The Priestley-Taylor parameter α for the Amazon forest

Priestley and Taylor provided a practical formulation of the partitioning of net radiation between heat flux and evaporation contained within a parameter α. Their model (PTM) needs verification under a range of environmental conditions. Micrometeorological data sets collected over the Amazon forest at the Ducke Reserve site (2°57′S; 59°57′W) gave an opportunity to evaluate α. Evidence presented here and by others shows that there is pronounced diurnal variation in α, with minimum values around midday and maximum values in the morning and evening hours. During unstable and stable conditions in the daylight hours, the Bowen ratio (B) varied from 0.10 to 0.57 and -0.71 to -0.08, respectively, whereas α varied from 0.67 to 1.16 and 1.28 to 3.12, respectively. A mean value of α = 1.16±0.56 was obtained from daytime hourly values for two days. The daily data sets from three expeditions gave a mean of α = 1.03±0.13. This work confirms that α is a function of atmospheric stability over the Amazon forest. Thus the PTM should be applied with caution over time-intervals of one day or less because of the sensitivity to variation in α. The calculated values of α are in general agreement with those reported in literature. © 1991.

Analysis of the Priestley-Taylor alpha parameter for a bean crop

This work deals with the Priestley-Taylor model for evapotranspiration in different grown stages of a bean crop. Priestley and Taylor derived a practical Formulation for energy partitioning between the sensible and latent heat fluxes through the a parameter. Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) was carried out for daily sensible and latent heat flux estimations in three different crop stages. Mean daily values of Priestley-Taylor a parameter were determined for eleven days during the crop cycle. Diurnal variation patterns of a are presented for the growing, flowering and graining periods. The mean values of 1.13 +/- 0.33, 1.26 +/- 0.74, 1.22 +/- 0.55 were obtained for a day in the growing, in the flowering and for graining periods, respectively. Eleven days values of a are shown and gave a mean value of 1.23 +/- 0.10 which agree on the reported literature.

Analysis of the Priestley-Taylor α parameter for a bean crop

This work deals with the Priestley-Taylor model for evapotranspiration in different grown stages of a bean crop. Priestley and Taylor derived a practical formulation for energy partitioning between the sensible and latent heat fluxes through the α parameter. Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) was carried out for daily sensible and latent heat flux estimations in three different crop stages. Mean daily values of Priestley-Taylor α parameter were determined for eleven days during the crop cycle. Diurnal variation patterns of α are presented for the growing, flowering and graining periods. The mean values of 1.13 ± 0.33, 1.26 ± 0.74, 1.22 ± 0.55 were obtained for a day in the growing, in the flowering and for graining periods, respectively. Eleven days values of α are shown and gave a mean value of 1.23 ± 0.10 which agree on the reported literature.

中国植物功能型-生物群区的划分

气候在大尺度上决定着植被的分布、结构和组成，植被结构和生理状态的改变可以通过改变植被的反射率、粗糙度以及水分通量进而影响气候，这样形成了气候一植被的相互作用。在植被一气候相互作用的研究中，植物功能型是重要的概念和方法，它可以在详尽描述植被生物物理和生理特征的同时，有效削减植被的复杂性。植物功能型的概念和方法已经在植物群落、生态系统的复杂性和功能、古植被和古气候研究，以及陆面过程模型和动态全球植被模型中得到了广泛的应用。但是针对我国植被-气候的相互作用和区域尺度的全球变化研究，还需要一套特定的植物功能型．生物群区体系。 　　本论文根据我国植被生态学和植被分类的研究背景，结合植被．气候相互作用和区域全球变化研究的需要，提出了一套适宜于中国的植物功能型．生物群区划分方案。首先，根据中国植被和气候特征，筛选并确定了影响植被生物物理和生理属性以及植被分布的6个关键的植物功能特征：然后，根据这6个特征，对植物进行功能型划分，得到了29类植物功能型：再根据我国植被的实际情况和研究需要，选定了其中的18类作为我国的植物功能型。这套功能型包括了7类‘树’功能型，6类‘灌木’功能型和5类‘草’功能型，其中含有4类高寒植物功能型，专门用于描述青藏高原的植被分布，并根据需要设置了2类‘裸地，功能型。 　　根据我国气候一植被分布定量关系的相关研究以及BIOME1和Box体系的研究结果，选定7个环境变量作为限制我国植物功能型分布的关键气候因子：最冷月平均气温、最暖月平均气温、大于50C的有效生长积温、大于OºC的有效生长积温、Priestley-Taylor系数（实际蒸散与潜在蒸散的比值）、降水量、最暖月和最冷月平均气温之差。采用半峰宽法初步确定每个植物功能型的环境限定因子取值范围。并根据这套植物功能型及其环境参数建立了适宜于我国的生物群区体系，从而得到了我国的植物功能型-生物群区体系(the Chinese Plant functional Types and Biomes，CNPB)。 为了验证这套植物功能型-生物群区体系，将BIOME1和中国的植物功能型生物群区体系(CNPB)对中国植被在当前气候条件和未来气候情景下分布的模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明，这套体系可以更有效地模拟中国植被在当前和未来气候条件下的分布，特别是对青藏高原植被描述的详细程度有实质性的提高。

东北丘陵半干旱区参考作物蒸散量计算方法比较

利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式FAO、 Penman修正式和Priestley-Taylor公式对东北丘陵半干旱区观测到的气象数据进行了逐日参考作物蒸散量计算。结果显示,FAO Penman修正式的计算值比FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值平均偏大约16%,2种比较方法具有很好的相关性;而Priestley-Taylor公式的计算值与FAO Penman-Monteith公式的计算值相比,差异比较显著,是由于Priestley-Taylor公式没有考虑空气动力项对参考作物蒸散量的影响。因此,在东北丘陵半干旱区使用Priestley-Taylor公式计算参考作物蒸散量,必须根据不同月份对公式中的常数项重新进行修正。

黄土区参考作物蒸散量多种计算方法的比较研究

参考作物蒸散量的计算公式大多存在地域性限制,分析其应用情况能够反映这些公式在中国部分地区的应用前景。该文根据1996～2000年陕西省榆林、延安与西安三站的逐日气象资料,以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith方法为标准,对计算参考作物蒸散量的10种方法进行比较。线性回归,平方根误差与平均偏差方法检验的结果显示:Penman系列方法之间关系密切,Kimberly PM-72方法最好。不同方法之间在夏季的差异较大,春秋季较小。在需要数据较少的方法中Priestley-Taylor方法接近Penman-Monteith方法。FAO-Rad、FAO-BC、Hargreaves与Makkink 4种方法与其差异明显,而且存在地域差异。在本区应用这些方法时需要对其参数进行适当调整,以适应当地的气象条件。

Characterizing evapotranspiration over a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

To characterize evapotranspiration (ET) over grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we examined ET and its relevant environmental variables in a Kobresia meadow from 2002 to 2004 using the eddy covariance method. The annual precipitation changed greatly, with 554, 706, and 666 mm a(-1) for the three consecutive calendar years. The annual ET varied correspondingly to the annual precipitation with 341, 407, and 426 mm a(-1). The annual ET was, however, constant at about 60% of the annual precipitation. About 85% annual ET occurred during the growing season from May to September, and the averaged ET for this period was 1.90, 2.23, and 2.22 mm/d, respectively for the three consecutive years. The averaged ET was, however, very low (< 0.40 mm/d) during the nongrowing season from October to April. The annual canopy conductance (gc) and the Priestley-Taylor coefficient (a) showed the lowest values in the year with the lowest precipitation. This study first demonstrates that the alpine meadow ecosystem is characterized by a low ratio of annual ET to precipitation and that the interannual variation of ET is determined by annual precipitation.

Effect of spatial variation on areal evapotranspiration simulation in Haibei, Tibet plateau, China

Quantification of areal evapotranspiration from remote sensing data requires the determination of surface energy balance components with support of field observations. Much attention should be given to spatial resolution sensitivity to the physics of surface heterogeneity. Using the Priestley-Taylor model, we generated evapotranspiration maps at several spatial resolutions for a heterogeneous area at Haibei, and validated the evapotranspiration maps with the flux tower data. The results suggested that the mean values for all evapotranspiration maps were quite similar but their standard deviations decreased with the coarsening of spatial resolution. When the resolution transcended about 480 m, the standard deviations drastically decreased, indicating a loss of spatial structure information of the original resolution evapotranspiration map. The absolute values of relative errors of the points for evapotranspiration maps showed a fluctuant trend as spatial resolution of input parameter data layers coarsening, and the absolute value of relative errors reached minimum when pixel size of map matched up to measuring scale of eddy covariance system. Finally, based on the analyses of the semi-variogram of the original resolution evapotranspiration map and the shapes of spatial autocorrelation indices of Moran and Geary for evapotranspiration maps at different resolutions, an appropriate resolution was suggested for the areal evapotranspiration simulation in this study area.

Illustration of micro-scale advection using grid-pattern mini-lysimeters

Twenty-five small soil-filled perspex boxes arranged in a square, with dwarf sunflowers growing in them, were used to study micro-scale advection. Hydrological heterogeneity was introduced by applying two different amounts of irrigation water (low-irrigation, L, versus high-irrigation, H). The nine central boxes (4 H, 4 L and I bare box) were precision weighing lysimeters, yielding diurnal measurements of evaporation. After the onset of soil water stress, a large difference in latent heat flux (up to 4-fold) was observed between the lysimeters of the H and L treatments, mainly caused by large differences between H and L stomatal conductance values. This resulted in micro-advection, causing H soil-sunflower systems to evaporate well above equilibrium latent heat flux. The occurrence of micro-advective enhancement was reflected in large values of the Priestley-Taylor constant (often larger than 2.0) and generally negative values of sensible heat flux for the H treatment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caracterização climática e comparação de métodos de estimativa de evapotranspiração de referência para regiões do Estado do Ceará

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultura da melancieira irrigada por gotejamento em Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reference evapotranspiration models using different time scales in the Jaboticabal region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The aim of this paper is to compare 18 reference evapotranspiration models to the standard Penman-Monteith model in the Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, region for the following time scales: daily, 5-day, 15-day and seasonal. A total of 5 years of daily meteorological data was used for the following analyses: accuracy (mean absolute percentage error, Mape), precision (R-2) and tendency (bias) (systematic error, SE). The results were also compared at the 95% probability level with Tukey's test. The Priestley-Taylor (1972) method was the most accurate for all time scales, the Tanner-Pelton (1960) method was the most accurate in the winter, and the Thornthwaite (1948) method was the most accurate of the methods that only used temperature data in the equations.

Testing of crop Models for Accurate Predictions of Evapotranspiration and crop Water Use

All crop models, whether site-specific or global-gridded and regardless of crop, simulate daily crop transpiration and soil evaporation during the crop life cycle, resulting in seasonal crop water use. Modelers use several methods for predicting daily potential evapotranspiration (ET), including FAO-56, Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor, Hargreaves, full energy balance, and transpiration water efficiency. They use extinction equations to partition energy to soil evaporation or transpiration, depending on leaf area index. Most models simulate soil water balance and soil-root water supply for transpiration, and limit transpiration if water uptake is insufficient, and thereafter reduce dry matter production. Comparisons among multiple crop and global gridded models in the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) show surprisingly large differences in simulated ET and crop water use for the same climatic conditions. Model intercomparisons alone are not enough to know which approaches are correct. There is an urgent need to test these models against field-observed data on ET and crop water use. It is important to test various ET modules/equations in a model platform where other aspects such as soil water balance and rooting are held constant, to avoid compensation caused by other parts of models. The CSM-CROPGRO model in DSSAT already has ET equations for Priestley-Taylor, Penman-FAO-24, Penman-Monteith-FAO-56, and an hourly energy balance approach. In this work, we added transpiration-efficiency modules to DSSAT and AgMaize models and tested the various ET equations against available data on ET, soil water balance, and season-long crop water use of soybean, fababean, maize, and other crops where runoff and deep percolation were known or zero. The different ET modules created considerable differences in predicted ET, growth, and yield.

The Influence of Hydrologic Restoration on Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in a Karst Wetland, the Everglades (FL, USA)

Efforts to rehydrate and restore surface water flow in karst wetlands can have unintended consequences, as these highly conductive and heterogeneous aquifers create a close connection between groundwater and surface water. Recently, hydrologic restoration efforts in the karstic Taylor Slough portion of the Everglades has changed from point source delivery of canal water (direct restoration), to the use of a series of surface water recharge retention basins (diffuse restoration). To determine the influence of restoration on groundwater-surface water interactions in the Taylor Slough headwaters, a water budget was constructed for 1997–2011 using 70 hydro-meteorological stations. With diffuse restoration, groundwater seepage from the Everglades toward the urban boundary increased, while the downstream delivery of surface water to the main portion of the slough declined. The combined influence of diffuse restoration and climate led to increased intra-annual variability in the volume of groundwater and surface water in storage but supported a more seasonally hydrated wetland compared to the earlier direct tactics. The data further indicated that hydrologic engineering in karst wetland landscapes enhances groundwater-surface water interactions, even those designed for restoration purposes.