Las leyes sobre vagancia : Control policial y práctica judicial en el ocaso de la frontera (Tandil 1872-1881)

A fines de la década de 1870, el gobierno provincial, con el objeto de lograr mayor control social sobre la población rural, implementó una reestructuración policial en la campaña bonaerense. La misma tenía por objetivo afianzar la propiedad privada y contribuir al mercado de trabajo, asimismo perseguía un fuerte interés en satisfacer la necesidad del estado de hombres en plena etapa de expansión de la frontera. La presión reclutadora del estado se reflejará en un aumento de detenidos por vagancia, dado que las leyes de represión de la vagancia del Código Rural permitían su penalización al servicio de las armas. El Código Rural sancionado en 1865 estipulaba dos normas procesales a cumplir en los acusados: formación de un sumario y constitución de un jury para su juzgamiento. Disposiciones que raramente se pusieron en práctica por los jueces de paz desde que esta legislación entró en vigencia. Será a fines de la década de 1870 cuando el gobierno exigirá más firmemente no solo la persecución de la vagancia sino también la aplicación de estas normas procesales en los acusados. Aún así, el análisis de la práctica judicial revelará que continuará existiendo una constante manipulación normativa sobre la base de dos valores que se intentaban afianzar, el trabajo y la propiedad. En los perjudiciales que atentaran contra estos dos valores, será en quienes se manipulará la normativa sancionada y se canalizará la presión reclutadora.

Las leyes sobre vagancia : Control policial y práctica judicial en el ocaso de la frontera (Tandil 1872-1881)

A fines de la década de 1870, el gobierno provincial, con el objeto de lograr mayor control social sobre la población rural, implementó una reestructuración policial en la campaña bonaerense. La misma tenía por objetivo afianzar la propiedad privada y contribuir al mercado de trabajo, asimismo perseguía un fuerte interés en satisfacer la necesidad del estado de hombres en plena etapa de expansión de la frontera. La presión reclutadora del estado se reflejará en un aumento de detenidos por vagancia, dado que las leyes de represión de la vagancia del Código Rural permitían su penalización al servicio de las armas. El Código Rural sancionado en 1865 estipulaba dos normas procesales a cumplir en los acusados: formación de un sumario y constitución de un jury para su juzgamiento. Disposiciones que raramente se pusieron en práctica por los jueces de paz desde que esta legislación entró en vigencia. Será a fines de la década de 1870 cuando el gobierno exigirá más firmemente no solo la persecución de la vagancia sino también la aplicación de estas normas procesales en los acusados. Aún así, el análisis de la práctica judicial revelará que continuará existiendo una constante manipulación normativa sobre la base de dos valores que se intentaban afianzar, el trabajo y la propiedad. En los perjudiciales que atentaran contra estos dos valores, será en quienes se manipulará la normativa sancionada y se canalizará la presión reclutadora.

Las leyes sobre vagancia : Control policial y práctica judicial en el ocaso de la frontera (Tandil 1872-1881)

A fines de la década de 1870, el gobierno provincial, con el objeto de lograr mayor control social sobre la población rural, implementó una reestructuración policial en la campaña bonaerense. La misma tenía por objetivo afianzar la propiedad privada y contribuir al mercado de trabajo, asimismo perseguía un fuerte interés en satisfacer la necesidad del estado de hombres en plena etapa de expansión de la frontera. La presión reclutadora del estado se reflejará en un aumento de detenidos por vagancia, dado que las leyes de represión de la vagancia del Código Rural permitían su penalización al servicio de las armas. El Código Rural sancionado en 1865 estipulaba dos normas procesales a cumplir en los acusados: formación de un sumario y constitución de un jury para su juzgamiento. Disposiciones que raramente se pusieron en práctica por los jueces de paz desde que esta legislación entró en vigencia. Será a fines de la década de 1870 cuando el gobierno exigirá más firmemente no solo la persecución de la vagancia sino también la aplicación de estas normas procesales en los acusados. Aún así, el análisis de la práctica judicial revelará que continuará existiendo una constante manipulación normativa sobre la base de dos valores que se intentaban afianzar, el trabajo y la propiedad. En los perjudiciales que atentaran contra estos dos valores, será en quienes se manipulará la normativa sancionada y se canalizará la presión reclutadora.

O poder de polícia: um estudo sobre as percepções dos policiais militares do Estado do Rio de Janeiro sobre o poder de polícia

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma discussão sobre o poder de polícia materializado na prática policial cotidiana dos policiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para desenvolver o tema poder de polícia foi imprescindível abordar os elementos que o constituem, que são: a discricionariedade da atividade de polícia, os termos do mandato de polícia, as formas de controle da ação policial e os aspectos da autonomia e subordinação da força policial.

Brasileiros em situação clandestina na Guiana Francesa: uma etnografia das relações e representações sociais entre migrantes

Nesta dissertação desenvolvo um estudo com migrantes brasileiros na condição de clandestinos que buscam na Guiana Francesa oportunidades socioeconômicas. Os discursos permitem uma reflexão acerca dessa problemática, no campo das representações sociais, como também dos significados de conviver em uma sociedade pluriétnica e multicultural, onde os sujeitos sociais constroem suas identidades baseados, principalmente, no conhecimento – mas não necessariamente no reconhecimento – das diferenças. Elaboro uma etnografia sobre os movimentos dos grupos de brasileiros elencando aspectos econômicos, sociais, culturais e identitários. O objetivo é analisar as experiências dos trabalhadores indocumentados ressaltando os obstáculos enfrentados por eles, as estratégias criadas para transitar na cidade e conseguir trabalho, moradia, alimentação e etc. Tendo como suporte redes migratórias que auxiliam desde a fronteira com o Brasil na cidade de Oiapoque, passando pelo controle policial até a chegada à Caiena.

Ordem social, Polícia Civil e justiça criminal na cidade de São Paulo (1889-1930)

The article aims to review the discussion on police role within institutional reform in São Paulo First Republic implementation. The main argument refers to the formation of brazilian judicial system and to the continuity of the debate on public policies reforms, administration of justice and police control over lower social classes, by means of a criminalization of the poverty. The judicial administration was reformed, but that opened space for police institutions to act without constraints. Despite theses changes, state institutions were also used by tradicional social elites in neo-patrimonial ways, allowing the maintenance of unlawful practices within the system.

"Well did you feel jealous?" Control and ideology in police interviews with rape complainants

The methods used by the UK Police to investigate complaints of rape have unsurprisingly come under much scrutiny in recent times, with a 2007 joint report on behalf of HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary concluding that there were many areas where improvements should be made. The research reported here forms part of a larger project which draws on various discourse analytical tools to identify the processes at work during police interviews with women reporting rape. Drawing on a corpus of video recorded police interviews with women reporting rape, this study applies a two pronged analysis to reveal the presence of these ideologies. Firstly, an analysis of the discourse markers ‘well’ and ‘so’ demonstrates the control exerted on the interaction by interviewing officers, as they attach importance to certain facts while omitting much of the information provided by the victim. Secondly, the interpretative repertoires relied upon by officers to ‘make sense’ of victim’s accounts are subject to scrutiny. As well as providing micro-level analyses which demonstrate processes of interactional control at the local level, the findings of these analyses can be shown to relate to a wider context – specifically prevailing ideologies about sexual violence in society as a whole.

Curvilinear relationships between the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, and work engagement : a police service case study

The current study aims to investigate the non-linear relationship between the JD-R model and work engagement. Previous research has identified linear relationships between these constructs; however there are strong theoretical arguments for testing curvilinear relationships (e.g., Warr, 1987). Data were collected via a self-report online survey from officers of one Australian police service (N = 2,626). Results demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between job demands and job resources and engagement. Gender (as a control variable) was also found to be a significant predictor of work engagement. The results indicated that male police officers experienced significantly higher job demands and colleague support than female officers. However, female police officers reported significantly higher levels of work engagement than male officers. This study emphasises the need to test curvilinear relationships, as well as simple linear associations, when measuring psychological health.

Work engagement and its antecedents in high-risk occupations : a police service case study

Introduction: Work engagement is a recent application of positive psychology and refers to a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption. Despite theoretical assumptions, there is little published research on work engagement, due primarily to its recent emergence as a psychological construct. Furthermore, examining work engagement among high-stress occupations, such as police, is useful because police officers are generally characterized as having a high level of work engagement. Previous research has identified job resources (e.g. social support) as antecedents of work engagement. However detailed evaluation of job demands as an antecedent of work engagement within high-stress occupations has been scarce. Thus our second aim was to test job demands (i.e. monitoring demands and problem-solving demands) and job resources (i.e. time control, method control, supervisory support, colleague support, and friend and family support) as antecedents of work engagement among police officers. Method: Data were collected via a self-report online survey from one Australian state police service (n = 1,419). Due to the high number of hypothesized antecedent variables, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed rather than structural equation modelling. Results: Work engagement reported by police officers was high. Female officers had significantly higher levels of work engagement than male officers, while officers at mid-level ranks (sergeant) reported the lowest levels of work engagement. Job resources (method control, supervisor support and colleague support) were significant antecedents of three dimensions of work engagement. Only monitoring demands were significant antecedent of the absorption. Conclusion: Having healthy and engaged police officers is important for community security and economic growth. This study identified some common factors which influence work engagement experienced by police officers. However, we also note that excessive work engagement can yield negative outcomes such as psychological distress.

Strains as Mediators between Job Characteristics and Work-Related Outcomes in Police Officers

The relationship between job characteristics (e.g., job demands, social support) and work-related outcomes (e.g., turnover intentions, job performance) is assumed to be mediated by strains (e.g., work-related well-being, psychological strain). However, evidence suggests this association will be stronger for work-related strains than broader measures of overall psychological well-being. The primary aim of this study was to identify whether work and non-work related strains differ significantly in their ability to mediate between job characteristics and work-related outcomes. Perceptions of job characteristics, strain, turnover intentions and job performance were collected via a self-report survey from 2,588 Australian police officers. All job characteristics (job demands, job control, supervisor support and colleague support) were significant predictors of both job performance and turnover intentions, with the exception of job demands, which was not a significant predictor of turnover intentions. Both work and non-work related strains were significant predictors of turnover intentions and job performance. Strains were collectively significant in mediating between job characteristics and work-related outcomes, except in the case of job demands and job performance. The indirect effects of job characteristics on work-related outcomes were primarily through officers’ work-related enthusiasm. The relative importance of work-related enthusiasm in mediating between job characteristics and work-related outcomes offers some support for previous research suggesting stronger associations between work-related constructs. Future research should examine whether there are substantial differences in the explanatory power of work-related enthusiasm and a popular related construct, work engagement.

Men's intimate partner abuse and control : reconciling paradoxical masculinities and social contradictions

Intimate partner abuse and control is one of the most common forms of violence against women, and is considered an international problem of social, political, legal and human rights significance. Yet few studies have attempted to understand this problem from the perspective of male perpetrators. This gap is addressed by conducting in-depth interviews with 16 able-bodied men of white European ancestry born and educated in New Zealand or Australia, who have been physically violent and/or emotionally, intellectually, sexually or financially controlling of a live-in female partner. This thesis extends and deepens the dominant ways of thinking about men’s intimate partner abuse by utilising a new theoretical framework compatible with contemporary feminist scholarship. A synthesis of Connell’s theory of masculinities and Bourdieu’s field theory is utilised for the purpose of exploring more nuanced, complex understandings of manliness and men’s relationships with men, women and social structures. Through such an analysis, this thesis finds that men’s perpetration of power and control over women is driven by a need to avoid the stigma of appearing weak. As a consequence, their desire and ability to show love, care and empathy is suppressed in favour of a presumed honourable manliness, and their female partners are used as weapons in the pursuit of symbolic capital in the form of recognition, prestige and acceptance from real and/or imagined men. This research also uncovers the complex interplay between masculine practices and particular social contexts. For example, the norms of practice encountered from those in authority, such as teachers, sports coaches, police, court judges and workplace management, influences the decision making of the men in this study, to use, or not to use, physical violence, psychological abuse and structural control. The principal conclusion is that there is a repertoire of paradoxical masculinities and contradictory social messages available to the men in this study. But gender policing by other men, complicit women and those in authority provides little room for legitimate complexity in masculine practices. Perpetrators in this study reconcile these conflicts of interest by generally avoiding subordinated masculinity and possible ostracism, and instead practicing more heroic hegemonic masculinities by abusing and controlling women and particular other men. This thesis concludes that for intimate partner abuse and control to cease, changes in power structures have to occur at all levels of society.

Path planning, guidance and control for a UAV forced landing

A forced landing is an unscheduled event in flight requiring an emergency landing, and is most commonly attributed to engine failure, failure of avionics or adverse weather. Since the ability to conduct a successful forced landing is the primary indicator for safety in the aviation industry, automating this capability for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will help facilitate their integration into, and subsequent routine operations over civilian airspace. Currently, there is no commercial system available to perform this task; however, a team at the Australian Research Centre for Aerospace Automation (ARCAA) is working towards developing such an automated forced landing system. This system, codenamed Flight Guardian, will operate onboard the aircraft and use machine vision for site identification, artificial intelligence for data assessment and evaluation, and path planning, guidance and control techniques to actualize the landing. This thesis focuses on research specific to the third category, and presents the design, testing and evaluation of a Trajectory Generation and Guidance System (TGGS) that navigates the aircraft to land at a chosen site, following an engine failure. Firstly, two algorithms are developed that adapts manned aircraft forced landing techniques to suit the UAV planning problem. Algorithm 1 allows the UAV to select a route (from a library) based on a fixed glide range and the ambient wind conditions, while Algorithm 2 uses a series of adjustable waypoints to cater for changing winds. A comparison of both algorithms in over 200 simulated forced landings found that using Algorithm 2, twice as many landings were within the designated area, with an average lateral miss distance of 200 m at the aimpoint. These results present a baseline for further refinements to the planning algorithms. A significant contribution is seen in the design of the 3-D Dubins Curves planning algorithm, which extends the elementary concepts underlying 2-D Dubins paths to account for powerless flight in three dimensions. This has also resulted in the development of new methods in testing for path traversability, in losing excess altitude, and in the actual path formation to ensure aircraft stability. Simulations using this algorithm have demonstrated lateral and vertical miss distances of under 20 m at the approach point, in wind speeds of up to 9 m/s. This is greater than a tenfold improvement on Algorithm 2 and emulates the performance of manned, powered aircraft. The lateral guidance algorithm originally developed by Park, Deyst, and How (2007) is enhanced to include wind information in the guidance logic. A simple assumption is also made that reduces the complexity of the algorithm in following a circular path, yet without sacrificing performance. Finally, a specific method of supplying the correct turning direction is also used. Simulations have shown that this new algorithm, named the Enhanced Nonlinear Guidance (ENG) algorithm, performs much better in changing winds, with cross-track errors at the approach point within 2 m, compared to over 10 m using Park's algorithm. A fourth contribution is made in designing the Flight Path Following Guidance (FPFG) algorithm, which uses path angle calculations and the MacCready theory to determine the optimal speed to fly in winds. This algorithm also uses proportional integral- derivative (PID) gain schedules to finely tune the tracking accuracies, and has demonstrated in simulation vertical miss distances of under 2 m in changing winds. A fifth contribution is made in designing the Modified Proportional Navigation (MPN) algorithm, which uses principles from proportional navigation and the ENG algorithm, as well as methods specifically its own, to calculate the required pitch to fly. This algorithm is robust to wind changes, and is easily adaptable to any aircraft type. Tracking accuracies obtained with this algorithm are also comparable to those obtained using the FPFG algorithm. For all three preceding guidance algorithms, a novel method utilising the geometric and time relationship between aircraft and path is also employed to ensure that the aircraft is still able to track the desired path to completion in strong winds, while remaining stabilised. Finally, a derived contribution is made in modifying the 3-D Dubins Curves algorithm to suit helicopter flight dynamics. This modification allows a helicopter to autonomously track both stationary and moving targets in flight, and is highly advantageous for applications such as traffic surveillance, police pursuit, security or payload delivery. Each of these achievements serves to enhance the on-board autonomy and safety of a UAV, which in turn will help facilitate the integration of UAVs into civilian airspace for a wider appreciation of the good that they can provide. The automated UAV forced landing planning and guidance strategies presented in this thesis will allow the progression of this technology from the design and developmental stages, through to a prototype system that can demonstrate its effectiveness to the UAV research and operations community.

Police misconduct and crime : bad apples or systems failure?

There is a debate in the research literature whether to view police misconduct and crime as acts of individuals perceived as 'rotten apples' or as an indication of systems failure in the police force. Based on an archival analysis of court cases where police employees were prosecuted, this paper attempts to explore the extent of rotten apples versus systems failure in the police. Exploratory research of 57 prosecuted police officers in Norway indicate that there were more rotten apple cases than system failure cases. The individual failures seem to be the norm rather than the exception of ethical breaches, therefore enhancing the rotten apple theory. However as exploratory research, police crime may still be explained at the organizational level as well.

“They’re lunatics on the road” : Exploring the normative influences of parents, friends, and police on young novices’ risky driving decisions

Purpose: Young novice drivers experience significantly greater risk of being injured or killed in car crashes than older more experienced drivers. This research utilised a qualitative approach guided by the framework of Akers’ social learning theory. It explored young novice drivers’ perspectives on risky driving including rewards and punishments expected from and administered by parents, friends, and police, imitation of parents’ and friends’ driving, and advantages and disadvantages of risky driving. Methods: Twenty-one young drivers (12 females, 9 males) aged 16–25 years (M = 17.71 years, SD = 2.15) with a Learner (n = 11) or Provisional (n = 10) driver licence participated in individual or small group interviews. Findings and conclusions: Content analysis supported four themes: (1) rewards and (2) punishments for risky driving, and the influence of (3) parents and (4) friends. The young novice drivers differed in their vulnerability to the negative influences of friends and parents, with some novices advising they were able to resist risky normative influences whilst others felt they could not. The authority of the police as enforcers of road rules was either accepted and respected or seen as being used to persecute young novices. These findings suggest that road safety interventions should consider the normative influence of parents and friends on the risky and safe behaviour of young novices. Police were also seen as influential upon behaviour. Future research should explore the complicated relationship between parents, friends, the police, young novices, and their risky driving behaviour.