Retrofit de systèmes de revalorisation de chaleur industrielle à basse température par optimisation exergo-économique

Ce projet porte, dans un souci d’efficacité énergétique, sur la récupération d’énergie des rejets thermiques à basse température. Une analyse d’optimisation des technologies dans le but d’obtenir un système de revalorisation de chaleur rentable fait objet de cette recherche. Le but sera de soutirer la chaleur des rejets thermiques et de la réappliquer à un procédé industriel. Réduire la consommation énergétique d’une usine entre habituellement en conflit avec l’investissement requis pour les équipements de revalorisation de chaleur. Ce projet de maitrise porte sur l’application d’optimisations multiobjectives par algorithme génétique (GA) pour faciliter le design en retrofit des systèmes de revalorisation de chaleur industrielle. L’originalité de cette approche consiste à l’emploi du «fast non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm» ou NSGA-II dans le but de trouver les solutions optimales entre la valeur capitale et les pertes exergétiques des réseaux d’échangeurs de chaleur et de pompes à chaleur. Identifier les solutions optimales entre le coût et l’efficacité exergétique peut ensuite aider dans le processus de sélection d’un design approprié en considérant les coûts énergétiques. Afin de tester cette approche, une étude de cas est proposée pour la récupération de chaleur dans une usine de pâte et papier. Ceci inclut l’intégration d’échangeur de chaleur Shell&tube, d’échangeur à contact direct et de pompe à chaleur au réseau thermique existant. Pour l’étude de cas, le projet en collaboration avec Cascades est constitué de deux étapes, soit de ciblage et d’optimisation de solutions de retrofit du réseau d’échangeur de chaleur de l’usine de tissus Cascades à Kinsley Falls. L’étape de ciblage, basée sur la méthode d’analyse du pincement, permet d’identifier et de sélectionner les modifications de topologie du réseau d’échangeurs existant en y ajoutant de nouveaux équipements. Les scénarios résultants passent ensuite à l’étape d’optimisation où les modèles mathématiques pour chaque nouvel équipement sont optimisés afin de produire une courbe d’échange optimal entre le critère économique et exergétique. Pourquoi doubler l’analyse économique d’un critère d’exergie? D’abord, parce que les modèles économiques sont par définition de nature imprécise. Coupler les résultats des modèles économiques avec un critère exergétique permet d’identifier des solutions de retrofit plus efficaces sans trop s’éloigner d’un optimum économique. Ensuite, le rendement exergétique permet d’identifier les designs utilisant l’énergie de haute qualité, telle que l’électricité ou la vapeur, de façon plus efficace lorsque des sources d’énergie de basse qualité, telles que les effluents thermiques, sont disponibles. Ainsi en choisissant un design qui détruit moins d’exergie, il demandera un coût énergétique moindre. Les résultats de l’étude de cas publiés dans l’article montrent une possibilité de réduction des coûts en demande de vapeur de 89% tout en réduisant la destruction d’exergie de 82%. Dans certains cas de retrofit, la solution la plus justifiable économiquement est également très proche de la solution à destruction d’exergie minimale. L’analyse du réseau d’échangeurs et l’amélioration de son rendement exergétique permettront de justifier l’intégration de ces systèmes dans l’usine. Les diverses options pourront ensuite être considérées par Cascades pour leurs faisabilités technologiques et économiques sachant qu’elles ont été optimisées.

Adjunctive β2-agonist treatment reduces glycogen independently of receptor-mediated acid α-glucosidase uptake in the limb muscles of mice with Pompe disease.

Enzyme or gene replacement therapy with acid α-glucosidase (GAA) has achieved only partial efficacy in Pompe disease. We evaluated the effect of adjunctive clenbuterol treatment on cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR)-mediated uptake and intracellular trafficking of GAA during muscle-specific GAA expression with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in GAA-knockout (KO) mice. Clenbuterol, which increases expression of CI-MPR in muscle, was administered with the AAV vector. This combination therapy increased latency during rotarod and wirehang testing at 12 wk, in comparison with vector alone. The mean urinary glucose tetrasaccharide (Glc4), a urinary biomarker, was lower in GAA-KO mice following combination therapy, compared with vector alone. Similarly, glycogen content was lower in cardiac and skeletal muscle following 12 wk of combination therapy in heart, quadriceps, diaphragm, and soleus, compared with vector alone. These data suggested that clenbuterol treatment enhanced trafficking of GAA to lysosomes, given that GAA was expressed within myofibers. The integral role of CI-MPR was demonstrated by the lack of effectiveness from clenbuterol in GAA-KO mice that lacked CI-MPR in muscle, where it failed to reverse the high glycogen content of the heart and diaphragm or impaired wirehang performance. However, the glycogen content of skeletal muscle was reduced by the addition of clenbuterol in the absence of CI-MPR, as was lysosomal vacuolation, which correlated with increased AKT signaling. In summary, β2-agonist treatment enhanced CI-MPR-mediated uptake and trafficking of GAA in mice with Pompe disease, and a similarly enhanced benefit might be expected in other lysosomal storage disorders.

Adjunctive albuterol enhances the response to enzyme replacement therapy in late-onset Pompe disease.

Effective dosages for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in Pompe disease are much higher than for other lysosomal storage disorders, which has been attributed to low cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) in skeletal muscle. We have previously demonstrated the benefit of increased CI-MPR-mediated uptake of recombinant human acid-α-glucosidase during ERT in mice with Pompe disease following addition of albuterol therapy. Currently we have completed a pilot study of albuterol in patients with late-onset Pompe disease already on ERT for >2 yr, who were not improving further. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance increased in all 7 subjects at wk 6 (30±13 m; P=0.002), wk 12 (34±14 m; P=0.004), and wk 24 (42±37 m; P=0.02), in comparison with baseline. Grip strength was improved significantly for both hands at wk 12. Furthermore, individual subjects reported benefits; e.g., a female patient could stand up from sitting on the floor much more easily (time for supine to standing position decreased from 30 to 11 s), and a male patient could readily swing his legs out of his van seat (hip abduction increased from 1 to 2+ on manual muscle testing). Finally, analysis of the quadriceps biopsies suggested increased CI-MPR at wk 12 (P=0.08), compared with baseline. With the exception of 1 patient who succumbed to respiratory complications of Pompe disease in the first week, only mild adverse events have been reported, including tremor, transient difficulty falling asleep, and mild urinary retention (requiring early morning voiding). Therefore, this pilot study revealed initial safety and efficacy in an open label study of adjunctive albuterol therapy in patients with late-onset Pompe disease who had been stable on ERT with no improvements noted over the previous several years.

Adjunctive β2-agonists reverse neuromuscular involvement in murine Pompe disease.

Pompe disease has resisted enzyme replacement therapy with acid α-glucosidase (GAA), which has been attributed to inefficient cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) mediated uptake. We evaluated β2-agonist drugs, which increased CI-MPR expression in GAA knockout (KO) mice. Clenbuterol along with a low-dose adeno-associated virus vector increased Rotarod latency by 75% at 4 wk, in comparison with vector alone (P<2×10(-5)). Glycogen content was lower in skeletal muscles, including soleus (P<0.01), extensor digitorum longus (EDL; P<0.001), and tibialis anterior (P<0.05) following combination therapy, in comparison with vector alone. Glycogen remained elevated in the muscles following clenbuterol alone, indicating an adjunctive effect with gene therapy. Elderly GAA-KO mice treated with combination therapy demonstrated 2-fold increased wirehang latency, in comparison with vector or clenbuterol alone (P<0.001). The glycogen content of skeletal muscle decreased following combination therapy in elderly mice (P<0.05). Finally, CI-MPR-KO/GAA-KO mice did not respond to combination therapy, indicating that clenbuterol's effect depended on CI-MPR expression. In summary, adjunctive β2-agonist treatment increased CI-MPR expression and enhanced efficacy from gene therapy in Pompe disease, which has implications for other lysosomal storage disorders that involve primarily the brain.

Assessment of toxicity and biodistribution of recombinant AAV8 vector-mediated immunomodulatory gene therapy in mice with Pompe disease.

A preclinical safety study was conducted to evaluate the short- and long-term toxicity of a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV2/8) vector that has been developed as an immune-modulatory adjunctive therapy to recombinant human acid α-glucosidase (rhGAA, Myozyme) enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) for patients with Pompe disease (AAV2/8-LSPhGAApA). The AAV2/8-LSPhGAApA vector at 1.6 × 10(13) vector particles/kg, after intravenous injection, did not cause significant short- or long-term toxicity. Recruitment of CD4(+) (but not CD8(+)) lymphocytes to the liver was elevated in the vector-dosed male animals at study day (SD) 15, and in group 8 animals at SD 113, in comparison to their respective control animals. Administration of the vector, either prior to or after the one ERT injection, uniformly prevented the hypersensitivity induced by subsequent ERT in males, but not always in female animals. The vector genome was sustained in all tissues through 16-week postdosing, except for in blood with a similar tissue tropism between males and females. Administration of the vector alone, or combined with the ERT, was effective in producing significantly increased GAA activity and consequently decreased glycogen accumulation in multiple tissues, and the urine biomarker, Glc4, was significantly reduced. The efficacy of the vector (or with ERT) was better in males than in females, as demonstrated both by the number of tissues showing significantly effective responses and the extent of response in a given tissue. Given the lack of toxicity for AAV2/8LSPhGAApA, further consideration of clinical translation is warranted in Pompe disease.

Application du froid et de la chaleur en viticulture : viticulture méridionale / [signé : Audibert,...]

Mécénat texte imprimé : Cet ouvrage a été numérisé grâce à Marty Gobin