Impact of stratospheric ozone on Southern Hemisphere circulation change: A multimodel assessment

The impact of stratospheric ozone on the tropospheric general circulation of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is examined with a set of chemistry‐climate models participating in the Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC)/Chemistry‐Climate Model Validation project phase 2 (CCMVal‐2). Model integrations of both the past and future climates reveal the crucial role of stratospheric ozone in driving SH circulation change: stronger ozone depletion in late spring generally leads to greater poleward displacement and intensification of the tropospheric midlatitude jet, and greater expansion of the SH Hadley cell in the summer. These circulation changes are systematic as poleward displacement of the jet is typically accompanied by intensification of the jet and expansion of the Hadley cell. Overall results are compared with coupled models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4), and possible mechanisms are discussed. While the tropospheric circulation response appears quasi‐linearly related to stratospheric ozone changes, the quantitative response to a given forcing varies considerably from one model to another. This scatter partly results from differences in model climatology. It is shown that poleward intensification of the westerly jet is generally stronger in models whose climatological jet is biased toward lower latitudes. This result is discussed in the context of quasi‐geostrophic zonal mean dynamics.

Prevendo mudanças climáticas: resposta da meiofauna a mudanças na distribuição espacial de espécies-chave

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Decadal Variabilities and Trends in the Southwest Atlantic in a model forced with NCEP Reanalysis from 1960 to 2012

Analysis of the NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis show changes in the atmospheric circulation in the Southern hemisphere, with a strengthening and poleward displacement of the westerlies. Because the wind is one of the main sources of the ocean's kinetic energy, a numerical experiment with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) was forced with monthly means of the NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis products to investigate the effects of the changes in the wind on the ocean circulation in a geographical domain defined by 98W – 114E; 65S – 60N. The results show good agreement with other models and with available satellite data. In the western sector of the South Atlantic there are several indications of changes such as a poleward displacement of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and positive trends in temperature and salinity of the southwestern region of the subtropical gyre

Decadal Variabilities and Trends in the Southwest Atlantic in a model forced with NCEP Reanalysis from 1960 to 2012

Analysis of the NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis show changes in the atmospheric circulation in the Southern hemisphere, with a strengthening and poleward displacement of the westerlies. Because the wind is one of the main sources of the ocean's kinetic energy, a numerical experiment with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) was forced with monthly means of the NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis products to investigate the effects of the changes in the wind on the ocean circulation in a geographical domain defined by 98W – 114E; 65S – 60N. The results show good agreement with other models and with available satellite data. In the western sector of the South Atlantic there are several indications of changes such as a poleward displacement of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and positive trends in temperature and salinity of the southwestern region of the subtropical gyre.

Biomechanical force displacement analysis of strength of fixation of tracker holding devices to bone in computer aided joint replacement

Computer aided joint replacement surgery has become very popular during recent years and is being done in increasing numbers all over the world. The accuracy of the system depends to a major extent, on accurate registration and immobility of the tracker attachment devices to the bone. This study was designed to asses the forces needed to displace the tracker attachment devices in the bone simulators. Bone simulators were used to maintain the uniformity of the bone structure during the study. The fixation devices tested were 3mm diameter self drilling, self tapping threaded pin, 4mm diameter self tapping cortical threaded pin, 5mm diameter self tapping cancellous threaded pin and a triplanar fixation device ‘ortholock’ used with three 3mm pins. All the devices were tested for pull out, translational and rotational forces in unicortical and bicortical fixation modes. Also tested was the normal bang strength and forces generated by leaning on the devices. The forces required to produce translation increased with the increasing diameter of the pins. These were 105N, 185N, and 225N for the unicortical fixations and 130N, 200N, 225N for the bicortical fixations for 3mm, 4mm and 5mm diameter pins respectively. The forces required to pull out the pins were 1475N, 1650N, 2050N for the unicortical, 1020N, 3044N and 3042N for the bicortical fixated 3mm, 4mm and 5mm diameter pins. The ortholock translational and pull out strength was tested to 900N and 920N respectively and still it did not fail. Rotatory forces required to displace the tracker on pins was to the magnitude of 30N before failure. The ortholock device had rotational forces applied up to 135N and still did not fail. The manual leaning forces and the sudden bang forces generated were of the magnitude of 210N and 150N respectively. The strength of the fixation pins increases with increasing diameter from three to five mm for the translational forces. There is no significant difference in pull out forces of four mm and five mm diameter pins though it is more that the three mm diameter pins. This is because of the failure of material at that stage rather than the fixation device. The rotatory forces required to displace the tracker are very small and much less that that can be produced by the surgeon or assistants in single pins. Although the ortholock device was tested to 135N in rotation without failing, one has to be very careful not to put any forces during the operation on the tracker devices to ensure the accuracy of the procedure.

Contemporary dramaturgy in theatre for young people : the conceptual shape of displacement and installation

This thesis investigates Theatre for Young People (TYP) as a site of performance innovation. The inquiry is focused on contemporary dramaturgy and its fieldwork aims to identify new dramaturgical principles operating in the creation and presentation of TYP. The research then seeks to assess how these new principles contribute to Postdramatic Theatre theory. This research inquiry springs from an imperative based in practice: Young people under 25 years have a literacy based on online hypertextual experiences which take the reader outside the frames of a dramatic narrative and beyond principles such as linearity, dramatic unity, teleology and resolution. As a dramaturg and educator I wanted to understand the new ways that young people engage in cultural products, to identify and utilize the new principles of dramaturgy that are now in evidence. My research examines how two playwright/directors approach their work and the new principles that can be identified in their dramaturgy. The fieldwork is scoped into two case studies: the first on TJ Eckleberg working in Australian Theatre for Young People and the second on Kristo Šagor working in German Children’s and Young People’s Theatre (KJT). These case studies address both types of production dramaturgy - the dramaturgy emergent through process in devised performance making, and that emergent in a performance based on a written playscript. On Case Study One the researcher, as participant observer, worked as production dramaturg on a large scale, site specific performance, observing the dramaturgy in process of its director and chief devisor. On Case Study Two the researcher, as observer and analyst, undertook a performance analysis of three playscripts and productions by a contemporary German playwright and director. Utilizing participant observation, reflective practice and grounded analysis the case studies have identified two new principles animating the dramaturgy of these TYP practitioners, namely ‘displacement’ and ‘installation.’ Taking practice into theory, the thesis concludes by demonstrating how displacement and installation contribute to Postdramatic Theatre’s “arsenal of expressive gestures which serve as theatre’s response to changed social communication under the conditions of generalized communication technologies” (Lehmann, H.-T., 2006, p.23). This research makes an original contribution to knowledge by evidencing that the principles of Postdramatic Theory lie within the practice of contemporary Theatre for Young People. It also contributes valuable research to a specialized, often overlooked terrain, namely Dramaturgy in Theatre for Young People, presented here with a contemporary, international and intercultural perspective.

Rapid displacement of dengue virus type 1 by type 4, Pacific region, 2007-2009

Since 2000-2001, dengue virus type 1 has circulated in the Pacific region. However, in 2007, type 4 reemerged and has almost completely displaced the strains of type 1. If only 1 serotype circulates at any time and is replaced approximately every 5 years, DENV-3 may reappear in 2012.

Anion induced displacement studies in naphthalene diimide containing interpenetrated and interlocked structures

This article describes investigations into the development of supramolecular systems capable of sensing anions through either displacement type assays or molecular motion. An electron deficient naphthalene diimide thread and electron rich isophthalamide naphthohydroquinone macrocycle was shown to form a coloured pseudorotaxane assembly. Investigations into the ability of such interpenetrated systems to sense anions colorimetrically were undertaken. Anion complexation to the isophthalamide group of the macrocycle causes displacement of the naphthodiimide thread resulting in the loss of colour. The enhanced mechanically bonded binding strength between the naphthodiimide axle and the naphthohydroquinone groups of the macrocycle wheel in the corresponding rotaxane structure however, was found to negate the anion induced displacement process.

Using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors for vertical displacement measurement of bridges

In many bridges, vertical displacements are one of the most relevant parameters for structural health monitoring in both the short and long terms. Bridge managers around the globe are always looking for a simple way to measure vertical displacements of bridges. However, it is difficult to carry out such measurements. On the other hand, in recent years, with the advancement of fiber-optic technologies, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are more commonly used in structural health monitoring due to their outstanding advantages including multiplexing capability, immunity of electromagnetic interference as well as high resolution and accuracy. For these reasons, using FBG sensors is proposed to develop a simple, inexpensive and practical method to measure vertical displacements of bridges. A curvature approach for vertical displacement measurement using curvature measurements is proposed. In addition, with the successful development of a FBG tilt sensors, an inclination approach is also proposed using inclination measurements. A series of simulation tests of a full-scale bridge was conducted. It shows that both the approaches can be implemented to determine vertical displacements for bridges with various support conditions, varying stiffness (EI) along the spans and without any prior known loading. These approaches can thus measure vertical displacements for most of slab-on-girder and box-girder bridges. Moreover, with the advantages of FBG sensors, they can be implemented to monitor bridge behavior remotely and in real time. Further recommendations of these approaches for developments will also be discussed at the end of the paper.

Interacting constraints of defensive pressure and ball displacement trajectories shape locomotor pointing behaviours in association football

Performance of locomotor pointing tasks (goal-directed locomotion) in sport is typically constrained by dynamic factors, such as positioning of opponents and objects for interception. In the team sport of association football, performers have to coordinate their gait with ball displacement when dribbling and when trying to prevent opponent interception when running to kick a ball. This thesis comprises two studies analysing the movement patterns during locomotor pointing of eight experienced youth football players under static and dynamic constraints by manipulating levels of ball displacement (ball stationary or moving) and defensive pressure (defenders absent, or positioned near or far during performance). ANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyse effects of these task constraints on gait parameters during the run-up and cross performance sub-phase. Experiment 1 revealed outcomes consistent with previous research on locomotor pointing. When under defensive pressure, participants performed the run-up more quickly, concurrently modifying footfall placements relative to the ball location over trials. In experiment 2 players coordinated their gait relative to a moving ball significantly differently when under defensive pressure. Despite no specific task instructions being provided beforehand, context dependent constraints interacted to influence footfall placements over trials and running velocity of participants in different conditions. Data suggest that coaches need to manipulate task constraints carefully to facilitate emergent movement behaviours during practice in team games like football.

Place and displacement : southeast Queensland architecture

The "vernacular" housing tradition of southeast Queensland is easily identifiable. Its history is more complex. This study seeks to challenge two popular conceptions of the "Queenslander" history by showing that they actually provide contradictory explanations. The aim is to produce a more complex account of local architecture and its historical explanation so that both its past and its present practices can be better understood as a distinctly subtropical idiom. This discussion shows that such practices may respond to common concerns but that are also ever-changing.