A game played according to Lukashenka’s rules: the political opposition in Belarus. OSW COMMENTARY NUMBER 176, 08.07.2015

The Belarusian opposition is currently experiencing its deepest crisis since Alyaksandr Lukashenka took power in 1994. Following many months of negotiations, opposition leaders failed to select a joint candidate for the presidential election scheduled for 11th October. The failure of this latest round of talks has proven that not only is the opposition unlikely to threaten Lukashenka’s rule; it will not even be able to demonstrate to society that it could provide a genuine alternative to the present government.

Shattering the Shia: a Maliki political strategy in post-Saddam Iraq

This chapter argues that one key legacy of the US effort to bring democracy to Iraq has been that many elements within Iraq’s Shia Arab political elite have viewed democracy through the lens of a cynical majoritarianism and manipulated it to catapult themselves to power. This has had a further legacy, enabling the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki to utilise his incumbency to maintain the veneer of democracy while becoming increasingly dictatorial and authoritarian. In doing so, Maliki’s government shares much in common with other ‘hybrid regimes’ in which governments hijack nominally democratic mechanisms such as elections, media freedoms, political opposition and civil society as part of their strategy to retain, rather than diffuse, power (Dodge 2012b, 2013). Although Maliki hasdeployed a host of different strategies along these lines – including blatant sectarianism, undermining key state institutions, the creation of a shadow state loyal to himself, and the concentration of military and political power in his own hands – this chapter focuses on Maliki’s less well-known efforts to shatter the unity of his Shia Arab political opponents. It focuses on his first two terms in power and examines the ways in which he has been able to systematically fracture the Shia political elite to such an extent that once tenuously united factions now stand bitterly divided. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the reasoning behind such an approach and the prospects of Iraq’s democracy moving beyond the blatant power grab of the incumbent Malikigovernment.

On the Road to Democracy? Political Liberalization in Myanmar. Asia Policy Brief 2014/01, January 2014

Myanmar’s liberalizing reforms initiated by President Thein Sein after taking office in March 2011 are raising high hopes of peace and democracy in the country. Progress, after nearly three years, has however been uneven: there have been positive developments in the area of press freedom, with regard to political prisoners and in dealing with the political opposition. At the same time the dialogue with ethnic groups has stagnated and ethnic and religious violence has escalated. This Asia Policy Brief critically assesses the reform policy and weighs up the chances of democratization of the long-time military regime.

Editorial of "International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies Volume 5, Number 1, 2012"

The first two articles of this edition of the journal testify to the lengthening reach of the discipline of Critical Indigenous Studies that is, remarkably, still in its nascence. Emiel Martens examines the development of Maori filmmaking since the 1980s and takes the opportunity to explore this Indigenous cinema in the context of developments in the New Zealand film industry generally. Shifting from cultural production to renewable energy, Steven M. Hoffman and Thibault Martin remind us that in the effort to satiate the demands for energy, it is often Indigenous peoples who bear adverse consequences. Using a social capital framework, the authors examine the impact of the development of hydroelectric power upon a displaced Aboriginal community and conclude that displacement has resulted in an erosion of cohesive social bonds that once ensured a sustainable way of life.

Normalization and Charter 77 : Violence, Commitment and Resistance in Czechoslovakia

In Czechoslovakia, the occupation of 1968 denoted the beginning of normalization , a political and societal stagnation that lasted two decades. Dissident initiative Charter 77 emerged in 1977, demanding that the leaders of the country respect human rights. The Helsinki process provided a macro-level framework that influenced opposition and dissident activities throughout Eastern Europe. The study contributes a focused empirical analysis of the period of normalization and the dissident movement Charter 77. Dissent in general is seen as an existential attitude; it can be encapsulated as a morally rationalized critical stance as derived from shared experience or interpretation of injustice, which serves as a basis for a shared collective identity comprising oppositional consciousness as one unifying factor. The study suggests that normalization can be understood as a fundamentally violent process and discusses the structural and cultural manifestations of violence with relation to Charter 77. In general, the aim of the system was to passivize the society to such an extent that it would not constitute a potential threat to the hegemonic rule of the regime. Normalization caused societal stagnation and apoliticization, but it also benefited those who accepted the new political reality. The study, however, questions the image of Czechoslovakia s allegedly highly repressive rule by showing that there was also quite considerable tolerance of Charter 77 and consideration before severe repression was brought to bear against dissidents. Furthermore, the study provides understanding of the motives and impetuses behind dissent, the strategic shifts in Charter 77 activities, and the changes in the regime s policies toward Charter 77. The study also adds new perspective on the common image of Charter 77 as a non political initiative and suggests that Charter 77 was, in fact, a political entity, an actively political one in the latter half of the 1980s. Charter 77 was a de facto hybrid of a traditional dissident initiative and an oppositional actor. Charter 77 adopted a two-dimension approach: firstly, it still emphasized its role as a citizens initiative supporting human rights, but, secondly, at the same time, it was a directly political actor supporting and furthering the development of political opposition against the ruling power.

(Failed) voluntary euthanasia law reform in Australia: Two decades of trends, models and politics

Within Australia, there have been many attempts to pass voluntary euthanasia (VE) or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) legislation. From 16 June 1993 until the date of writing, 51 Bills have been introduced into Australian parliaments dealing with legalising VE or PAS. Despite these numerous attempts, the only successful Bill was the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (NT), which was enacted in the Northern Territory, but a short time later overturned by the controversial Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 (Cth). Yet, in stark contrast to the significant political opposition, for decades Australian public opinion has overwhelmingly supported law reform legalising VE or PAS. While there is ongoing debate in Australia, both through public discourse and scholarly publications, about the merits and dangers of reform in this field, there has been remarkably little analysis of the numerous legislative attempts to reform the law, and the context in which those reform attempts occurred. The aim of this article is to better understand the reform landscape in Australia over the past two decades. The information provided in this article will better equip Australians, both politicians and the general public, to have a more nuanced understanding of the political context in which the euthanasia debate has been and is occurring. It will also facilitate a more informed debate in the future.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in Germany on European Electricity Exchange and Welfare

28 p.

O jornal a noite e as eleições de 1962

Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar quais eram as principais ideias e valores da cultura política nacional divulgadas pelo jornal A Noite durante os meses que antecederam as eleições de 1962, e em que medida eles refletiam os interesses do grupo representado pela agência de publicidade Incrementadora de Vendas Promotion. Em 1962, A Noite foi acusado de receber dinheiro para seguir a linha política do Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática (Ibad). Nesse trabalho discute-se a abordagem dada pelo periódico ao governo João Goulart e seus aliados, que frequentemente foram alvo de críticas. Por meio da leitura detalhada dos editoriais, notícias e matérias publicados pelo jornal tenta-se estabelecer se houve ou não uma intensificação na oposição política do jornal ao governo federal, e que tipo de valores políticos era mais comum, dentro e fora do período eleitoral.

Guerre civile et génocide : quel est le lien? : l'exemple du Rwanda

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les intellectuels et le caractère antipolitique de la culture en RDA

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Análisis de las representaciones sociales de la oposición política en los discursos de Álvaro

El discurso político como mecanismo de persuasión y creador de consenso se ha convertido en algunos contextos, en un eficiente instrumento de violencia estructural que a través de una configuración negativa de las representaciones cognitivas de la disidencia, ha permitido aniquilar simbólicamente a la oposición política generando graves distorsiones en las democracias. Un Análisis Crítico del Discurso de las estrategias comunicativas de Álvaro Uribe Vélez y de Hugo Chávez Frías permite identificar las consecuencias de la criminalización cognitiva de la oposición y sus impactos tanto a nivel institucional como de las mismas estructuras sociales en las democracias colombiana y venezolana. ¿Que valor tiene el consenso democrático donde el disenso es prohibido? y mas aún, ¿Que sucede cuando los gobiernos y las sociedades democráticas entre la opción de tolerar o aniquilar, elijen la segunda como respuesta a los elementos disidentes?

Análisis de la relación legislativo-ejecutivo durante el segundo periódo de Álvaro Uribe Vélez enfocado en el papel de oposición política del Polo Democrático Alternativo (2006-2010)

Análisis desde el punto de vista legislativo de la oposición política del Polo Democrático Alternativo y su influencia en la relación que se estableció entre el Ejecutivo y el Legislativo en el período 2006 -2010

Percepción de los partidos políticos Polo Democrático Alternativo, Partido Verde y Partido de Integración Nacional en torno a la noción de oposición política en Colombia

La percepción que se tiene en Colombia acerca de la noción de oposición política es confusa si consideramos que diferentes actores como la opinión publica, partidos políticos y la academia han dado diferentes acepciones acerca de la oposición, teniendo cierta tendencia a catalogarla en un ámbito negativo.

Análisis de la postura de la oposición política respecto a la discusión del Estatuto de la oposición en Colombia. Estudio de caso: Polo Democrático Alternativo (2006-2012)

La discusión del Estatuto de la Oposición entre el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y el partido de oposición Polo Democrático Alternativo (PDA), alrededor de garantías, como el acceso a los medios de comunicación, derecho a réplica, seguridad, financiación, entre otras, permite analizar la postura del PDA en estas discusiones, teniendo en cuenta su desarrollo histórico como partido y la configuración del régimen, en un país donde se tergiversa y malinterpreta la labor de los partidos que se declaran en oposición.

Dinámicas de externalización entre las ONG locales y las ONG extranjeras (terceros actores) presentes en Egipto: 2004-2009 (TERCEROS ACTORES) PRESENTES EN EGIPTO: 2004-2009

El propósito de la presente monografía es evaluar el papel de las ONG internacionales en la apertura de espacios de participación política para la sociedad civil en Egipto. En ese sentido, se analiza el contexto de oportunidades políticas locales y transnacionales del país, así como los procesos de articulación entre la política local e internacional a través de los niveles de integración entre sus actores. Mediante una investigación de tipo cualitativa basada en los desarrollos sobre teorías de la acción colectiva planteados por Sidney Tarrow, Charles Tilly, Robert Benford y David Snow, y las teorías sobre redes transnacionales de defensa desarrolladas por Margaret Keck y Kathryn Sikkink, se avanza hacia la identificación del desarrollo de procesos de externalización como medio para el fortalecimiento de organizaciones locales como alternativa de oposición política.