Aplicação de fósforo para imobilização química do cádmio em solo contaminado

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus on the Cd availability to plants of a contaminated soil using 109Cd isotope and chemical extractants. The experiment was set in a randomized block design and the soil was labeled with 222 KBq of 109Cd per pot and received 5 rates of P as triple superphosphate, growing lettuce plants as test crop. The use of phosphorus reduced pH of soil which altered the Cd availability in DTPA and Mehlich extractants. The lettuce Cd content decreased but its accumulation and L value increased in all treatments compared to the control, demonstrating the inefficiency of phosphorus in reducing the Cd availability.

A short review of the chemical immobilization principles in some common African wildlife species

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

"Green chemistry": os 12 princípios da química verde e sua inserção nas atividades de ensino e pesquisa

Green chemistry ¾ defined as the design, development, and application of chemical processes and products to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to human health and the environment. This article summarizes the 12 principles of green chemistry, describing how they have been applied to the academic, industrial and research activities around the world.

Sínteses química e enzimática de peptídeos: princípios básicos e aplicações

This review begins with a brief discussion of the biological importance and chemical features of peptides. A description of the existing synthetic methods follows with emphasis on the basic aspects of the chemical and enzymatic syntheses. Techniques used to purify and characterize the synthesized peptides are also discussed. Finally, a few applications of the final products in chemistry, biochemistry, immunology and medicine are presented, such as identification and quantification of naturally occurring peptides, inspection of structure-activity relationships, therapeutics, development and/or improvement of analytical techniques and search for new vaccines.

Experimentos simples usando fotometria de chama para ensino de princípios de espectrometria atômica em cursos de química analítica

The purpose of this paper is the development of simple strategies to teach basic concepts of atomic spectrometry. Metals present in samples found in the daily lives of students are determined by flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). FAES is an accurate, precise, and inexpensive analytical method often used for determining sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium. Historical aspects and their contextualization for students are also presented and experiments with samples that do not require pre-treatment are described.

Validação de métodos cromatográficos de análise: um experimento de fácil aplicação utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e os princípios da "Química Verde" na determinação de metilxantinas em bebidas

The validation of analytical methods is an important step in quality control. The main objective of this study is to propose an HPLC experiment to verify the parameters of validation of chromatographic methods, based on green chemistry principles, which can be used in experimental courses of chemistry and related areas.

Síntese de fotoprotetores e sua imobilização em poli(metacrilato de metilo): um projeto integrado de química orgânica, química de polímeros e fotoquímica

Dibenzalacetone and other aldol condensation products are known sunscreens commonly used in cosmetics. This type of compounds can easily be prepared in an Organic Chemistry Lab by reaction of aldehydes with ketones in basic medium. These compounds can be incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate) and used as UV light absorbers, for example in sunglasses. This project has the advantage of using inexpensive reagents which are readily available in Chemistry Laboratories. This experiment can also be a base starting point for discussions of organic, polymer and photochemistry topics.

Dos primeiros aos segundos doze princípios da Química Verde

The second 12 principles of Green Chemistry (Winterton, 2001) are presented and discussed to show how they press academic chemists to focus the invention of synthetic pathways more directly on industrial process development, allowing a quicker progress along the greenness chain and a softer implementation of Green Chemistry in the industrial practice of chemistry. The relationships between the two sets of principles are tentatively established and discussed to make easier their joint use. The net of connections shows the systemic nature of Green Chemistry.

Síntese da Epoxone a partir de D-frutose: um experimento didático em laboratório de Química Orgânica com foco nos princípios da Química Verde

In recent years, the introduction of the Green Chemistry concepts in undergraduate chemistry classes has been intensively pursued. In this regard, the two-step preparation of Epoxone (an organocatalyst developed by Shi & col.) from commercial D-fructose, through ketalization of vicinal diols followed by oxidation of a sterically congested secondary alcohol, involves important topics in Organic Chemistry and employs inexpensive and nontoxic reagents. The reactions are easy to perform and the products from both steps are readily obtained as crystalline solids after simple procedures, thus facilitating their chemical characterization.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EXPERIMENTO DIDÁTICO DE ELETROGRAVIMETRIA DE BAIXO CUSTO UTILIZANDO PRINCÍPIOS DA QUÍMICA VERDE

In this paper, we describe the development of low-cost teaching experiments of electrogravimetry for undergraduate students using principles of green chemistry. Copper was electrochemically deposited on brass under an electrical current density of 50 mA cm−2 from acidic solutions containing nitrate anions. Color changes at the brass electrode and of the solution were observed, indicating that the reduction of copper ions had occurred. The deposition efficiency values were between 92.8% and 93.8%, and the electrochemical efficiency values were between 85.6% and 86.5%. There was no significant contribution from parallel reactions. These experimental conditions facilitated the didactic exploration of gravimetric and electrochemical concepts. Following the principles of green chemistry, the experiments produced no toxic substances, all the materials could be recycled, and the energy consumption was the lowest. For this reason, this experiment was considered to be very interesting for didactical purposes.

Desenvolvimento de procedimentos e métodos analíticos no campo forense aplicando os princípios da química verde

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Princípios fundamentais e modelos de transferência de energia inter e intramolecular

This work outlines the historic development of the concept and main theories of energy transfer, as well as the principal experiments carried out to confirm or refute the proposed theories. Energy transfer in coordination compounds is also discussed with a focus on rare earth systems.

Filmes ultrafinos de ésteres de celulose: preparo, caracterização e imobilização de proteínas

In this study cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and carboxymehtylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) films adsorbed onto silicon wafers were characterized by means of ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) and contact angle measurements. The adsorption behavior of lysozyme (LIS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto CAB and CMCAB films was investigated. The amounts of adsorbed LIS or BSA onto CMCAB films were more pronounced than those onto CAB films due to the presence of carboxymethyl group in the CMCAB structure. Besides, the adsorption of BSA molecules on CMCAB films was more favored than that of LIS molecules. Antimicrobial effect of LIS bound to CAB or CMCAB layers was evaluated using Micrococcus luteus as substrate.

Do curso profissional de análise laboratorial à indústria química

Esta dissertação visou analisar a interacção entre o Curso Profissional de Técnico de Análise Laboratorial, leccionado na Escola Secundária de Mem Martins, com os requisitos necessários à inserção dos alunos na vida activa, como Técnicos de Análise Laboratorial na Indústria Química. A Empresa Resiquímica mostrou-se disponível para servir como modelo para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Atendendo a que Portugal está inserido na União Europeia, na qual estão definidas estratégias que visam uma política comum de ensino no espaço europeu, o trabalho iniciou-se com um estudo comparativo dos sistemas de Ensino e Formação Profissional em vigor em Portugal com os existentes na Finlândia e na Alemanha. O estudo revelou que em Portugal a duração da Formação em Contexto de Trabalho (três meses) é significativamente inferior à existente na Alemanha (três dias por semana durante três anos) e na Finlândia (seis meses). Por outro lado, nestes países é maior a percentagem de alunos que se encontram matriculados no ensino profissional. Considerou-se, assim ser desejável apostar no aumento da duração da Formação em Contexto de Trabalho e na divulgação dos cursos através dos media. Em seguida, foram abordadas as várias competências e saberes que constam no Perfil Profissional de um Técnico de Análise Laboratorial, bem como as actividades fundamentais que o futuro técnico pode desempenhar, no domínio dos princípios e das técnicas de análise, tendo por base o plano do Curso Profissional de Técnico de Análise Laboratorial e os programas das disciplinas fundamentais do Curso leccionado na Escola Secundária de Mem Martins. Pela análise das competências adquiridas pelos alunos face aos requisitos da Indústria Química, deduziu-se que tenham obtido as exigidas para um bom desempenho profissional, conclusão que também foi partilhada pelo responsável pela produção e controlo de qualidade da Resiquímica. Contudo, algumas lacunas foram detectadas a nível dos métodos físicos de análise. De facto, na componente de formação técnica, os módulos apenas abordam a Química e Bioquímica, pelo que se sugeriu a introdução de conteúdos programáticos de Física que sirvam de base às técnicas de análise a executar no laboratório e propor uma alteração a nível curricular na disciplina de Análises Químicas.

Desenvolvimento de modelo de primeiros princípios para simulação dinâmica de uma coluna de destilação contínua

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica