The role of European "ro-ro" port terminals in the automotive supply chain management

The aim of this paper is concerned with the design and development of a functional framework for maritime mode integration in European automotive supply chain management when considering outbound distribution. Furthermore, it provides a readjustment of traditional concepts and terminology with findings that the role of ro-ro port terminals should be considered as decoupling points, poles and postponement platforms. Case studies examine relevant Western European ro-ro port terminals for cars and respective links to assembly/factories of vehicles localized in the hinterland and concludes that ro-ro port terminals reduce logistical friction and impedance, as well as promote space/time compression.

The berth allocation problem at port terminals : a column generation framework

Le problème d'allocation de postes d'amarrage (PAPA) est l'un des principaux problèmes de décision aux terminaux portuaires qui a été largement étudié. Dans des recherches antérieures, le PAPA a été reformulé comme étant un problème de partitionnement généralisé (PPG) et résolu en utilisant un solveur standard. Les affectations (colonnes) ont été générées a priori de manière statique et fournies comme entrée au modèle %d'optimisation. Cette méthode est capable de fournir une solution optimale au problème pour des instances de tailles moyennes. Cependant, son inconvénient principal est l'explosion du nombre d'affectations avec l'augmentation de la taille du problème, qui fait en sorte que le solveur d'optimisation se trouve à court de mémoire. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous intéressons aux limites de la reformulation PPG. Nous présentons un cadre de génération de colonnes où les affectations sont générées de manière dynamique pour résoudre les grandes instances du PAPA. Nous proposons un algorithme de génération de colonnes qui peut être facilement adapté pour résoudre toutes les variantes du PAPA en se basant sur différents attributs spatiaux et temporels. Nous avons testé notre méthode sur un modèle d'allocation dans lequel les postes d'amarrage sont considérés discrets, l'arrivée des navires est dynamique et finalement les temps de manutention dépendent des postes d'amarrage où les bateaux vont être amarrés. Les résultats expérimentaux des tests sur un ensemble d'instances artificielles indiquent que la méthode proposée permet de fournir une solution optimale ou proche de l'optimalité même pour des problème de très grandes tailles en seulement quelques minutes.

Análisis operativo de los principales puertos del litoral Pacífico suramericano

Este trabajo se centra en las oportunidades que representan para Colombia en términos de infraestructura y competitividad portuaria frente a los pares latinoamericanos con puertos en el Pacífico. Así, el análisis se centra en la situación actual del puerto más representativo del país en esta costa, Puerto de Buenaventura, con respecto a la situación que presentan los terminales más avanzados de este litoral como son los Puertos del Callao en Perú y de Valparaíso en Chile. De la misma forma, se aborda el contexto económico de cada país identificando claramente las características mercantiles e industriales, que de la mano con sus políticas comerciales, dan como resultado el avance o retroceso de sus puertos. Estas terminales son las que finalmente determinaran si un país está en condición de participar activamente el comercio internacional y el nivel de preparación para afrontar el mundo globalizado. Por último, se busca determinar los puntos a favor y las deficiencias de los puertos colombianos frente a los otros 2 en cuestión para determinar qué tan lejos está el país de los puertos más grandes, eficientes y modernos del mundo, y las recomendaciones a seguir para convertirse en puertos dinámicos y productivos que solo traigan beneficios a Colombia.

Caracterização da ictiofauna durante o período seco, na Baía do Guajará e Baía do Marajó

A baía do Guajará e baía do Marajó, área de abrangência da pesquisa e inseridas dentro do contexto do estuário Paraense, são caracterizadas por receber a maior parte da descarga de água doce e por apresentar domínio de macromaré. A pesca nesta região apresenta uma grande importância para a economia de vários municípios no estado do Pará, abrangendo a captura de diversas espécies, diferentes apetrechos de pesca e duas frotas pesqueiras e tecnologicamente distintas (artesanal e industrial). No âmbito da pesquisa o estudo na baía do Guajará e baía do Marajó, fez-se necessário no sentido de contribuir com informações importantes relacionado a biologia e ecologia do ambiente, onde tais informações serviram para efetuar a caracterização da ictiofauna da área durante o período seco, visando realizar o levantamento da diversidade local, uma vez que a maioria do pescado desembarcado em Belém, é proveniente dessas áreas através da pesca artesanal. O estudo compreendeu áreas pertencentes ao estado do Pará, abrangendo os terminais portuários da baía do Guajará e baía do Marajó. Uma coleta extra foi realizada na área da ilha do Mosqueiro. Os dados até então disponíveis não apresentam diferenciação na composição da ictiofauna das áreas estudadas. Foi estimado um total de 37 espécies de peixes, contabilizando 4.379 indivíduos na baía do Guajará, baía do Marajó e ilha do Mosqueiro, onde a família mais representativa foi Scianidade, agrupando as espécies que mais contribuíram, que foram: Pescada branca (Plagioscion squamosissimus) e a Curuca (Stellifer rastrifer) (considerada constante, ou seja, que compõem efetivamente a ictiofauna do local tanto na baía do Guajará, como na baía do Marajó e ilha do Mosqueiro). Dentre as 37 espécies, 4 foram consideradas constantes, 26 foram ocasionais e 7 acessórias.Pescada branca (Plagioscion squamossisimus) e Curuca (Stellifer microps), foram as espécies de maior importância durante as pescarias em termo de captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE), frequência de ocorrência, contribuição relativa e analise de Simper (Multivariada). Sendo apenas na ilha do Mosqueiro que destacou-se: Sarda (Pellona flavipinis), em virtude da influencia marinha nesta área ser mais elevada, que consequentemente caracteriza a biota local e a diferenciam de outras regiões.De uma maneira geral a diversidade foi baixa, sem maiores variações, bem como a equitabilidade que se manteve sem grande diferença entre as áreas. A área apresentou baixa diversidade de espécies quando comparados com outros ambientes estuarinos, justificado principalmente pela elevada hidrodinâmica da área e grande fluxo de embarcações, tornando o ambiente inóspito para o aparecimento de algumas espécies. Maior destaque mereceu a baía do Guajará por possui grande importância ecológica, por ser considerada área de berçário, e consequentemente econômica, visto que há espécies de interesse comercial que passam parte do seu ciclo de vida nesse lugar.

Resolução do problema de carregamento e descarregamento de contêineres em terminais portuários via Beam Search

One problem that has been happening frequently in port terminals is the poor planning of the loading and unloading of containers. The reason of this problem is the lack of an efficient method that provides the best means of these operations. The main goal of this work is, to implement a method that provides the best ways to perform the loading and unloading of containers, at each port and thus bring a great saving for these terminals, since the number of moves is directly proportional to cost. To carry out this program was used the idea that the containers are placed in vertical stacks, where the access can be done only by the top of the stack, so the ship was treated as an matrix and to fill it, two rules were created for loading and two for unloading. To obtain the best sequence of rules was used Beam Search method, which is an enumeration type implicit method that analyzes only the best solution of the tree generated. Thus, the program developed in the Java language, provides the best way to perform the loading and unloading ports and the way as the ship leaves each port using a graphical interface

Análisis de las diversas metodologías para el estudio del sistema de atraque en terminales portuarias

This paper is concerned with the study of the berth system in port terminals. The main objective is to present the management methodologies, which include empirical methods, analytical methods and simulation methods The comparison shows that these three methods are not independent, but they are complementary. Each method has advantages and limitations and these depend on the type of study performed.

Protección catódica en estructuras sumergidas. Aplicación al proyecto de boyas y tuberías de un terminal portuario de descarga de crudo.

Este proyecto tiene por objeto el diseño de la protección catódica contra la corrosión de las boyas y las tuberías sumergidas en agua de mar de un terminal portuario de descarga de crudo. La protección catódica consiste en la igualación de los potenciales de las áreas anódicas y catódicas del material por el flujo de electrones suministrado. En el proyecto se han empleado los métodos de ánodos de sacrificio y de corriente impresa para analizar la protección catódica más adecuada de cada componente. Para los cálculos de los ánodos necesarios para la protección catódica se utilizó el procedimiento de la masa, seleccionando así el método, ánodos de sacrificio o corriente impresa, y los ánodos más apropiados para la protección catódica de las boyas y de las tuberías. ABSTRACT The aim of this project was to design the cathodic protection against corrosion of a crude oil unloading port terminal’s buoys and under sea water pipelines. The cathodic protection consists in the equating of anodic and cathodic material areas by the electrons flow supplied. In this project, sacrificial anodes and impressed current methods were used for analyze the most suitable cathodic protection for each component. For the cathodic protection required anodes calculations, the weight procedure was used, thereby selecting the method, sacrificial anodes or impressed current, and the most appropriate anodes, for the cathodic protection of the buoys and pipelines

Strategies and procedures for the development of intermodal freight transport in Europe: the role of motorways of the sea services and railway terminals

Since the birth of the European Union on 1957, the development of a single market through the integration of national freight transport networks has been one of the most important points in the European Union agenda. Increasingly congested motorways, rising oil prices and concerns about environment and climate change require the optimization of transport systems and transport processes. The best solution should be the intermodal transport, in which the most efficient transport options are used for the different legs of transport. This thesis examines the problem of defining innovative strategies and procedures for the sustainable development of intermodal freight transport in Europe. In particular, the role of maritime transport and railway transport in the intermodal chain are examined in depth, as these modes are recognized to be environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Maritime transport is the only mode that has kept pace with the fast growth in road transport, but it is necessary to promote the full exploitation of it by involving short sea shipping as an integrated service in the intermodal door-to-door supply chain and by improving port accessibility. The role of Motorways of the Sea services as part of the Trans-European Transport Network is is taken into account: a picture of the European policy and a state of the art of the Italian Motorways of the Sea system are reported. Afterwards, the focus shifts from line to node problems: the role of intermodal railway terminals in the transport chain is discussed. In particular, the last mile process is taken into account, as it is crucial in order to exploit the full capacity of an intermodal terminal. The difference between the present last mile planning models of Bologna Interporto and Verona Quadrante Europa is described and discussed. Finally, a new approach to railway intermodal terminal planning and management is introduced, by describing the case of "Terminal Gate" at Verona Quadrante Europa. Some proposals to favour the integrate management of "Terminal Gate" and the allocation of its capacity are drawn up.

Container Terminal Simulation. A case study: port of Valencia.

This paper is concerned with the study of non-Markovian queuing systems in container terminals. The methodology presented has been applied to analyze the ship traffic in the port of Valencia located in the Western Mediterranean. Two container terminals have been studied: the public container terminal of NOATUM and the dedicated container terminal of MSC. This paper contains the results of a simulation model based on queuing theory. The methodology presented is found to be effective in replicating realistic ship traffic operations in port as well as in conducting capacity evaluations. Thus the methodology can be used for capacity planning (long term), tactical planning (medium term) and even for the container terminal design (port enlargement purposes).

A methodology proposal to obtain operational parameter forecasts and operational risk assessment in container terminals

Las terminales de contenedores son sistemas complejos en los que un elevado número de actores económicos interactúan para ofrecer servicios de alta calidad bajo una estricta planificación y objetivos económicos. Las conocidas como "terminales de nueva generación" están diseñadas para prestar servicio a los mega-buques, que requieren tasas de productividad que alcanzan los 300 movimientos/ hora. Estas terminales han de satisfacer altos estándares dado que la competitividad entre terminales es elevada. Asegurar la fiabilidad de las planificaciones del atraque es clave para atraer clientes, así como reducir al mínimo el tiempo que el buque permanece en el puerto. La planificación de las operaciones es más compleja que antaño, y las tolerancias para posibles errores, menores. En este contexto, las interrupciones operativas deben reducirse al mínimo. Las principales causas de dichas perturbaciones operacionales, y por lo tanto de incertidumbre, se identifican y caracterizan en esta investigación. Existen una serie de factores que al interactuar con la infraestructura y/o las operaciones desencadenan modos de fallo o parada operativa. Los primeros pueden derivar no solo en retrasos en el servicio sino que además puede tener efectos colaterales sobre la reputación de la terminal, o incluso gasto de tiempo de gestión, todo lo cual supone un impacto para la terminal. En el futuro inmediato, la monitorización de las variables operativas presenta gran potencial de cara a mejorar cualitativamente la gestión de las operaciones y los modelos de planificación de las terminales, cuyo nivel de automatización va en aumento. La combinación del criterio experto con instrumentos que proporcionen datos a corto y largo plazo es fundamental para el desarrollo de herramientas que ayuden en la toma de decisiones, ya que de este modo estarán adaptadas a las auténticas condiciones climáticas y operativas que existen en cada emplazamiento. Para el corto plazo se propone una metodología con la que obtener predicciones de parámetros operativos en terminales de contenedores. Adicionalmente se ha desarrollado un caso de estudio en el que se aplica el modelo propuesto para obtener predicciones de la productividad del buque. Este trabajo se ha basado íntegramente en datos proporcionados por una terminal semi-automatizada española. Por otro lado, se analiza cómo gestionar, evaluar y mitigar el efecto de las interrupciones operativas a largo plazo a través de la evaluación del riesgo, una forma interesante de evaluar el effecto que eventos inciertos pero probables pueden generar sobre la productividad a largo plazo de la terminal. Además se propone una definición de riesgo operativo junto con una discusión de los términos que representan con mayor fidelidad la naturaleza de las actividades y finalmente, se proporcionan directrices para gestionar los resultados obtenidos. Container terminals are complex systems where a large number of factors and stakeholders interact to provide high-quality services under rigid planning schedules and economic objectives. The socalled next generation terminals are conceived to serve the new mega-vessels, which are demanding productivity rates up to 300 moves/hour. These terminals need to satisfy high standards because competition among terminals is fierce. Ensuring reliability in berth scheduling is key to attract clients, as well as to reduce at a minimum the time that vessels stay the port. Because of the aforementioned, operations planning is becoming more complex, and the tolerances for errors are smaller. In this context, operational disturbances must be reduced at a minimum. The main sources of operational disruptions and thus, of uncertainty, are identified and characterized in this study. External drivers interact with the infrastructure and/or the activities resulting in failure or stoppage modes. The later may derive not only in operational delays but in collateral and reputation damage or loss of time (especially management times), all what implies an impact for the terminal. In the near future, the monitoring of operational variables has great potential to make a qualitative improvement in the operations management and planning models of terminals that use increasing levels of automation. The combination of expert criteria with instruments that provide short- and long-run data is fundamental for the development of tools to guide decision-making, since they will be adapted to the real climatic and operational conditions that exist on site. For the short-term a method to obtain operational parameter forecasts in container terminals. To this end, a case study is presented, in which forecasts of vessel performance are obtained. This research has been entirely been based on data gathered from a semi-automated container terminal from Spain. In the other hand it is analyzed how to manage, evaluate and mitigate disruptions in the long-term by means of the risk assessment, an interesting approach to evaluate the effect of uncertain but likely events on the long-term throughput of the terminal. In addition, a definition for operational risk evaluation in port facilities is proposed along with a discussion of the terms that better represent the nature of the activities involved and finally, guidelines to manage the results obtained are provided.

Study of deepwater port oil transfer control systems /

Issued June 1978.

Port development and related maritime matters [microform] : hearings before the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, second session, on effort to review and maintain oversight of port development and related maritime matters and to receive comments on the omnibus maritime bill, April 7, 9, and 10, 1980.

"Serial no. 96-51."

IS ORDINARY ELECTRIC DRILLS` VENTING PORT A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF SURGICAL INFECTION?

Objective: To evaluate the potential risk of surgical contamination by the venting port of ordinary electric drills (ED) employed in orthopaedic surgeries. Materials and Methods: an experimental laboratory, randomized study was developed to analyze EDs in surgical practice and new cleaned and sterilized equipment, which were contaminated with Bacillus atrophaeus spores at a concentration of 84 X 10(6) UFC. The air generated by the engine of each drill was collected and cultivated on sterile agar plates. Results: Positive culture was identified in two ED in surgical practice, as well as a positive culture to Bacillus atrophaeus with 1 CFU growth (1, 19 X 10(-8)). Conclusion: In the conditions of the experiment, the air generated by the venting port of the ED`s engine does not consist of a source of contamination for the surgical site.

Water Flow Through the Gills of Port Jackson Sharks

Evidence is presented for the existence of a countercurrent flow between water and blood at the respiratory surfaces of the Port Jackson shark gill.

Regional Effects of Port Infrastructure: A Spatial CGE Application to Brazil

This article attempts to elucidate one of the mechanisms that link trade barriers, in the form of port costs, and subsequent growth and regional inequality. Prior attention has focused on inland or link costs, but port costs can be considered as a further barrier to enhancing trade liberalization and growth. In contrast to a highway link, congestion at a port may have severe impacts that are spread over space and time whereas highway link congestion may be resolved within several hours. Since a port is part of the transportation network, any congestion/disruption is likely to ripple throughout the hinterland. In this sense, it is important to model properly the role nodal components play in the context of spatial models and international trade. In this article, a spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that is integrated to a transport network system is presented to simulate the impacts of increases in port efficiency in Brazil. The role of ports of entry and ports of exit are explicitly considered to grasp the holistic picture in an integrated interregional system. Measures of efficiency for different port locations are incorporated in the calibration of the model and used as the benchmark in our simulations. Three scenarios are evaluated: (1) an overall increase in port efficiency in Brazil to achieve international standards; (2) efficiency gains associated with decentralization in port management in Brazil; and (3) regionally differentiated increases in port efficiency to reach the boundary of the national efficiency frontier.