Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgeführten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. Auf Frund von gemeinschaftlichen Untersuchungen einer Reihe von Fach-Forschern.

Bd.2.F.a (Cephalopoden)

Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgeführten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. Auf Frund von gemeinschaftlichen Untersuchungen einer Reihe von Fach-Forschern.

Bd.3.L.a (Tintinnodeen)

Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgeführten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. : Auf Frund von gemeinschaftlichen Untersuchungen einer Reihe von Fach-Forschern.

Mode of access: Internet.

The chaetognatha of the Eastropic Expedition, with notes as to their possible value as indicators of hydrographic conditions

ENGLISH: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that certain species of Chaetognatha found in Eastern Tropical Pacific waters can serve as biological indicators of oceanographic features. "Indicator" organisms have been found useful in identifying water types, in tracing the pattern of current systems, and in tracing the origin of moving water masses. To be of use in this type of study, the organisms must be sufficiently abundant to be readily sampled, and easily identified to species; they must also, at least partially, fulfill the additional requisites listed and discussed by Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming (1942, pp. 866-867). Among several groups of organisms fulfilling these requirements are the Chaetognatha. Specimens of this group of animals occurred in large numbers in the plankton samples used for this study. The works of Thomson (1947), Fraser (1942), Ritter-Zahony (1911), and Sund (1959) were used for identification. SPANISH: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el de investigar la posibilidad de utilizar ciertas especies de quetognatos encontrados en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical como indicadoras biológicas de características oceanográficas. Organismos "indicadores" fueron encontrados útiles para la identificación de tipos de agua, el trazado del régimen de los sistemas de corrientes y la determinación del origen de masas de agua en movimiento. Para servir a este tipo de estudios, los organismos deben ser lo suficientemente abundantes como para ser fácilmente muestreados e identificados hasta la especie; también deben satisfacer, por lo menos parcialmente, los requerimientos indicados y discutidos par Sverdrup, Johnson y Fleming (1942, pags. 866-867).

Biomass and stable isotope composition of plankton in five size fractions along a zonal transect (24°N) from the Canary Islands to Florida in January-March 2011

The spatial variability of biomass and stable isotopes in plankton size fractions in the upper 200 m was studied in a high spatial resolution transect along 24°N from Canary Islands to Florida (January - March 2011) during Leg 8 of the Malaspina-2010 expedition (http://www.expedicionmalaspina.es) to determine nitrogen and carbon sources. Plankton samples were collected by vertical tows of a microplankton net (40 mm mesh size) and a mesoplankton net (200 mm mesh size) through the upper 200 m of the water column. Sampling was between 10:00 and 16:00 h GMT. Plankton was separated into five size fractions (40 - 200, 200 - 500, 500 - 1000, 1000 - 2000 and > 2000 mm) by gentle filtration of the samples by a graded series of nylon sieves (2000, 1000, 500, 200 and 40 mm). Large gelatinous organisms were removed before filtration. Aliquots for each size fraction were collected on pre-weighed glass-fibre filters, dried (60°C, 48 h) and stored in a desiccator before determination of biomass (dry weight), carbon and nitrogen content and natural abundance of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes ashore. Vertical advection of waters predominated in lateral zones while the central Atlantic (30-70°W) was characterized by a strong stratification and oligotrophic surface waters. Plankton biomass was low in the central zone and high in both eastern and western sides, with most of the variability due to either large (>2000 µm) and small plankton (<500 µm). Carbon isotopes reflected mainly the advection the deep water in lateral zones. Stable nitrogen isotopes showed a nearly symmetrical spatial distribution in all fractions, with the lowest values (delta15N <1per mill) in the central zone, and were inversely correlated to carbon stable isotopes (delta13C) and to the abundance of the nitrogen-fixer Trichodesmium. Diazotrophy was estimated to account for >50% of organic nitrogen in the central zone, and even >30% in eastern and western zones. The impact of diazotrophy increased with the size of the organisms, supporting the wide participation of all trophic levels in the processing of recently fixed nitrogen. These results indicate that atmospheric sources of carbon and nitrogen prevail over deep water sources in the subtropical North Atlantic and that the zone influenced by diazotrophy is much larger than reported in previous studies.

Environmental context of selected samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013)

The present data set provides contextual environmental data for samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) that were selected for publication in a special issue of the SCIENCE journal (see related references below). The data set provides calculated averages of mesaurements made at the sampling location and depth, calculated averages from climatologies (AMODIS, VGPM) and satellite products.

Planktological-chemical observation during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) with RV "Meteor" in 1964/65

The present volume contains the planktological data collected during the expedition of the "Meteor" to the Indian Ocean in 1964/65. It was the main objective of the expedition to study the up- and downwelling conditioned along the western and eastern coasts of the Arabian Sea by the northeastern monsoon. It is from these areas that the greater part of the data here presented was obtained. A few values from the Red Sea have been added. As the title "Planktological-Chemical Data" implies, it was chiefly with the help of chemical methods that the planktological investigations, with the exception of the particle size analysis and phytoplankton counting conducted optically, were carried out. These investigations were above all devoted to a quantitative survey of particulate matter and plankton, the latter being sampled by water-bottle and net. The zooplankton hauls were taken with the Indian Ocean Standard Net according to the international guidelines laid down for the expedition. As a rule, double catches were made at every station, one sample being intended for laboratory analysis at the Indian Ocean Biological Centre in Ernakulam, South India, and the other for the Institut für Meereskunde in Kiel. In addition to determining the standing stock, the production rate of phytoplankton was measured by the 14C method. These experiments were mainly conducted during the latter half of the expedition. The planktological studies primarily covered the euphotic zone, extending into the underlying water layers up to a depth of 600 m. The investigations were above all directed towards ascertaining the quantity of organic substance, formed by primary production, in its relation to environmental conditions and determining whether or not organic substance is actively transported from the surface into the deeper layers by the periodically migration organisms of the deep scattering layers. Depending on the station time available, a few samples could now and then be taken from deeper layers. The present volume of planktological-chemical data addresses itself to all those concerned processing the extensive material collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. As a readily accessible work of reference, it hopes to serve as an aid in the evaluation and interpretation of the expedition results. The complementary ecological data such as temperature, salinity, and oxygen content as well as the figures obtained on abundance and distribution in depth of the nutrients essential for primary production may be found in the volume of physical-chemical data published in Series A of the "Meteor"-Forschungsergebnisse No. 2, 1966 (Dietrich et al., 1966).

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) measurements from a Biospherical Instrument Inc. QCR-2150 surface PAR sensor mounted on a sensor mast during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous measurements made with a Biospherical Instrument Inc. QCR-2150 surface PAR sensor mounted on a sensor mast at the stern of the ship (ca. 8m above deck) and time synchronized with the CTD recording unit. The sensor consists of a cosine collector and was also utilized to correct the CTD PAR sensor data. The dark was computed as the lowest 0.01% voltage of the signal that was found to be very stable (0.00965V) for all the legs except for the 2nd leg of the polar circle where there was no complete night (the manufacturer dark was 0.0097V). The manufacturer calibration slope from 12/ 2012 was used to transform the data to scientific units.

Biodiversity context of all samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013)

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides biodiversity context to all samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013), including various diversity indexes calculated for the sampling location using satellite and model climatologies (Darwin project, Physat) and results from the sequencing of Tara Oceans samples.

Properties of seawater and particulate matter (fluorescence) from a WETLabs Eco-FL sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous measurements made with a WETLabs Eco-FL sensor mounted on the flowthrough system between June 4th, 2011 and March 30th, 2012. Data was recorded approximately every 10s. Two issues affected the data: 1. Periods when the water 0.2µm filtered water were used as blanks and 2. Periods where fluorescence was affected by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ, chlorophyll fluorescence is reduced when cells are exposed to light, e.g. Falkowski and Raven, 1997). Median data and their standard deviation were binned to 5min bins with period of light/dark indicated by an added variable (so that NPQ affected data could be neglected if the user so chooses). Data was first calibrated using HPLC data collected on the Tara (there were 36 data within 30min of each other). Fewer were available when there was no evident NPQ and the resulting scale factor was 0.0106 mg Chl m-3/count. To increase the calibration match-ups we used the AC-S data which provided a robust estimate of Chlorophyll (e.g. Boss et al., 2013). Scale factor computed over a much larger range of values than HPLC was 0.0088 mg Chl m-3/count (compared to 0.0079 mg Chl m-3/count based on manufacturer). In the archived data the fluorometer data is merged with the TSG, raw data is provided as well as manufacturer calibration constants, blank computed from filtered measurements and chlorophyll calibrated using the AC-S. For a full description of the processing of the Eco-FL please see Taillandier, 2015.

Properties of seawater (pH total scale) from a Satlantic SeaFET instrument mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous pH measurements made during 2013 expedition with a Satlantic SeaFET instrument that was connected to the flowthrough system. Data calibration was performed according to Bresnahan et al. (2014) (using spectrophotometric pH measurements on discrete samples (Clayton and Byrne 1993). pH_internal values were taken to calibrate the data (rather than pH_external) because of the better calibration coefficient (there was no trend associated with it). The equations of Clayton and Byrne (1993) was used to compute pH from the measured absorbance values at the temperature of measurement. The data was converted to in situ temperature using the "CO2-sys" program which can be downloaded from http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/co2sys/.