Génération de squelettes des contrats de classes et des tests unitaires en Java

Le logiciel est devenu omniprésent dans nos vies de sorte qu'on le retrouve dans plusieurs domaines de la vie courante. Cependant cette omniprésence, n'est pas sans conséquences. Les bogues de logiciel peuvent causer de vrais désastres, économiques, écologiques voire sanitaires. Vu la forte omniprésente du logiciel dans nos vies, le fonctionnement de nos sociétés dépend fortement de sa qualité. La programmation par contrat a pour but de produire des logiciels fiables, c'est-à-dire corrects et robustes. En effet, ce paradigme de programmation vise à introduire des assertions qui sont des spécifications de services. Ces spécifications représentent une forme de contrat. Les contrats définissent les responsabilités entre le client et le fournisseur. Le respect des contrats permet de garantir que le logiciel ne fait ni plus ni moins que ce que l'on attend de lui qu'il fasse. Le test unitaire est un test qui permet de s'assurer du bon fonctionnement d'une partie précise d'un logiciel. C'est un test dont la vérification se fait en exécutant une petite unité de code. En somme, un test unitaire est un code qui exécute de manière indirecte le code d'une classe pour vérifier que le code fonctionne bien. L'outil Génération de Squelettes des Contrats de classes et des tests unitaires (GACTUS) permet la génération automatique de squelettes de contrats de classes et celles des classes des tests unitaires d'un projet Java. La génération automatique du code source permet d'obtenir un code uniforme. GACTUS est un plug-in pour l'environnement de développement Eclipse écrit en Java. L'objectif principal de GACTUS est de faciliter la réalisation de logiciel de qualité grâce à la génération automatique des squelettes de contrats de classe et celui des tests unitaires et aussi d'accroître la productivité des développeurs. Pour faciliter son utilisation, GACTUS dispose d'une interface graphique permettant de guider l'utilisateur.

Senseo: Enriching Eclipse's Static Source Views with Dynamic Metrics

Maintaining object-oriented systems that use inheritance and polymorphism is difficult, since runtime information, such as which methods are actually invoked at a call site, is not visible in the static source code. We have implemented Senseo, an Eclipse plugin enhancing Eclipse's static source views with various dynamic metrics, such as runtime types, the number of objects created, or the amount of memory allocated in particular methods.

Improving Usability of Software Refactoring Tools

Post-deployment maintenance and evolution can account for up to 75% of the cost of developing a software system. Software refactoring can reduce the costs associated with evolution by improving system quality. Although refactoring can yield benefits, the process includes potentially complex, error-prone, tedious and time-consuming tasks. It is these tasks that automated refactoring tools seek to address. However, although the refactoring process is well-defined, current refactoring tools do not support the full process. To develop better automated refactoring support, we have completed a usability study of software refactoring tools. In the study, we analysed the task of software refactoring using the ISO 9241-11 usability standard and Fitts' List of task allocation. Expanding on this analysis, we reviewed 11 collections of usability guidelines and combined these into a single list of 38 guidelines. From this list, we developed 81 usability requirements for refactoring tools. Using these requirements, the software refactoring tools Eclipse 3.2, Condenser 1.05, RefactorIT 2.5.1, and Eclipse 3.2 with the Simian UI 2.2.12 plugin were studied. Based on the analysis, we have selected a subset of the requirements that can be incorporated into a prototype refactoring tool intended to address the full refactoring process.

Total Solar Eclipse in North Queensland 14 Nov 2012

This article is a brief introduction to the total solar eclipse Wed 14 November 2012 in north Queensland that will be seen in a narrow strip of land just 140 km wide in the vicinity of Cairns.

Changes in the Activities of two membrane-bound enzymes during solar eclipse on February 16, 1980

ON Saturday February 16, 1980 total solar eclipse Occurred for a period of 2-3 min in a belt of 135 km during the eclipse from 14'17 to 17'00 hrs across peninsular India. The city of Bangalore, being just outside this belt, had witnessed 92% eclipse for about 2. 1/2 min at the peak period of 15.44 hr at which time a temperature drop of 2' C and a considerable dimness of the light were experienced. In view of the interest in our laboratory on biochemical adaptation under conditions of environmental stress, we designed an experiment to study the possible changes in enzyme activities during the solar eclipse on February 16, 1980.

Intensity Oscillation in the Corona as Observed during the Total Solar Eclipse of 29 March 2006

We obtained the images of the eastern part of the solar corona in the Fe xiv 530.3 nm (green) and Fe x 637.4 nm (red) coronal emission lines during the total solar eclipse of 29 March 2006 at Manavgat, Antalya, Turkey. The images were obtained using a 35 cm Meade telescope equipped with a Peltier-cooled 2k x 2k CCD and 0.3 nm pass-band interference filters at the rates of 2.95 s (exposure times of 100 ms) and 2.0 s (exposure times of 300 ms) in the Fe xiv and Fe x emission lines,respectively. The analysis of the data indicates intensity variations at some locations with period of strongest power around 27 s for the green line and 20 s for the red line. These results confirm earlier findings of variations in the continuum intensity with periods in the range of 5 to 56 s by Singh et al. (Solar Phys. 170, 235, 1997). The wavelet analysis has been used to identify significant intensity oscillations at all pixels within our field of view. Significant oscillations with high probability estimates were detected for some locations only. These locations seem to follow the boundary of an active region and in the neighborhood, rather than within the loops themselves. These intensity oscillations may be caused by fast magneto-sonic waves in the solar corona and partly account for heating of the plasma in the corona.

Spectroscopic Observation of Oscillations in the Corona During the Total Solar Eclipse of 22 July 2009

We performed high resolution spectroscopy of the solar corona during the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 in two emission lines: the green line at 5303 due to Fe xiv and the red line at 6374 due to Fe x, simultaneously from Anji (latitude 30A degrees 28.1' N; longitude 119A degrees 35.4' E; elevation 890 m), China. A two-mirror coelostat with 100 cm focal length lens produced a 9.2 mm image of the Sun. The spectrograph using 140 cm focal length lens in Littrow mode and a grating with 600 lines per millimeter blazed at 2 mu m provided a dispersion of 30 m and 43 m per pixel in the fourth order around the green line and third order around the red line, respectively. Two Peltier cooled 1k x 1k CCD cameras, with a pixel size of 13 mu m square and 14-bit readout at 10 MHz operated in frame transfer mode, were used to obtain the time sequence spectra in two emission lines simultaneously. The duration of totality was 341 s, but we could get spectra for 270 s after a trial exposure at an interval of 5 s. We report here on the detection of intensity, velocity, and line width oscillations with periodicity in the range of 25 -50 s. These oscillations can be interpreted in terms of the presence of fast magnetoacoustic waves or torsional Alfv,n waves. The intensity ratios of green to red emission lines indicate the temperature of the corona to be 1.65 MK in the equatorial region and 1.40 MK in the polar region, relatively higher than the expected temperature during the low activity period. The width variation of the emission lines in different coronal structures suggests different physical conditions in different structures.

Effect of January 15, 2010 annular solar eclipse on meteorological parameters over Goa, India

Atmospheric perturbations due to the annular solar eclipse were monitored to understand its influence on the meteorological parameters from surface to the lower stratosphere. A strong inversion at 13 km and an abnormal warming in the upper troposphere were noticed on the eclipse day. A decrease in tropopause height associated with increase in temperature caused anomalous warming. Considerable attenuation of incoming solar radiation resulted in abrupt increase of air temperature during the next 24 h followed by sharp decrease in relative humidity. The time lag is attributed to the distance from the totality and the response time between tropopause and surface layer. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An experimental set-up for carbon isotopic analysis of atmospheric CO2 and an example of ecosystem response during solar eclipse 2010

We present here, an experimental set-up developed for the first time in India for the determination of mixing ratio and carbon isotopic ratio of air-CO2. The set-up includes traps for collection and extraction of CO2 from air samples using cryogenic procedures, followed by the measurement of CO2 mixing ratio using an MKS Baratron gauge and analysis of isotopic ratios using the dual inlet peripheral of a high sensitivity isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) MAT 253. The internal reproducibility (precision) for the PC measurement is established based on repeat analyses of CO2 +/- 0.03 parts per thousand. The set-up is calibrated with international carbonate and air-CO2 standards. An in-house air-CO2 mixture, `OASIS AIRMIX' is prepared mixing CO2 from a high purity cylinder with O-2 and N-2 and an aliquot of this mixture is routinely analyzed together with the air samples. The external reproducibility for the measurement of the CO2 mixing ratio and carbon isotopic ratios are +/- 7 (n = 169) mu mol.mol(-1) and +/- 0.05 (n = 169) parts per thousand based on the mean of the difference between two aliquots of reference air mixture analyzed during daily operation carried out during November 2009-December 2011. The correction due to the isobaric interference of N2O on air-CO2 samples is determined separately by analyzing mixture of CO2 (of known isotopic composition) and N2O in varying proportions. A +0.2 parts per thousand correction in the delta C-13 value for a N2O concentration of 329 ppb is determined. As an application, we present results from an experiment conducted during solar eclipse of 2010. The isotopic ratio in CO2 and the carbon dioxide mixing ratio in the air samples collected during the event are different from neighbouring samples, suggesting the role of atmospheric inversion in trapping the emitted CO2 from the urban atmosphere during the eclipse.

Discovering Math APIs by Mining Unit Tests

In today's API-rich world, programmer productivity depends heavily on the programmer's ability to discover the required APIs. In this paper, we present a technique and tool, called MATHFINDER, to discover APIs for mathematical computations by mining unit tests of API methods. Given a math expression, MATHFINDER synthesizes pseudo-code to compute the expression by mapping its subexpressions to API method calls. For each subexpression, MATHFINDER searches for a method such that there is a mapping between method inputs and variables of the subexpression. The subexpression, when evaluated on the test inputs of the method under this mapping, should produce results that match the method output on a large number of tests. We implemented MATHFINDER as an Eclipse plugin for discovery of third-party Java APIs and performed a user study to evaluate its effectiveness. In the study, the use of MATHFINDER resulted in a 2x improvement in programmer productivity. In 96% of the subexpressions queried for in the study, MATHFINDER retrieved the desired API methods as the top-most result. The top-most pseudo-code snippet to implement the entire expression was correct in 93% of the cases. Since the number of methods and unit tests to mine could be large in practice, we also implement MATHFINDER in a MapReduce framework and evaluate its scalability and response time.

一个基于Eclipse的OnceIDE集成框架设计与实现

软件开发环境是开发人员进行软件开发活动的重要平台。传统的开发环境对于开放性及可扩展性支持明显不足，而基于插件体系结构的软件开发环境如Eclipse等，由于其自身结构的特点，提供了较好的开放性和可扩展性，是目前软件开发环境的发展重要方向。 由于软件开发工具的种类繁多且彼此间的关联多样化，基于插件体系结构的开放式平台不能有效地满足工具之间数据一致性约束以及跨平台调用的集成需求。针对上述需求的研究成果及解决方法仍存在不足。 论文针对以上问题，尝试提出了一个集成框架，以解决目前已有开发环境在工具集成上的不足。该框架分别提供基于模型同步和远程交互两种集成机制，分别致力于解决插件工具在数据一致性上的同步需求和跨平台调用上的交互需求。首先，论文抽取了开发人员实现具体模型同步过程的需求，形成模型同步模块，力求刻画模型同步的本质特征并以模型同步的方式满足一致性约束。由于插件大多采用EMF、DOM两种模型建模，论文基于模型同步模块，提供了对EMF与DOM间的同步支持。然后，论文对远程交互模块进行了设计，归并了跨平台调用引入的通讯需求，构建了一个通信管理模块，该模块管理多种RPC协议并且支持异步通信方式。同时，在该模块之上，定义了插件远程交互的开发过程及编程接口，为分布式协作开发环境提供支撑。 论文将集成框架应用到OnceIDE（由中国科学院软件研究所开发的基于Eclipse平台的软件开发环境）中，通过完成基于EMF构建的Web组件模型与DOM模型的同步和基于远程交互模块的共享日历事件管理工具的导出，验证了OnceIDE集成框架在解决数据一致性约束及跨平台调用两方面集成需求的有效性。

LOCALIZED ENHANCEMENTS OF Fe+10 DENSITY IN THE CORONA AS OBSERVED IN Fe xi 789.2 nm DURING THE 2006 MARCH 29 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE

Habbal, Shadia Rifai; Morgan, Huw; Johnson, Judd; Arndt, Martina Belz; Daw, Adrian; Jaeggli, Sarah; Kuhn, Jeff; Mickey, Don, LOCALIZED ENHANCEMENTS OF Fe+10 DENSITY IN THE CORONA AS OBSERVED IN Fe xi 789.2 nm DURING THE 2006 MARCH 29 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE, The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 663, Issue 1, pp. 598-609