Earth building materials in pre-historic domestic architectures on the south of Portugal

HERITAGE 2008 - World Heritage and Sustainable Development. Barcelos: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, p. 571-579

Earth mortars from pre-historic habitat settlements in south Portugal. Case studies

J. Iberian Archaeology 13 (2010), 51-67

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

During the 19th century, the most prominent buildings of the city of Belém were faced entirely with tiles manufactured in Portugal and Germany, which now exhibit distinct degrees of degradation. The Pinho mansion is one of the most important of these buildings and was selected for the investigation of the action of the tropical Amazonian climate on the degradation of the tiles. To achieve this objective, the tiles were mapped for organic and inorganic degradation, and samples were collected for analysis. The minerals were determined by XRD, the chemical composition by classical wet methods and SEM/EDS, and the microorganisms under the microscope. The results show that the German and Portuguese tiles are quite different in their composition. While both ceramic bodies are composed of SiO2 and Al2O3, CaO was found only in the Portuguese tile. The low Na2O and K2O contents indicate the addition of materials to reduce the fusion temperature. SiO2 and PbO are the main constituents of the glaze, with CoO and FeO being added as pigment. The ceramic body of the German tiles is constituted of quartz, mullite, and cristobalite, in contrast with the Portuguese tiles, which are made of quartz, gehlenite, diopside, calcite, and feldspars. The glazes are XRD-amorphous. The chemical and mineralogical differences between the German and Portuguese tiles indicate that they were produced from different raw materials under distinct thermal processes. The most prominent weathering-related modifications are the thin layers (German tiles), oxidation stains, dark stains, the detachment of the tile (Portuguese tiles), loss of the glaze and powdering of the ceramic body (Portuguese tiles) through the establishment of Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta.. The distinct degradation patterns of the tiles exposed to the tropical Amazon climate are a consequence of their distinct mineralogy and chemistry.

The mineralogy and chemistry of the German and Portuguese tiles used to face a historic building in the Amazon region and their natural susceptibility to tropical weathering

As proeminentes edificações da cidade de Belém foram revestidas durante o século 19 com azulejos produzidos em Portugal e Alemanha que já apresentam distintos graus de degradação. O Palacete Pinho é uma das mais importantes destas edificações e foi selecionado para se investigar a ação do clima tropical amazônico sobre a degradação destes azulejos. Para atingir estes objetivos mapearam-se os azulejos desta edificação visando identificar as modificações de origem orgânica e inorgânica e coletas de amostras para análises. Os minerais foram determinados por DRX, a composição química por métodos clássicos úmidos e MEV/SED e os micro-organismos por microscopia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os azulejos Portugueses e Alemães são distintos entre si. Enquanto o biscoito é composto de SiO₂ e Al₂O₃, CaO foi encontrado apenas nos Portugueses. Os baixos conteúdos de Na₂O e K₂O indicam adição de materiais para redução da temperatura de fusão. SiO₂ e PbO compõem o vidrado, já CoO e FeO foram adicionados como pigmentos. O biscoito dos azulejos Alemães é constituído de quartzo, mullita e cristobalita, ao contrário do Português com quartzo, gehlenita, diopsídio, calcita e feldspatos. Os vidrados são amorfos ao DRX. As diferenças químicas e mineralógicas entre os azulejos Portugueses e Alemães indicam que foram produzidos por matéria prima distinta, bem como processo termal. As alterações relacionadas com o intemperismo são as finas camadas de detritos (nos Alemães), manchas de oxidação, manchas escuras, descolamento do azulejo (no Português); perda de vidrado e biscoito tornando-se pulverulento como consequência do estabelecimento de Cyanophyta e bacillariophyta (Português). As distintas feições de degradação dos azulejos refletem as suas diferenças mineralógicas e químicas expostas ao clima tropical Amazônico.

The ceramic art of Great Britain from pre-historic times down to the present day : being a history of the ancient and modern pottery and porcelain works of the kingdom and of their productions of every class /

Mode of access: Internet.

The dawn of history: an introduction to pre-historic study.

Keary, C.F. The earliest traces of man. The second stone age. The growth of language. Families of language. The nations of the old world.--Keary, H.M. Early social life. The village community.--Keary, A. Religion.--Keary, C.F. Aryan religions. The other world. Mythologies and folk tales.--Keary, A. Picture writing. Phonetic writing.--Keary, H. Conclusion.--Notes and authorities.

Pre-historic inhabitants in Arkansas; aarchaeological excavation report of Pre-historic village and burial sites located in the Ouachita River area, near Camden in Ouachita County, Arkansas.

Xerox copy. Fayetteville, University of Arkansas, 1967. 28 cm.

Pre-historic mounds in Arkansas; a preliminary report on village and camp sites near the Hineman Mounds, in Ouachita County, Arkansas.

Reproduced from type-written copy.

Pre-historic mounds in Arkansas; a archaeological excavation of a pre-historic Caddo burial mound, located in Clark County, Arkansas on Mink Branch near the Hineman Mounds.

Title and text of circulating copy vary slightly from the "A" copy.

Pre-historic phases, or, Introductory essays on pre-historic archæology /

Mode of access: Internet.

A lecture upon the pre-historic ages of Scandinavia, and of the Lacustrine dwellers of Switzerland, in connection with the progress of mankind under divine guidance. Delivered on the evening of January 30, 1869, in the hall of the medical department of the University of Louisville, to the medical class and to the citizens of Louisville.

Mode of access: Internet.

Source Provenance of Pre-Historic Granitic Grindstones: The Case Study of the Cogotas I Archaeological Site of Arroyo Mucientes/San Lázaro (Castronuño, Valladolid) and a Proposal on the General Methodological Flow Process

The occurrence of hand grindstones at the Cogotas I archaeological sites is considered to be a common feature. Given that a distant-provenance raw material is frequently involved, determination of its source is a basic factor in the search for a better understanding of resource management and for any Political Economy approach. To progress in these directions an overall study should be planned, using selected grindstones with a view to covering diverse sub-zones of the Cogotas I dispersal area, especially because of its considerable distance from the granite basement source. Such a study may today includes diverse analytical procedures combining successive geographic, petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical criteria. To check the plausibility of the proposed methodology, a preliminary test has been carried out on two granite grindstones, obtained at the archaeological excavation at the Castronuño (Valladolid) Cogotian site, which is fifty km away from an inferred source area that was presumably located at Peñausende (Zamora). The result obtained validates the proposed operational process, yielding a generalizable knowledge to other similar situations.

Historic Building Information Modelling: il caso della Rocca di San Felice sul Panaro

Il Building Information Modelling nasce da un processo di integrazione sostenibile, basato sull'interoperabilità dei processi. La caratteristica vincente è la circolarietà delle informazioni: ogni informazione è gestita come parametro di un ricco e complesso modello parametrico dell'edificio; la geometria, i materiali, i costi ed i tempi sono gestiti come parametri internamente collegati e quindi variabili di uno stesso sistema. Nel caso di beni storici, la maggior parte degli edifici possiede vincoli intrinseci che influenzano tali parametri. I materiali non possono essere scelti liberamente, in quanto parte di un organismo esistente, la geometria dell'edificio è definita e difficilmente sarà variata negli interventi di recupero. Nella presente tesi si applica il metodo CLOUD2FEM al mondo dell'Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) concentrandosi sullo studio della Rocca Estense di San Felice sul Panaro, colpita dal sisma dell'Emilia e attualmente inagibile. La procedura CLOUD2FEM permette di trasformare le informazioni ricavate dal laser scanner in mesh chiuse e regolari, generando in modo semi-automatico un modello FEM 3D. Nel caso di costruzioni complesse, la cui geometria non può essere ricondotta a modelli semplificati, è necessario valutare l'attendibilità del modello strutturale. Nel caso in esame, la validazione è stata condotta mediante il confronto del danno rilevato con il danno simulato. La flessibilità del modello permette di aggiungere dettagli inizialmente non rilevati: ogni informazione è inserita nel modello attraverso un parametro differente, al fine di eseguire analisi sullo stato di fatto e su futuri stati di progetto con semplice aggiornamento dei parametri.