje".

Limited Excavations at the Gassaway-Feldmeyer House, 18AP49, 194 Prince George Street, Annapolis, Maryland

194 Prince George Street, known as the Gassaway-Feldmeyer house, was excavated in April of 1988. The property, in residential use from the 19th century, is owned by Historic Annapolis Foundation. Excavators found evidence of some intact 19th century levels and no trace of the 18th century. Unfortunately, parts of the site were disturbed by 20th century gardening activities. Further excavation is recommended since the Gassaway-Feldmeyer house may provide valuable information about residences in the 19th century.

Archaeological Testing at the John Brice II (Jennings-Brice) House, 18AP53, 195 Prince George Street, Annapolis, Maryland

In the fall of 1989, emergency excavation was undertaken in conjunction with restoration work at the John Brice II (Jennings-Brice) House, 18AP53. The exact date of construction for this brick home is problematic, and it was hoped that archaeological investigation could provide conclusive evidence to firmly establish the structure's date of construction. Excavation of one 5 X 5 ft. unit revealed the presence of 10 separate soil layers and four features of note, described in detail below. Unfortunately, no builders trench or similar feature by which we might date the house's construction was recovered. Future plans and possibilities for excavation at the property are outlined with the hopes of performing subsequent work at this rich site. We anticipate a focus on the arrangement and changes in use of the houselot, amassing evidence to support the presence of a vernacular garden on the property during the 18th century, as well as researching refuse disposal patterns, and clues to changing lifeways through the 18th century.

The Prince and the Pauper due date card

This is a due date card for the book titled the Prince and the Pauper.

Catalogue des livres imprimés et manuscrits de la bibliothèque de feu monseigneur le prince de Soubise,... Dont la vente sera indiquée par affiches au mois de Janvier 1789

[Vente (Livres). 1789-01-00. Paris]