Pressure state response-based method for evaluating social benefits from smart grid development

In this paper, the inherent mechanism of social benefits associated with smart grid development is examined based on the pressure state response (PSR) model from resource economics. The emerging types of technology brought up by smart grid development are regarded as pressures. The improvements of the performance and efficiency of power system operation, such as the enhanced capability of accommodating renewable energy generation, are regarded as states. The effects of smart grid development on society are regarded as responses. Then, a novel method for evaluating social benefits from smart grid development is presented. Finally, the social benefits from smart grid development in a province in northwest China are carried out by using the developed evaluation system, and reasonable evaluation results are attained.

A new approach for evaluating the benefits of smart grid development

In this paper, the inherent mechanism of benefits associated with smart grid development is examined based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model from resource economics. The emerging types of technology brought up by smart grid development are taken as pressures. The improvements of the performance and efficiency of power system operation are taken as states. The effects of smart grid development on society are taken as responses. Then, a novel method for evaluating social benefits in energy saving and CO2 emission reduction from smart grid development is presented. Finally, the benefits in a province in northwest China is carried out by employing the developed evaluation system, and reasonable evaluation results are attained.

Trophic assessment in chinese coastal systems

Dissertação mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Evaluación de la calidad ambiental en relación con los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso : El caso de La Carlota, Córdoba

La calidad ambiental se refiere a la contribución del ambiente al bienestar humano. Los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso en un ambiente urbano pueden afectar dicha calidad. En este trabajo, se analiza y evalúa la calidad ambiental urbana con respecto a los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso ubicados dentro del ejido urbano: depósitos de agroquímicos; silos; garajes de fumigadores terrestres; depósitos de garrafas y tubos de gas licuado; estaciones de servicio. La metodología propuesta para este estudio es la aplicación de Sistemas de Indicadores Ambientales bajo el modelo "Presión-Estado-Respuesta" (OCDE), con el fin de plantear y medir un índice de Calidad Ambiental. El objetivo final es identificar factores que se comportan como profundizadores o mitigadores del riesgo, medidos a través de indicadores de presión, estado y respuesta

Evaluación de la calidad ambiental en relación con los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso : El caso de La Carlota, Córdoba

La calidad ambiental se refiere a la contribución del ambiente al bienestar humano. Los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso en un ambiente urbano pueden afectar dicha calidad. En este trabajo, se analiza y evalúa la calidad ambiental urbana con respecto a los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso ubicados dentro del ejido urbano: depósitos de agroquímicos; silos; garajes de fumigadores terrestres; depósitos de garrafas y tubos de gas licuado; estaciones de servicio. La metodología propuesta para este estudio es la aplicación de Sistemas de Indicadores Ambientales bajo el modelo "Presión-Estado-Respuesta" (OCDE), con el fin de plantear y medir un índice de Calidad Ambiental. El objetivo final es identificar factores que se comportan como profundizadores o mitigadores del riesgo, medidos a través de indicadores de presión, estado y respuesta

Evaluación de la calidad ambiental en relación con los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso : El caso de La Carlota, Córdoba

La calidad ambiental se refiere a la contribución del ambiente al bienestar humano. Los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso en un ambiente urbano pueden afectar dicha calidad. En este trabajo, se analiza y evalúa la calidad ambiental urbana con respecto a los usos del suelo de tipo peligroso ubicados dentro del ejido urbano: depósitos de agroquímicos; silos; garajes de fumigadores terrestres; depósitos de garrafas y tubos de gas licuado; estaciones de servicio. La metodología propuesta para este estudio es la aplicación de Sistemas de Indicadores Ambientales bajo el modelo "Presión-Estado-Respuesta" (OCDE), con el fin de plantear y medir un índice de Calidad Ambiental. El objetivo final es identificar factores que se comportan como profundizadores o mitigadores del riesgo, medidos a través de indicadores de presión, estado y respuesta

Proposta de modelagem de qualidade ambiental em áreas metropolitanas, por meio de dados de sensoriamento remoto

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Pós-Graduação em Geociências Aplicadas, 2016.

Separating interface state response from parasitic effects in conductance measurements on organic metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors

A simple model is developed for the admittance of a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor which includes the effect of a guard ring surrounding the Ohmic contact to the semiconductor. The model predicts most of the features observed in a MIS capacitor fabricated using regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the active semiconductor and polysilsesquioxane as the gate insulator. In particular, it shows that when the capacitor is driven into accumulation, the parasitic transistor formed by the guard ring and Ohmic contact can give rise to an additional feature in the admittance-voltage plot that could be mistaken for interface states. When this artifact and underlying losses in the bulk semiconductor are accounted for, the remaining experimental feature, a peak in the loss-voltage plot when the capacitor is in depletion, is identified as an interface (or near interface) state of density of similar to 4 x 10(10) cm(-2) eV(-1). Application of the model shows that exposure of a vacuum-annealed device to laboratory air produces a rapid change in the doping density in the channel region of the parasitic transistor but only slow changes in the bulk semiconductor covered by the gold Ohmic contact. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Asset life prediction and maintenance decision-making using a non-linear non-Gaussian state space model

Estimating and predicting degradation processes of engineering assets is crucial for reducing the cost and insuring the productivity of enterprises. Assisted by modern condition monitoring (CM) technologies, most asset degradation processes can be revealed by various degradation indicators extracted from CM data. Maintenance strategies developed using these degradation indicators (i.e. condition-based maintenance) are more cost-effective, because unnecessary maintenance activities are avoided when an asset is still in a decent health state. A practical difficulty in condition-based maintenance (CBM) is that degradation indicators extracted from CM data can only partially reveal asset health states in most situations. Underestimating this uncertainty in relationships between degradation indicators and health states can cause excessive false alarms or failures without pre-alarms. The state space model provides an efficient approach to describe a degradation process using these indicators that can only partially reveal health states. However, existing state space models that describe asset degradation processes largely depend on assumptions such as, discrete time, discrete state, linearity, and Gaussianity. The discrete time assumption requires that failures and inspections only happen at fixed intervals. The discrete state assumption entails discretising continuous degradation indicators, which requires expert knowledge and often introduces additional errors. The linear and Gaussian assumptions are not consistent with nonlinear and irreversible degradation processes in most engineering assets. This research proposes a Gamma-based state space model that does not have discrete time, discrete state, linear and Gaussian assumptions to model partially observable degradation processes. Monte Carlo-based algorithms are developed to estimate model parameters and asset remaining useful lives. In addition, this research also develops a continuous state partially observable semi-Markov decision process (POSMDP) to model a degradation process that follows the Gamma-based state space model and is under various maintenance strategies. Optimal maintenance strategies are obtained by solving the POSMDP. Simulation studies through the MATLAB are performed; case studies using the data from an accelerated life test of a gearbox and a liquefied natural gas industry are also conducted. The results show that the proposed Monte Carlo-based EM algorithm can estimate model parameters accurately. The results also show that the proposed Gamma-based state space model have better fitness result than linear and Gaussian state space models when used to process monotonically increasing degradation data in the accelerated life test of a gear box. Furthermore, both simulation studies and case studies show that the prediction algorithm based on the Gamma-based state space model can identify the mean value and confidence interval of asset remaining useful lives accurately. In addition, the simulation study shows that the proposed maintenance strategy optimisation method based on the POSMDP is more flexible than that assumes a predetermined strategy structure and uses the renewal theory. Moreover, the simulation study also shows that the proposed maintenance optimisation method can obtain more cost-effective strategies than a recently published maintenance strategy optimisation method by optimising the next maintenance activity and the waiting time till the next maintenance activity simultaneously.

A Raman spectroscopic study of the different vanadate-groups in solid-state compounds, model case : mineral phases vésigniéite, BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2, and volborthite, Cu3V2O7(OH)2•2H2O

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study vanadates in the solid state. The molecular structure of the vanadate minerals vésigniéite [BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2] and volborthite [Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O] have been studied by Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The spectra are related to the structure of the two minerals. The Raman spectrum of vésigniéite is characterized by two intense bands at 821 and 856 cm−1 assigned to ν1 (VO4)3− symmetric stretching modes. A series of infrared bands at 755, 787 and 899 cm−1 are assigned to the ν3 (VO4)3− antisymmetric stretching vibrational mode. Raman bands at 307 and 332 cm−1 and at 466 and 511 cm−1 are assigned to the ν2 and ν4 (VO4)3− bending modes. The Raman spectrum of volborthite is characterized by the strong band at 888 cm−1, assigned to the ν1 (VO3) symmetric stretching vibrations. Raman bands at 858 and 749 cm−1 are assigned to the ν3 (VO3) antisymmetric stretching vibrations; those at 814 cm−1 to the ν3 (VOV) antisymmetric vibrations; that at 508 cm−1 to the ν1 (VOV) symmetric stretching vibration and those at 442 and 476 cm−1 and 347 and 308 cm−1 to the ν4 (VO3) and ν2 (VO3) bending vibrations, respectively. The spectra of vésigniéite and volborthite are similar, especially in the region of skeletal vibrations, even though their crystal structures differ.

Smart grid-demand side response model for optimization air conditioning

The growing demand of air-conditioning is one of the largest contributors to Australia’s overall electricity consumption. This has started to create peak load supply problems for some electricity utilities particularly in Queensland. This research aimed to develop consumer demand side response model to assist electricity consumers to mitigate peak demand on the electrical network. The model developed demand side response model to allow consumers to manage and control air conditioning for every period, it is called intelligent control. This research investigates optimal response of end-user toward electricity price for several cases in the near future, such as: no spike, spike and probability spike price cases. The results indicate the potential of the scheme to achieve energy savings, reducing electricity bills (costs) to the consumer and targeting best economic performance for electrical generation distribution and transmission.

Smart grid-demand side response model to mitigate prices and peak impact on the electrical system

The aims of this project is to develop demand side response model which assists electricity consumers who are exposed to the market price through aggregator to manage the air-conditioning peak electricity demand. The main contribution of this research is to show how consumers can optimise the energy cost caused by the air-conditioning load considering the electricity market price and network overload. The model is tested with selected characteristics of the room, Queensland electricity market data from Australian Energy Market Operator and data from the Bureau of Statistics on temperatures in Brisbane, during weekdays on hot days from 2011 - 2012.