Friction and heat transfer coefficients in smooth and rough pipes with dilute polymer solutions

Measurements of friction and heat transfer coefficients were obtained with dilute polymer solutions flowing through electrically heated smooth and rough tubes. The polymer used was "Polyox WSR-301", and tests were performed at concentrations of 10 and 50 parts per million. The rough tubes contained a close-packed, granular type of surface with roughness-height-to-diameter ratios of 0.0138 and 0.0488 respectively. A Prandtl number range of 4.38 to 10.3 was investigated which was obtained by adjusting the bulk temperature of the solution. The Reynolds numbers in the experiments were varied from =10,000 (Pr= 10.3) to 250,000 (Pr= 4.38).

Friction reductions as high as 73% in smooth tubes and 83% in rough tubes were observed, accompanied by an even more drastic heat transfer reduction (as high as 84% in smooth tubes and 93% in rough tubes). The heat transfer coefficients with Polyox can be lower for a rough tube than for a smooth one.

The similarity rules previously developed for heat transfer with a Newtonian fluid were extended to dilute polymer solution pipe flows. A velocity profile similar to the one proposed by Deissler was taken as a model to interpret the friction and heat transfer data in smooth tubes. It was found that the observed results could be explained by assuming that the turbulent diffusivities are reduced in smooth tubes in the vicinity of the wall, which brings about a thickening of the viscous layer. A possible mechanism describing the effect of the polymer additive on rough pipe flow is also discussed.

ICP-OES的悬浮进样方式及ICP-MS的碰撞/反应池技术的研究与应用

本论文分为两部分：1. 综述部分（第一章和第二章），评述了悬浮进样方式在电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）中的研究与应用；电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）中碰撞/反应池技术研究的新进展。2. 实验部分（第三章至第九章），内容包括针对不同性质的样品悬浮液选择适当的稳定剂和悬浮雾化ICP-OES的校准方法研究；以混合碰撞/反应气体解决难度较大的高纯氧化钕中稀土杂质测定的干扰问题；以及浊点萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境样品中痕量镉、氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铅基合金中砷和植物样品中锗等实用性强的分析方法研究。 ICP的传统进样方式是将样品转化成水溶液形式，以溶液方式进样。然而大多数样品是以固态形式存在，许多样品相当难溶或难熔。采用直接固体进样方法对这些样品进行分析，是分析工作者追求的目标之一。悬浮液进样是一种固体直接进样方法，除了具有其它固体进样技术的优点外，其最大优点是可以像溶液雾化一样用标准水溶液校准。本研究针对实际分析工作中遇到的具体样品，对悬浮进样ICP-OES技术进行了比较深入的研究，成功解决了样品处理繁琐和样品难以处理等困难。对特殊地质样品和激光晶体材料（Nd:YAG）的悬浮进样分析进行了探索。主要工作为：①建立分析地质样品中主量和微量元素的方法，标准水溶液可以成功地用于校准。优点是可以同时对地质样品中的Si和其它元素进行分析，避免了传统分析时需分别处理样品的麻烦。②探索了分析铌钽矿中铌和钽的应用。由于铌和钽具有强抗化学腐蚀性，所以溶液进样分析时样品处理过程复杂。结果表明，以标准水溶液校准时，只要样品研磨时间延长至5 h，即可获得悬浮进样的满意的回收率。③研究了分析掺钕钇铝石榴石(Nd:YAG)中钕掺杂量的可行性。研究表明，加入适量聚丙烯酸作分散剂并调节pH为6，可以得到稳定悬浮液；以通用标准加入法（GSAM）校准可以得到满意的结果。 我国的稀土资源占世界的80％以上，高纯稀土氧化物是高科技领域中的重要材料。碰撞/反应池技术是目前四极杆ICP-MS消除干扰的先进技术，可以选择性地减少某些基体干扰，使背景和检测限得到显著的改进。本实验选择氧化钕（有7个同位素）作为研究对象，采用碰撞/反应池技术重点解决四极杆ICP-MS方法对高纯Nd2O3中稀土杂质进行测定时，基体Nd对Tb、Dy和Ho严重的氧化物或氢氧化物干扰难题。研究结果如下：①在四极杆高分辨率模式下，可以消除Nd对Pr的相邻峰的拖尾干扰；②采用碰撞/反应池技术，设计了10% O2-10% Ar-80% He混合气体作为碰撞/反应气，将Tb、Dy和Ho分别转化为相应的氧化物离子进行测定，成功地消除了基体Nd对Ho的干扰；Nd对Tb和Dy造成干扰的表观浓度显著降低。本方法可直接测定纯度为6N的高纯Nd2O3中的Ho；对纯度为6N的高纯Nd2O3中的Tb和Dy进行扣除，可以分析纯度达5N的高纯Nd2O3中的Tb和Dy。与文献报道的其它消除基体Nd干扰的方法相比较，此方法能够对纯度更高的Nd2O3进行直接分析，且操作简便。此方法也可进一步拓宽，有望解决其它轻稀土氧化物对中重稀土检测的质谱干扰问题。 论文的7～9章的工作包括：浊点萃取-GFAAS测定环境样品中痕量镉、HG-AFS分析铅基合金中砷和植物样品中锗的研究。针对实际分析工作中的具体困难，以上工作分别解决了分析元素含量低、测定干扰严重及样品处理的问题，建立了实用性强、准确度高的分析方法，具有实际应用价值。

Infecção por HELICOBACTER PYLORI em crianças com dor abdominal crônica e sua associação com a gastrite endoscópica nodular

A infecção por Helicobacter pylori (Hp) é uma das infecções bacterianas mais comuns em todo o mundo. As maiores prevalências da infecção foram encontradas nos países em desenvolvimento, onde, em geral são altas já na infância. O método diagnóstico considerado mais acurado para a infecção por Hp, em crianças, é o exame endoscópico com biópsias gástricas. Alguns autores referem que o único aspecto macroscópico que pode predizer a infecção é o da presença de nodosidades na mucosa gástrica. Este aspecto é denominado de gastrite endoscópica nodular. A especificidade da gastrite endoscópica nodular para a infecção por Hp, entretanto, recentemente foi questionada por outros autores. Realizamos um estudo transversal em uma amostra de crianças (um a 12 anos) com dor abdominal crônica, que preenchiam os critérios para a realização de endoscopia digestiva alta, no Hospital da Criança Conceição e no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, de setembro de 1997 a setembro de 1999. O objetivo principal foi verificar a associação entre a infecção por Hp e a gastrite endoscópica nodular nessas crianças. A amostra foi constituída de 185 crianças de ambos os sexos, com baixa renda familiar, cujos pais apresentavam baixo nível de escolaridade. Foi realizado estudo histológico das lâminas de biópsia gástrica (no mínimo cinco fragmentos, corados com H-E ou Giemsa), conforme o Sistema Sydney modificado. A infecção por Hp foi caracterizada pela presença de Hp na lâminas de biópsias gástricas dos pacientes e a gastrite folicular, pela presença de folículos linfóides bem formados, em mucosa gástrica inflamada. A prevalência da infecção por Hp nas crianças com dor abdominal crônica foi de 27% (IC 95%: 20,8-34,0). Foi demonstrada uma associação muito forte entre a infecção por Hp e a gastrite endoscópica nodular nessas crianças (P<0,001; RP = 29,7). Houve um aumento da prevalência tanto da infecção por Hp como da gastrite endoscópica nodular com a idade dos pacientes. A gastrite endoscópica nodular , embora tenha demostrado uma baixa sensibilidade (44,0%), apresentou um valor preditivo positivo de 91,7% para a infecção por Hp. Tanto o teste de urease, como a gastrite endoscópica nodular mostraram-se muito específicas, 94,5% e 98,5%, respectivamente, para o diagnóstico da infecção. Quando se combinou o teste de urease com o aspecto de gastrite endoscópica nodular, encontrou-se, uma sensibilidade muito baixa (34,7%), mas uma especificidade de 100% para a infecção por Hp. A sensibilidade do teste de urease, isolado, para a infecção foi de 60,4% e o seu valor preditivo positivo de 80,5%. O aspecto endoscópico (gastrite endoscópica nodular) teve associação com o microscópico (gastrite folicular) (P<0,001). Houve uma forte e significativa associação entre a infecção por Hp e a gastrite crônica ativa ( P<0,001; RP = 10,8). O mesmo foi demonstrado entre a gastrite nodular e a gastrite crônica ativa (P<0,001; RP = 8,6). Também foi verificado um nítido aumento das razões de prevalência da gastrite crônica ativa e da gastrite endoscópica nodular, com a acentuação dos graus de densidade de Hp. Finalmente, foi demonstrada a importante correlação entre o grau de intensidade da gastrite, verificado no exame histológico, e a gastrite endoscópica nodular (r = 0,97; P<0,001). A prevalência da infecção por Hp encontrada em Porto Alegre, nas crianças, foi menor do que a de outras cidades brasileiras e similar àquela registrada em algumas cidades do primeiro mundo. A presença de nodosidade na mucosa gástrica foi a alteração, à endoscopia, mais freqüentemente verificada nas crianças com infecção por Hp. Considerando a baixa prevalência da infecção encontrada na nossa amostra, a presença de gastrite endoscópica nodular significa uma elevada probabilidade de infecção por Hp, dado o alto valor preditivo verificado. O achado negativo para a gastrite endoscópica nodular, entretanto, não exclui a possibilidade da presença de infecção por Hp. Uma maior colonização bacteriana da mucosa gástrica estaria associada ao aparecimento da gastrite endoscópica nodular, já que a sua prevalência aumentou com os graus de densidade de Hp, assim como ocorreu com a gastrite crônica ativa. E quando ocorre, nas crianças, há maior probabilidade de se tratar de uma gastrite mais ativa e mais intensa.

Effetti del chitosano su composti polifenolici in colture cellulari di vite: aspetti molecolari e metabolici

Polyphenols, including flavonoids and stilbenes, are an essential part of human diet and constitute one of the most abundant and ubiquitous group of plant secondary metabolites. The level of these compounds is inducible by stress or fungal attack, so attempts are being made to identify likely biotic and abiotic elicitors and to better understand the underlying mechanism. Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene), which belongs to the stilbene family, is a naturally occurring polyphenol, found in several fruits, vegetables and beverages including red wine. It is one of the most important plant polyphenols with proved benefic activity on animal health. In the last two decades, the potential protective effects of resveratrol against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the chemopreventive properties against cancer, have been largely investigated. The most important source of polyphenols and in particular resveratrol for human diet is grape (Vitis vinifera). Since stilbenes and flavonoids play a very important role in plant defence responses and enviromental interactions, and their effects on human health seem promising, the aim of the research of this Thesis was to study at different levels the activation and the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways after chitosan treatment. Moreover, the polyphenol production in grape cells and the optimisation of cultural conditions bioreactor scale-up, were also investigated. Cell suspensions were obtained from cv. Barbera (Vitis vinifera L.) petioles and were treated with a biotic elicitor, chitosan (50 μg/mL, dissolved in acetic acid) to promote phenylpropanoid metabolism. Chitosan is a D-glucosamine polymer from fungi cell wall and therefore mimes fungal pathogen attack. Liquid cultures have been monitored for 15 days, measuring cell number, cell viability, pH and grams of fresh weight. The endogenous and released amounts of 7 stilbenes (trans and cis isomers of resveratrol, piceid and resveratroloside, and piceatannol), gallic acid, 6 hydroxycinnamic acids (trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic and chlorogenic acids), 5 catechines (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin and epicatechin-gallate) and other 5 flavonoids (chalcon, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin and rutin) in cells and cultural medium, were measured by HPLC-DAD analysis and total anthocyanins were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis. Chitosan was effective in stimulating trans-resveratrol endogenous accumulation with a sharp peak at day 4 (exceeding acetic acid and water controls by 36% and 63%, respectively), while it did not influence the production of the cis-isomer. Compared to both water and acetic acid controls, chitosan decreased the release of both trans- and cis-resveratrol respect to controls. No effect was shown on the accumulation of single resveratrol mono-glucoside isomers, but considering their total amount, normalized for the relative water control, it was possible to evidence an increase in both accumulation and release of those compounds, in chitosan-treated cells, throughout the culture period and particularly during the second week. Many of the analysed flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids were not present or detectable in trace amounts. Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) were detectable both inside the cells and in the culture media, but chitosan did not affect their amounts. On the contrary, total anthocyanins have been stimulated by chitosan and their level, from day 4 to 14, was about 2-fold higher than in both controls, confirming macroscopic observations that treated suspensions showed an intense brown-red color, from day 3 onwards. These elicitation results suggest that chitosan selectively up-regulates specific biosynthetic pathways, without modifying the general accumulation pattern of other flavonoids. Proteins have been extracted from cells at day 4 of culture (corresponding to the production peak of trans-resveratrol) and separated by bidimensional electrophoresis. The 73 proteins that showed a consistently changed amount between untreated, chitosan and acetic acid (chitosan solvent) treated cells, have been identified by mass spectrometry. Chitosan induced an increase in stilbene synthase (STS, the resveratrol biosynthetic enzyme), chalcone-flavanone isomerase (CHI, that switches the pathway from chalcones to flavones and anthocyanins), pathogenesis-related proteins 10 (PRs10, a large family of defence proteins), and a decrease in many proteins belonging to primary metabolisms. A train of six distinct spots of STS encoded by the same gene and increased by chitosan, was detected on the 2-D gels, and related to the different phosphorylation degree of STS spots. Northern blot analyses have been performed on RNA extracted from cells treated with chitosan and relative controls, using probes for STS, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, the first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway), CHS (chalcone synthase, that shares with STS the same precursors), CHI and PR-10. The up-regulation of PAL, CHS and CHI transcript expression levels correlated with the accumulation of anthocyanins. The strong increase of different molecular weight PR-10 mRNAs, correlated with the 11 PR-10 protein spots identified in proteomic analyses. The sudden decrease in trans-resveratrol endogenous accumulation after day 4 of culture, could be simply explained by the diminished resveratrol biosynthetic activity due to the lower amount of biosynthetic enzymes. This might be indirectly demonstrated by northern blot expression analyses, that showed lower levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and stilbene synthase (STS) mRNAs starting from day 4. Other possible explanations could be a resveratrol oxidation process and/or the formation of other different mono-, di-glucosides and resveratrol oligomers such as viniferins. Immunolocalisation experiments performed on grape protoplasts and the subsequent analyses by confocal microscope, showed that STS, and therefore the resveratrol synthetic site, is mostly associated to intracellular membranes close to the cytosolic side of plasma membrane and in a smaller amount is localized in the cytosol. STS seemed not to be present inside vacuole and nucleus. There were no differences in the STS intracellular localisation between the different treatments. Since it was shown that stilbenes are largely released in the culture medium and that STS is a soluble protein, a possible interaction of STS with a plasma membrane transporter responsible for the extrusion of stilbenes in the culture medium, might be hypothesized. Proteomic analyses performed on subcellular fractions identified in the microsomial fraction 5 proteins taking part in channel complexes or associated with channels, that significantly changed their amount after chitosan treatment. In soluble and membrane fractions respectively 3 and 4 STS and 6 and 3 PR-10 have been identified. Proteomic results obtained from subcellular fractions substantially confirmed previous result obtained from total cell protein extracts and added more information about protein localisation and co-localisation. The interesting results obtained on Barbera cell cultures with the aim to increase polyphenol (especially stilbenes) production, have encouraged scale up tests in 1 litre bioreactors. The first trial fermentation was performed in parallel with a normal time-course in 20 mL flasks, showing that the scale-up (bigger volume and different conditions) process influenced in a very relevant way stilbenes production. In order to optimise culture parameters such as medium sucrose amount, fermentation length and inoculum cell concentration, few other fermentations were performed. Chitosan treatments were also performed. The modification of each parameter brought relevant variations in stilbenes and catechins levels, so that the production of a certain compound (or class of compounds) could be hypothetically promoted by modulating one or more culture parameters. For example the catechin yield could be improved by increasing sucrose content and the time of fermentation. The best results in stilbene yield were obtained in a 800 mL fermentation inoculated with 10.8 grams of cells and supplemented with chitosan. The culture was fed with MS medium added with 30 g/L sucrose, 25 μg/mL rifampicin and 50 μg/mL of chitosan, and was maintained at 24°C, stirred by marine impeller at 100 rpm and supplied of air at 0.16 L/min rate. Resveratroloside was the stilbene present in the larger amount, 3-5 times more than resveratrol. Because resveratrol glucosides are similarly active and more stable than free resveratrol, their production using a bioreactor could be a great advantage in an hypothetical industrial process. In my bioreactor tests, stilbenes were mainly released in the culture medium (60-80% of the total) and this fact could be another advantage for industrial applications, because it allows recovering the products directly from the culture medium without stopping the fermentation and/or killing the cells. In my best cultural conditions, it was possible to obtain 3.95 mg/L of stilbenes at day 4 (maximum resveratrol accumulation) and 5.13 mg/L at day 14 (maximum resveratroloside production). In conclusion, chitosan effect in inducing Vitis vinifera defense mechanisms can be related to its ability to increase the intracellular content of a large spectrum of antioxidants, and in particular of resveratrol, its derivates and anthocyanins. Its effect can be observed at transcriptional, proteomic (variation of soluble and membrane protein amounts) and metabolic (polyphenols production) level. The chitosan ability to elicit specific plant matabolisms can be useful to produce large quantities of antioxidant compounds from cell culture in bioreactor.

Genomic and transcriptional analysis of allergen genes in apple (Malus x domestica)

Apple consumption is highly recomended for a healthy diet and is the most important fruit produced in temperate climate regions. Unfortunately, it is also one of the fruit that most ofthen provoks allergy in atopic patients and the only treatment available up to date for these apple allergic patients is the avoidance. Apple allergy is due to the presence of four major classes of allergens: Mal d 1 (PR-10/Bet v 1-like proteins), Mal d 2 (Thaumatine-like proteins), Mal d 3 (Lipid transfer protein) and Mal d 4 (profilin). In this work new advances in the characterization of apple allergen gene families have been reached using a multidisciplinary approach. First of all, a genomic approach was used for the characterization of the allergen gene families of Mal d 1 (task of Chapter 1), Mal d 2 and Mal d 4 (task of Chapter 5). In particular, in Chapter 1 the study of two large contiguos blocks of DNA sequences containing the Mal d 1 gene cluster on LG16 allowed to acquire many new findings on number and orientation of genes in the cluster, their physical distances, their regulatory sequences and the presence of other genes or pseudogenes in this genomic region. Three new members were discovered co-localizing with the other Mal d 1 genes of LG16 suggesting that the complexity of the genetic base of allergenicity will increase with new advances. Many retrotranspon elements were also retrieved in this cluster. Due to the developement of molecular markers on the two sequences, the anchoring of the physical and the genetic map of the region has been successfully achieved. Moreover, in Chapter 5 the existence of other loci for the Thaumatine-like protein family in apple (Mal d 2.03 on LG4 and Mal d 2.02 on LG17) respect the one reported up to now was demonstred for the first time. Also one new locus for profilins (Mal d 4.04) was mapped on LG2, close to the Mal d 4.02 locus, suggesting a cluster organization for this gene family, as is well reported for Mal d 1 family. Secondly, a methodological approach was used to set up an highly specific tool to discriminate and quantify the expression of each Mal d 1 allergen gene (task of Chapter 2). In aprticular, a set of 20 Mal d 1 gene specific primer pairs for the quantitative Real time PCR technique was validated and optimized. As a first application, this tool was used on leaves and fruit tissues of the cultivar Florina in order to identify the Mal d 1 allergen genes that are expressed in different tissues. The differential expression retrieved in this study revealed a tissue-specificity for some Mal d 1 genes: 10/20 Mal d 1 genes were expressed in fruits and, indeed, probably more involved in the allergic reactions; while 17/20 Mal d 1 genes were expressed in leaves challenged with the fungus Venturia inaequalis and therefore probably interesting in the study of the plant defense mechanism. In Chapter 3 the specific expression levels of the 10 Mal d 1 isoallergen genes, found to be expressed in fruits, were studied for the first time in skin and flesh of apples of different genotypes. A complex gene expression profile was obtained due to the high gene-, tissue- and genotype-variability. Despite this, Mal d 1.06A and Mal d 1.07 expression patterns resulted particularly associated with the degree of allergenicity of the different cultivars. They were not the most expressed Mal d 1 genes in apple but here it was hypotized a relevant importance in the determination of allergenicity for both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the Mal d 1 gene expression levels. In Chapter 4 a clear modulation for all the 17 PR-10 genes tested in young leaves of Florina after challenging with the fungus V. inaequalis have been reported but with a peculiar expression profile for each gene. Interestingly, all the Mal d 1 genes resulted up-regulated except Mal d 1.10 that was down-regulated after the challenging with the fungus. The differences in direction, timing and magnitude of induction seem to confirm the hypothesis of a subfunctionalization inside the gene family despite an high sequencce and structure similarity. Moreover, a modulation of PR-10 genes was showed both in compatible (Gala-V. inaequalis) and incompatible (Florina-V. inaequalis) interactions contribute to validate the hypothesis of an indirect role for at least some of these proteins in the induced defense responses. Finally, a certain modulation of PR-10 transcripts retrieved also in leaves treated with water confirm their abilty to respond also to abiotic stress. To conclude, the genomic approach used here allowed to create a comprehensive inventory of all the genes of allergen families, especially in the case of extended gene families like Mal d 1. This knowledge can be considered a basal prerequisite for many further studies. On the other hand, the specific transcriptional approach make it possible to evaluate the Mal d 1 genes behavior on different samples and conditions and therefore, to speculate on their involvement on apple allergenicity process. Considering the double nature of Mal d 1 proteins, as apple allergens and as PR-10 proteins, the gene expression analysis upon the attack of the fungus created the base for unravel the Mal d 1 biological functions. In particular, the knowledge acquired in this work about the PR-10 genes putatively more involved in the specific Malus-V. inaequalis interaction will be helpful, in the future, to drive the apple breeding for hypo-allergenicity genotype without compromise the mechanism of response of the plants to stress conditions. For the future, the survey of the differences in allergenicity among cultivars has to be be thorough including other genotypes and allergic patients in the tests. After this, the allelic diversity analysis with the high and low allergenic cultivars on all the allergen genes, in particular on the ones with transcription levels correlated to allergencity, will provide the genetic background of the low ones. This step from genes to alleles will allow the develop of molecular markers for them that might be used to effectively addressed the apple breeding for hypo-allergenicity. Another important step forward for the study of apple allergens will be the use of a specific proteomic approach since apple allergy is a multifactor-determined disease and only an interdisciplinary and integrated approach can be effective for its prevention and treatment.

Frequent sensitization to Candida albicans and profilins in adult eosinophilic esophagitis

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is often associated with atopic airway and skin diseases. More than 80% of EoE patients are sensitized to aero- and/or food allergens. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune responses to microbes have been reported to be deleterious in connection with atopic diseases. AIM: The aim of this study was to obtain a comprehensive overview about the sensitization spectrum of adult EoE patients. METHODS: IgE in sera of 35 patients with active EoE were analyzed for reactivity to Candida albicans, as well as to a panel of recombinant and purified natural allergen components, using a microarray. RESULTS: IgE sensitization to Candida albicans was found in 43% of EoE patients. More than 80% of EoE patients were sensitized to aeroallergens and 22% to food-specific allergen components, whereas 69% of the patients exhibited specific IgE to cross-reactive allergens. Among the latter, profilins were identified as most frequent IgE cross-reactive allergen components. Interestingly, dysphagia, the main symptom of adult EoE patients following rice and/or bread ingestion, was associated with sensitization to cross-reactive allergens such as profilins, pathogenesis-related (PR) 10 and lipid transfer proteins (LTP). Intolerance toward meat rarely correlated with sensitization to animal food allergens. CONCLUSION: Candida albicans and cross-reactive plant allergen components, in particular profilins, were identified as frequent sensitizers in adult EoE patients. Specific elimination therapies are suggested to reveal their actual roles in the pathogenesis of EoE.

Iglesia, valores cristianos y comportamientos : El Río de la Plata a fines del período colonial

Fil: Mallo, Silvia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Iglesia, valores cristianos y comportamientos : El Río de la Plata a fines del período colonial

Fil: Mallo, Silvia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Iglesia, valores cristianos y comportamientos : El Río de la Plata a fines del período colonial

Fil: Mallo, Silvia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Reduction of Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Inoculated Sorghum Mesocotyls1 : Implications for a Compensatory Role in the Defense Response

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) accumulates the anthocyanin cyanidin 3-dimalonyl glucoside in etiolated mesocotyls in response to light. Inoculation with the nonpathogenic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus drastically reduced the light-induced accumulation of anthocyanin by repressing the transcription of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase. In contrast to these repression effects, fungal inoculation resulted in the synthesis of the four known 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins and a corresponding activation of genes encoding the key branch-point enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase. In addition, a gene encoding the pathogenesis-related protein PR-10 was strongly induced in response to inoculation. The accumulation of phytoalexins leveled off by 48 h after inoculation and was accompanied by a more rapid increase in the rate of anthocyanin accumulation. The results suggest that the plant represses less essential metabolic activities such as anthocyanin synthesis as a means of compensating for the immediate biochemical and physiological needs for the defense response.

Transcriptional response of sugarcane roots to methyl jasmonate

The effect of methyl jasmonate treatment on gene expression in sugarcane roots signalling between roots and shoots was studied. A collection of 829 ESTs were obtained from sugarcane roots treated with the defence-regulator methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment. A subset of 747 of these were combined with 4793 sugarcane ESTs obtained from stem tissues in a cDNA microarray and experiments undertaken to identify genes that were induced in roots 24-120 h following treatment with MJ. Two data analysis systems (t-statistic and tRMA) were used to analyse the microarray results and these methods identified a common set of 21 ESTs corresponding to transcripts significantly induced by MJ in roots and 23 that were reduced in expression following MJ treatment. The induction of six transcripts identified in the microarray analysis was tested and confirmed using northern blotting. Homologues of genes encoding lipoxygenase and PR-10 proteins were induced 824 It after MJ treatment while the other four selected transcripts were induced at later time points. Following treatment of roots with MJ, the lipoxygenase homologue, but not the PR-10 homologue, was induced in untreated stem and leaf tissues. The PR-10 homologue and a PR-1 homologue, but not the lipoxygenase homologue, were induced in untreated tissues after the application of SA to roots. Repeated foliar application of MJ had no apparent effects on plant growth and was demonstrated to increase lipoxygenase transcripts in roots, but did not increase transcript levels-of other genes tested. These results lay a foundation for further studies of induced pest and disease resistance in sugarcane roots. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studying the role of the strawberry Fra protein family in the flavonoid metabolism during fruit ripening

Strawberry fruits are highly appreciated worldwide due to their pleasant flavor and aroma and to the health benefits associated to their consumption. An important part of these properties is due to their content in secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds, of which flavonoids are the most abundant in the strawberry fruit. Although the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is uncovered, little is known about its regulation. The strawberry Fra a (Fra) genes constitute a large family of homologs of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and for which no equivalents exist in Arabidopsis. Our group has shown that Fra proteins are involved in the formation of colored compounds in strawberries (Muñoz et al., 2010), which mainly depends on the production of certain flavonoids; that they are structurally homologs to the PYR/PYL/RCAR Arabidopsis ABA receptor, and that they are able to bind flavonoids (Casañal et al., 2013). With these previous results, our working hypothesis is that the Fra proteins are involved in the regulation of the flavonoids pathway. They would mechanistically act as the ABA receptor, binding a protein interactor and a ligand to regulate a signaling cascade and/or act as molecular carriers. The main objective of this research is to characterize the Fra family in strawberry and gain insight into their role in the flavonoid metabolism. By RNAseq expression analysis in ripening fruits we have identified transcripts for 10 members of the Fra family. Although expressed in all tissues analyzed, each family member presents a unique pattern of expression, which suggests functional specialization for each Fra protein. Then, our next approach was to identify the proteins that interact with Fras and their ligands to gain knowledge on the role that these proteins play in the flavonoids pathway. To identify the interacting partners of Fras we have performed a yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screening against cDNA libraries of strawberry fruits at the green and red stages. A protein that shares a 95% homology to the Heat stress transcription factor A-4-C like of Fragaria vesca (HSA4C) interacts specifically with Fra1 and not with other family members, which suggests functional diversification of Fra proteins in specific signaling pathways. The Y2H screening is not yet saturated, so characterization of other interacting proteins with other members of the Fra family will shed light on the functional diversity within this gene family. This research will contribute to gain knowledge on how the flavonoid pathway, and hence, the fruit ripening, is regulated in strawberry; an economically important crop but for which basic research is still very limited. References: Muñoz, C, et al. (2010). The Strawberry Fruit Fra a Allergen Functions in Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Molecular Plant, 3(1): 113–124. Casañal, A, et al (2013). The Strawberry Pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) Fra a Proteins Control Flavonoid Biosynthesis by Binding Metabolic Intermediates. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(49): 35322–35332.

STUDIES ON ORGANOLANTHANIDE COMPLEXES .56. FORMATION OF ION-PAIR COMPLEXES [NA.3PHEN]+[LN(C5H5)3CL]-.PHEN (LN=LA, PR OR ND, PHEN = 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE) AND CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE FOR LN=PR

In the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), lanthanide chlorides LnCl3 reacted with cyclopentadienylsodium to give the novel complexes [Na.3phen]+[Ln(C5H5)3Cl]-.phen (Ln = La, Pr or Nd). In the praseodymium case, crystal structure analysis showed that

稀土钼硅杂多酸根配合物K_(10)H_3[Pr(SiMo_(11)·O_(39))_2]·18H_2O的合成及晶体结构

本文采用低温技术,在—90℃的干燥氮气保护下,收集标题化合物晶体的衍射数据,用重原子法解出结构。P2_1/n空间群,a=17.504(2),b=27.323(5),c=21.616(4),β=104.49(2)°,z=4.8320个衍射参与精修,最后的R值为0.088。中心离子Pr(Ⅲ)同2个钼硅杂多酸根中的8个氧原子键合,形成正方反棱柱配位多面体。Pr—O的平均键长为2.44(2)。钼硅杂多酸根配体具有缺位的α型Keggin结构。