Immunological studies on nucleic acids and their components.8.Antibodies specific to a deoxyribotrinucleotide sequence

Bovine serum albumin conjugates of two trinucleotides, dpTpTpA and dTpTpAp, were prepared by linking the trinucleotides through their end phosphates by the ‘carbodiimide method’. Antibodies were raised in rabbits by injecting the trinucleotide-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Analysis by double diffusion in agar gel, quantitative precipitin reaction and its inhibition by haptens showed clearly the presence of antibodies specific to the whole trinucleotide molecule. The titre of antibodies obtained by the trinucleotide-rabbit serum albumin conjugates with their respective antisera was approximately the same, indicating that linking the trinucleotide through either 5′ or 3′ phosphate does not have an appreciable effect on the titre of antibodies. The results also demonstrate that the nucleotide(s) away from the carrier protein is more immunodominant than the one linked directly to the protein.

Immunologic studies on nucleic acids and their components. I. An analysis of the specificity of anti-deoxyadenylate antibodies by a membrane-binding technique

Anti-deoxyadenylate antibodies were produced in rabbits by injecting a conjugate of deoxyadenosine 5′-phosphate with bovine serum albumin. The antisera, as analyzed by double diffusion in agar and the quantitative precipitin reaction, showed hapten-specific antibodies. The specific interaction between [3H]deoxyadenylate and antiserum was studied by a sensitive nitrocellulose membrane-binding assay. The specificity of the antibodies was analyzed by measuring the effectiveness of other nucleotides or derivatives to inhibit the hapten-antibody binding. The requirements for recognition by the antibody sites were studied by using a series of naturally occurring nucleic acid components as well as some synthetic derivatives as inhibitors. The antibodies were found to show a high degree of specificity for the whole nucleotide, the base, sugar and phosphate playing almost equally important roles. There was cross reactivity with other mononucleotides, although of a low order. The antibodies were able to react with DNA and tRNA.

Immunologic studies on nucleic acids and their components II. Reversible inhibition of anti-nucleoside antibodies in aqueous pyridine and its application in antibody

The effect of aqueous pyridine on a hapten—antihapten system was investigated by the quantitative precipitin reaction and by the membrane filtration method. It was found that dilute solutions of pyridine inhibited the reaction between isopentenyladenosine and its antiserum. Other solvents examined were less effective. The effect of pyridine was reversible at concentrations where complete inhibition occurred, thus indicating its use for the dissociation of antigen—antibody complexes. The inhibitory effect of pyridine was exploited in a single-step purification method for anti—isopentenyladenosine and antideoxy-adenylate antibodies. In addition, generally applicable methods for linking nucleosides and nucleotides to aminoethyl-Sepharose are described.

Immunologic studies on nucleic acids and their components II. Reversible inhibition of anti-nucleoside antibodies in aqueous pyridine and its application in antibody purification

The effect of aqueous pyridine on a hapten—antihapten system was investigated by the quantitative precipitin reaction and by the membrane filtration method. It was found that dilute solutions of pyridine inhibited the reaction between isopentenyladenosine and its antiserum. Other solvents examined were less effective. The effect of pyridine was reversible at concentrations where complete inhibition occurred, thus indicating its use for the dissociation of antigen—antibody complexes. The inhibitory effect of pyridine was exploited in a single-step purification method for anti—isopentenyladenosine and antideoxy-adenylate antibodies. In addition, generally applicable methods for linking nucleosides and nucleotides to aminoethyl-Sepharose are described.

On the Specificity of Carbohydrate-Lectin Recognition The Interaction of a Lectin from Ricinus communis Beans with Simple Saccharides and Concanavalin A

A galactose-specific protein (RC1) isolated from Ricinus communis beans was found to give a precipitin reaction with concanavalin A. Its carbohydrate content amounted to 8–9% of the total protein and was found to be rich in mannose. The interaction of RC1 with galactose and lactose was measured in 0.05 M phosphate buffer containing 0.2 M NaCl (pH 6.8) by the method of conventional equilibrium dialysis. From the analysis of the binding data according to Scatchard method the association constant (Ka) at 5°C was calculated as 3.8 mM−1 and 1.2 mM−1 for lactose and galactose, respectively. In both cases the number of binding sites per molecule of RC1 with molecular weight of 120000 was found to be 2. From the temperature-dependent Ka values for the binding of lactose, the values of –5.7 kcal/mol and –4.3 cal × mol−1× K−1 were calculated for ΔH and ΔS, respectively. The addition of concanavalin A to RC1 or vice versa led to the formation of the insoluble complex RC1· ConA4 containing one molecule of RC1 and one molecule of tetrameric concanavalin A (ConA4) which could be dissociated upon addition of concanavalin A-specific sugars. The complex formation results in a time-dependent appearance of turbidity in the time range from 10s to 10 min. From the measurement of the time-dependent appearance and disappearance of the turbidity the formation (kf) and dissociation (kd) rate constants were calculated as 3 mM−1× s−1 and 0.07 ks−1 respectively. The ratio kf/kd (43μM −1), that corresponds to the association constant of complex RC1· ConA4, is higher than that of mannoside · ConA4 and thereby suggests that protein-protein interaction contributes significantly in stabilising glycoprotein · lectin complexes. The relevance of this finding to the understanding of the chemical specificities that are involved in a model cell-lectin interaction is discussed.

Differential binding of peanut agglutinin with lipopolysaccharide of homologous and heterologous Rhizobium

To establish the crucial role of lipopolysaccharide in the initial recognition event of symbiotic peanut-Rhizobium system the ability of various surface polysaccharides isolated from Bradyrhizobium arachis to inhibit the precipitin reaction between peanut agglutinin and asialoganglioside: deoxycholate (1:1) micelles was estimated. It was compared with that of nonsymbiotic systems e.g. Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium ciceris and Escherichia coli. Peanut agglutinin was found to interact more strongly with the lipopolysaccharide of Bradyrhizobium arachis than the exopolysaccharide or capsular polysaccharide. The inhibitory capacity of lipopolysaccharides from homologous and heterologous Bradyrhizobium as measured in terms of the concentration necessary for 50 percent inhibition of precipitin reaction were 1428, 500, 410, and 277 times less than that of lactose for Bradyrhizobium arachis, B. japonicum, B. ciceris and Escherichia coli, respectively. These results support that host lectin peanut agglutinin can recognize homologous Bradyrhizobium lipopolysaccharide by virtue of its binding specificity of higher magnitude.

Die Präzipitation mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Thermopräzipitinreaktion beim Rotlauf der Schweine.

Inaug.-diss.-Hannover, 1913.

Die Serodiagnose des Milzbrandes vermittels der Ascoli'schen Thermopräzipitationsmethode.

Inaug.-diss.--Hannover, 1911.

Studien über die Präzipitinreaktion nach Ascoli bei Milzbrand.

Inaug.-diss. - Hannover, 1912.

Über den Nachweis der Bindung der Praecipitine im Tierkörper /

Thesis (M.D.)--Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 1904.

A-REIT seasoned equity offerings : determinants and market reaction

The paper examines the decision by Australian Real Estate Trusts (A-REITs) to issue seasoned equity offerings from 2000 - 2008 and stock market reaction to the offerings using panel data and event study methodologies, respectively. The global financial crisis has resulted in freezing of the Australian bond markets, with several A-REITs left with seasoned equity issuance and asset sales as the only viable modes of raising additional capital. The findings review that leverage and operating risk are negative significant determinants of seasoned equity offerings; profitability and growth opportunities are positive significant determinants. Of the structure and type of properties held by the A-REIT, only stapled management structure and international operations are significant determinants. Type of properties held by A-REITs show inconsistent results. Similar to previous studies of seasoned equity offerings, we find a significant negative abnormal return associated with their announcement and no evidence of excessive leakage of information. Cross-sectional regressions show that the issued amount raised and leverage are significant factors affecting abnormal returns.

Stability and convergence of an implicit numerical method for the non-linear fractional reaction-subdiffusion process

In this paper, we consider the following non-linear fractional reaction–subdiffusion process (NFR-SubDP): Formula where f(u, x, t) is a linear function of u, the function g(u, x, t) satisfies the Lipschitz condition and 0Dt1–{gamma} is the Riemann–Liouville time fractional partial derivative of order 1 – {gamma}. We propose a new computationally efficient numerical technique to simulate the process. Firstly, the NFR-SubDP is decoupled, which is equivalent to solving a non-linear fractional reaction–subdiffusion equation (NFR-SubDE). Secondly, we propose an implicit numerical method to approximate the NFR-SubDE. Thirdly, the stability and convergence of the method are discussed using a new energy method. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to show the application of the present technique. This method and supporting theoretical results can also be applied to fractional integrodifferential equations.